Current issues in the prevention of rheumatic fever

Minerva Medica

Volumn 93, Issue 5, 2002, Pages 371-387

  Stollerman, G H ^a,b  

^a BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Rheumatic fever, diagnosis; Rheumatic fever, prevention and control; Rheumatic fever, therapy; Streptococcal infectious

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; AZITHROMYCIN; BACTERIAL ANTIGEN; BENZATHINE PENICILLIN; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; CLINDAMYCIN; CORTICOSTEROID; EPITOPE; ERYTHROMYCIN; ERYTHROMYCIN ESTOLATE; ERYTHROMYCIN ETHYLSUCCINATE; HLA DR ANTIGEN; M PROTEIN; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PENICILLIN DERIVATIVE; PENICILLIN V; SALICYLIC ACID DERIVATIVE; STREPTOCOCCUS ANTIGEN; SULFADIAZINE; SULFONAMIDE;

ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS; ADULT; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; BACTERIAL COLONIZATION; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BACTERIUM CULTURE; CARDITIS; CHILD; CHOREA; EPIDEMIC; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HEART MUSCLE BIOPSY; HUMAN; LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS; NONHUMAN; PHARYNGITIS; POLYARTHRITIS; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; REVIEW; RHEUMATIC FEVER; STRAIN DIFFERENCE; STREPTOCOCCUS GROUP A; STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTION; THROAT CULTURE; TOXIN ANALYSIS; VACCINATION;

ACUTE DISEASE; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; HUMANS; PHAGOCYTOSIS; PHARYNGITIS; RHEUMATIC FEVER; SPECIES SPECIFICITY; STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES; UNITED STATES; VIRULENCE;

EID: 0036818909     PISSN: 00264806     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. Stollerman GH. Rheumatic Fever and Streptococcal Infection. New York: Grune Stratton; 1975.
2. st century. Clin Inf Dis 2001;33:806-14.
3. Bisno AL, Gerber MA, Gwaltney JM Jr, Kaplan EL, Schwartz RH. Diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis: A practice guideline. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 1997;25:574-83.
4. Whitnack E, Beachey EH. Inhibition of complement mediated opsonization and phagocytosis of Streptococcus pyogenes by D fragments of fibrinogen and fibrin bound to cell surface M protein. J Exp Med 1985;162:1983-97.
5. 5a, peptidase to the surface of the group A streptococci. Infect Immun 1986;53:432-4.
6. Lei B, DeLeo FR, Hoe NP, Graham MR, Mackie SM, Cole RL et al. Evasion of human innate and acquired immunity by a bacterial homolog of CD11b that inhibits opsonophagocytosis. Nat Med 2001;7:1298-305.
7. Cywes C, Stanebkovic, Vessels MR. CD44 as a receptor for colonization of the pharynx by group A streptococcus. J Clin Invest 2000;106:995-1002.
8. Jadoun J, Sela S. Mutation in csrR global regulator reduces Streptococcus pyogenes internalization. Microbial Pathogen 2000;29:1-7.
9. Schrager HM, Rheinwald JG, Wessels. Hyaluronic acid capsule and the role of streptococcal entry into keratinocytes in invasive skin infection. J Clin Invest 1996;98:1954-8.
10. Ashbaugh CD, Warren HB, Carey VJ, Wessels MR. Molecular analysis of the role of the group A streptococcal cysteine proteinase, hyaluronic acid, capsule and M protein in a murine model of human invasive soft-tissue infections. J Clin Invest 1998;102:550-60.
11. Ravins M, Jaffe J, Hanski E, Shetzigovski I, Natanson-Yaron S, Moses AE. Characterization of a mouse-passaged, highly encapsulated variant of group A streptococcus in in vitro and in vivo studies. J Infect Dis 2000;182:1702-11.
12. Nizet V, Beall B, Bast DJ, Datta V, Kilburn L, Low DE et al. Genetic locus for streptolysin S production by group A streptococcus. Infect Immun 2000;68:4245-54.
13. Bisno AL, Stevens DL. Streptococcal infections of skin and soA tissues. N Engl J Med 1996;334:240-4.
14. Wtanabe-Ohnishi R, Aelion J, LeGros L, Tomai MA, Sokurenko EV, Newton D et al. Characterization of unique human TCR V β specificities for a family of streptococcal superantigens represented by rheuma-rheuniatogenic serotypes of M protein. J Immunol 1994;152:2066-73.
15. Mollick JA, Miller GG, Musser JM, Cook RG, Grossman D, Rich RR. A novel superantigen isolated from pathogenic strains of Streptococcus pyogenes with aminoterminal homology to staphylococcal enterotoxins B and C. J Clin Invest 1993;92:710-9.
16. Ferretti JJ, McShan WM, Ajdic D, Savic DJ, Savic G, Lyon K et al. Complete genome sequence of an M1 strain of Streptococcus pyogenes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:4658-63.
17. Federle MJ, McIver KS, Scott JR. A response regulator that represses transcription of several virulence operons in the group A streptococcus. J Bact 1999;181:3649-57.
18. Dougherty BA, van de Rijn. Molecular characterization of basA from an operon required for hyaluronic acid synthesis in group A streptococci. J Biol Chem 1994:269-75.
19. Levin JC, Wessels MR. Identification of csrR/csrS, a genetic locus that regulates hyaluronic acid capsule synthesis in group A streptococcus. Mol Microbiol 1998;30:209-19.
20. Engleberg NC, Heath A, Miller A, Rivera C, DiRita VJ. Spontaneous mutations in the CsrRS two-component regulatory system of Streptococcus pyogenes result in enhanced virulence in a murine model of skin and soft tissue infection. J Infect Dis 2001;183:1043-54.
21. Scott JR, Fischetti VA. Expression of streptococcal M protein in Escherichia coli. Science 1983;221:758-60.
22. Chen C, Bormann N, Cleary PP. VirR and Mry are homologous trans-acting regulators of M protein and C5a peptidase expression in group A streptococci. Mol Gen Genet 1993;241:685-93.
23. Okada N, Geist RT, Caparon MG. Positive transcriptional control of mry regulates virulence in the group A streptococcus. Mol Microbiol 1993;7:893-903.
24. Kaplan EL, Top FH, Dudding BA, Wannamaker LW. Diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis: Differentiation of active infection from the carrier state in the symptomatic child. J Infect Dis 1971;123:490-501.
25. Siegel AC, Johnson EE, Stollerman GH. Controlled studies of streptococcal pharyngitis in a pediatric population. 1. Factors related to the attack rate. N Engl J Med 1961;265:559-66.
26. Wilson AT. The relative importance of the capsule and the M antigen in determining colony form of group A streptococci. J Exp Med 1959;109:257.
27. Rammelkamp CH, Denny FW, Wannamaker LW. Studies on the epidemiology of rheumatic fever in the armed services. In: Thomas L, editor. Rheumatic Fever Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press; 1952.
28. Stetson CA. The relation of antibody response to rheumatic fever. In: McCarty M, editor. Streptococcal Infections. New York: Columbia Univ Press; 1954.p.208-18.
29. Stollerman GH, Siegel AC, Johnson EE. Variable epidemiology of streptococcal disease and the changing pattern of rheumatic fever. Mod Concept Cardiovasc Dis 1965;34:45-8.
30. Stollerman GH. The relative rheumatogenicity of strains of group streptococci. Mod Concepts Cardiovasc Dis 1975;44:35-40.
31. Bisno AL. The concept of rheumatogenic and non-rheumatogenic group A streptococci. In: Read SE, Zabriski JB, editors. Streptococcal Diseases and the Immune Response. New York, N.Y.: Academic Press; 1980.
32. Siegel AC, Johnson EE, Stollerman GH. Controlled studies of streptococcal pharyngitis in a pediatric population. 1. Factors related to the attack rate of rheumatic fever. N Engl J Med 1961;265:559-66.
33. Stollerman GH. Factors determining the attack rate of rheumatic fever. JAMA 1961;177:823-8.
34. Schwartz B, Facklam RR, Breiman RF. Changing epidemiology of group A streptococcal infection in the USA. Lancet 1990;336:1167-71.
35. Holmberg SD, Faich FA. Streptococcal pharyngitis and acute rheumatic fever in Rhode Island. JAMA 1983;250:2307-12.
36. Leads from the MMWR. Acute rheumatic fever at a Navy training center - San Diego, California. JAMA 1988;259:1782-7. Centers for Disease Control: acute rheumatic fever at a Navy training center - San Diego, California.
37. Leads from the MMWR. Acute rheumatic fever among army trainees - Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, 1987-1988. JAMA 1988;260:2185-8.
38. Centers for Disease Control. Acute rheumatic fever - Utah. MMWR 1987;36:108.
39. Veasy LG, Wiedmeier SE, Orsmond GS, Ruttenberg HD, Boucek MM, Roth SJ et al. Resurgence of acute rheumatic fever in the intermountain area of the United States. N Engl J Med 1987;316:421-7.
40. Stollerman GH. Rheumatogenic group A streptococci and the return of rheumatic fever. Adv Intern Med 1990;35:1-26.
41. th century. Clin Infect Dis 1999;28:205-10.
42. Johnson DR, Stevens DL, Kaplan EL. Epidemiologic analysis of group A streptococcal serotypes associated with severe systemic infections, rheumatic fever or uncomplicated pharyngitis. J Infect Dis 1992;166:374-82.
43. Cockerill FR 3rd, MacDonald KL, Thompson RL, Roberson F, Kohner PC, Besser-Wiek J et al. An outbreak of invasive group A streptococcal disease associated with high carriage rates of the invasive clone among school-aged children. JAMA 1997;277:38-43.
44. DiPersio JR, File TM Jr, Stevens DL, Gardner WG, Petropoulos G, Dinsa K. Spread of serious disease-producing M3 clones of group A streptococcus among family members and health care workers. Clin Infect Dis 1996;22:490-5.
45. Wannamaker LW. Medical progress. Differences between streptococcal infections of the throat and of the skin. N Engl J Med 1970;282:3.
46. Parker MT, Bassett DC, Maxted WR, Arneaud JD. Acute glomerulonephritis in Trinidad: Serological typing of group A streptococci. J Hyg (Lond) 1968;66:657-75.
47. Top FH Jr, Wannamaker LW, Maxted WR, Anthony BF. M antigens among group A streptococci isolated from skin lesions. J Exp Med 1967;126:667-85.
48. Bisno AL, Pearce IA, Wall HP, Moody MD, Stollerman GH. Contrasting epidemiology of acute rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis. N Engl J Med 1970;283:561-5.
49. Bessen DE, Carapetis JR, Beall B, Katz R, Hibble M, Cutrie BJ et al. Contrasting molecular epidemiology of group A streptococci causing tropical and nontropical infections of the skin and throat. J Infect Dis 2000;182:1109-16.
50. Stollerman GH. Nephritogenic and rheumatogenic group A streptococc. J Infect Dis 1969;120:258-63.
51. Stollerman GH. Rheumatic fever. Lancet 1997;349:935-42.
52. Widdowson JP, Maxted WR, Notley CM, Pinney AM. The antibody responses in man to infection with different serotypes of group-A streptococci J Med Microbiol 1974;7:483-96.
53. Bessen DE, Jones KF, Fischetti VA. Evidence for two distinct classes of streptococcal M-protein and their relationship to rheumatic fever. J Exp Med 1989;169:269-83.
54. th Ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2000. p. 526-36.
55. Snow S, Mottur-Pilson C, Cooper RJ, Hoffman JR. Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for acute pharyngitis in adults. Part 1. Ann Intern Med 2001;134:506-8.
56. Cooper RJ, Hoffman JR, Bartlett JG et al. Principles of appropriate antibiotics use for pharyngitis in adult; Background. Part 2. Ann Intern Med 2001;134:509-17.
57. Dajani A, Taubert K, Ferrieri P, Peter G, Shulman S. Treatment of acute streptococcal pharyngitis and prevention of rheumatic fever: A statement for health professionals. Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, the American Heart Association. Pediatrics 1995;96(4 Pt 1):758-64.
58. Stollerman GH. Penicillin for streptococcal pharyngitis: Has anything changed? Hosp Prac 1995;30:80-3.
59. Picherero ME. Cephalosporins are superior to penicillin for the treatment of tonsillopharyngitis: Is the difference worth it? Pediatr Infect Dis J 1993;123:268-74.
60. Frank PF, Stollerman GH, Miller LF. Protection of a military population from rheumatic fever. JAMA 1965;193:775-83.
61. Brundage JF, Gunzenhauser JD, Longfield JN, Rubertone MV, Ludwig SL, Rubin FA et al. Epidemiology and control of acute respiratory diseases with emphasis on group A β-hemolytic streptococcus: A decade of US Army experience. Pediatrics 1996;97(6 Pt 2):964-70.
62. Feinstein AR, Spagnuolo M, Jonas S, Kloth H, Tursky E, Levitt M. Prophylaxis of recurrent rheumatic fever. Therapeutic-continuous oral penicillin vs monthly injections. JAMA 1968;206:565-8.
63. Taranta A, Wood HF, Feinstein A. Rheumatic fever in children and adolescents. IV. Relation of the rheumatic lever recurrence rate per streptococcal antibodies. Ann Intern Med 1964;60 Suppl 5:47-57.
64. Bisno AL, Pearce IA, Stotlerman GH. Streptococcal infections that fail to cause recurrences of rheumatic fever. J Infect Dis 1977;136:278-85.
65. Berrios X, del Campo E, Guzman B, Bisno AL. Discontinuing rheumatic fever prophylaxis in selected adolescents and young adults. A prospective study. Ann Intern Med 1993:118:401-6.
66. Cheadle WB. Various Manifestations of the Rheumatic State as Exemplified in Childhood and Early Life. London: Smith, Elder; 1889.
67. Jones TD. The diagnosis of rheumatic fever. JAMA 1944;126:481.
68. Stollerman GH, Markowitz M, Taranta A, Wannamaker LW, Whittemore R. Jones criteria (revised) for guidance in the diagnosis of rheumatic fever. Circulation 1965;32:664.
69. Dajani AS. Guidelines for the diagnosis of rheumatic fever (Jones Criteria, update). JAMA 1992;268:2069-73.
70. Narula J, Chandrasekhar Y, Rahimtoola S. Diagnosis of active carditis. The echos of change. Circulation 1999;100:1576-81.
71. Feinstein AR, Spagnulo M, Gill FA. The rebound phenomenon in acute rheumatic fever. I. Incidence and significance. Yale J Biol Med 1961;33:259-78.
72. Stollerman GH, Lewis AJ, Schultz I. Relationship of the immune response to group A streptococci to the course of acute, chronic and recurrent rheumatic fever. Am J Med 1956;20:163-9.
73. Arnold MH. Tyndall A. Post-streptococcal reactive arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1989;48:681-8.
74. Ahmed S, Ayoub EM, Scornik JC, Wang CY, She JX. Poststreptococcal reactive arthritis: Clinical characteristics and association with HLA-DR alleles. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41:1096-102.
75. Ayoub EM, Ahmed S. Update on complications of group A streptococcal infections. Curr Probl Pediatr 1997;27:90-101.
76. Cunningham MW. Pathogenesis of group A streptococcal infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000;13:470-511.
77. Perlmutter SJ, Leitman SF, Garvey MA, Hamburger S, Feldman E, Leonard HL et al. Therapeutic plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin for obsessive-compulsive disorder and tic disorders in childhood. Lancet 1999;354:1153-8.
78. Swedo SE. Sydenham's chorea. A model for childhood autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders. JAMA 1994;72:1788-91.
79. Moore DP. Neuropsychiatric aspects of Sydenham's chorea: A comprehensive review. J Clin Psychiatry 1996;57:407-14.
80. Garvey MA, Perlmutter SJ, Allen AJ, Hamburger S, Lougee L, Leonard HL et al. A pilot study of penicillin prophylaxis for neuropsychiatric exacerbations triggered by streptococcal infections. Biol Psychiatry 1999;45:1564-71.
81. Dale RC, Church AJ, Cardoso F, Goddard E, Cox TC, Chong WK et al. Poststreptococcal acute disseminated encephalomyelitis with basal ganglia involvement and auto-reactive antibasal ganglia antibodies. Ann Neurol 2001;50:588-95.
82. Minich LL, Tani LY, Pagotto LT, Shaddy RE, Veasy LG. Doppler echocardiography distinguishes between physiologic and pathologic "silent" mitral regurgitation in patients with rheumatic fever. Clin Cardiol 1997;20:924-6.
83. Veasy LG. Echocardiography for diagnosis and management of rheumatic fever. JAMA 1993;269:2084.
84. Vasan RS, Shrivastava S, Vijayakumar M, Narang R, Lister BC, Narula J. Echocardiographic evaluation of patients with acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic carditis. Circulation 1996;94:73-82.
85. Narula J, Chopra P, Talwar KK, Reddy KS, Vasari RS, Tandon R et al. Does endomyocardial biopsy aid in the diagnosis of active rheumatic carditis? Circulation 1993;88:2198-205.
86. Baird RW, Bronze MS, Kraus W, Hill HR, Veasey LG, Dale JB. Epitopes of group streptococcal M protein shared with antigens of articular cartilage and synovium. J Immunol 1991;146:3132-7.
87. Bronze MS, Dale JB. Epitopes of streptococcal M proteins that evoke antibodies that cross-react with human brain. J Immunol 1993;151:2820-8.
88. Quinn A, Kosanke S, Fischetti VA, Factor SM, Cunningham MW. Induction of autoimmune valvular heart disease by recombinant streptococcal M protein. Infect Immun 2001;69:4072-8.
89. Roberts S, Kosanke S, Terrence Dunn S, Jankelow D, Duran CM, Cunningham MW. Pathogenic mechanisms in rheumatic carditis: Focus on valvular endothelium. J Infect Dis 2001;183:507-11.
90. Galvin JE, Hemric ME, Ward K, Cunningham MW. Cytotoxic mAb from rheumatic carditis recognizes heart valves and laminin. J Clin Invest 2000;106:217-24.
91. Bernhard GC, Stollerman GH. Serum inhibition of streptococcal diphosphopyridine nucleotidase in uncomplicated streptococcal pharyngitis and in rheumatic fever. J Clin Invest 1959;38:1942-9.
92. Kuhns WJ, McCarty M. Studies of diphtheria in rheumatic fever subjects. Analysis of reactions to the Schick test and of antitoxin responses following hyperimmunization with diphtheria toxoid. J Clin Invest 1954;33:759-7.
93. Taranta A, Torosdag S, Metrakos JD. Rheumatic fever in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Circulation 1959;20:778.
94. Ayoub EM. Susceptibility to rheumatic fever: Host factors. In: Narula J, editor. Rheumatic Fever. Washington, DC: Armed Forces Inst Path, American Registry of Pathology; 1999.p.81-94.
95. Carreno-Manjarrez R, Visvanathan K, Zibriskie JB. Immunogenic and genetic factors in rheumatic fever. Curr Infect Dis Rep 1998;2:302-30.
96. Guedez Y, Kotby A, El-Demellawy M, Galal A, Thomson G, Zaher S et al. HLA class II associations with rheumatic heart disease are more evident and consistent among clinically homogeneous patients. Circulation 1999;99:2784-90.
97. Khanna AK, Buskirk DR, Williams RC Jr, Gibofsky A, Crow MK, Menon A et al. Presence of a non-HLA B cell antigen in rheumatic fever patients and their fami lies as defined by a monoclonal antibody. J Clin Invest 1989;83:1710-6.
98. Lancefield RC. Specific relationship of cell composition to biological activity of hemolytic streptococci. Harvey Lect 1941;35:251.
99. Dale JB. Multivalent group A streptococcal vaccine designed to optomize the immunogenictty of 6 tandem M protein fragments. Vaccine 1999;17:193-200.
100. Beachey EH, Stollerman GH, Johnson RH, Ofek I, Bisno AL. Human immune response to immunization with a structurally defined polypeptide fragment of streptococcal M protein. J Exp Med 1979;150:862-77.
101. Hu MC, Walls MA, Stroop SD, Reddish MA, Beall B, Dale JB. Immunogenicity of a 26-valent group A streptococcal vaccine. Infect Immun 2002;70:71-7.
102. Dale JB, Chiang EC. Intranasal immunization with recombinant group A streptococcal M protein fragment fused to the B subunit of Escherichia coli labile toxin protects mice against systemic challenge infections. J Infect Dis 1995;171:1038-41.