Acute toxicity studies of CC2: An effective chemical decontaminant of sulphur mustard in hydrophilic formulation

Indian Journal of Pharmacology

Volumn 34, Issue 5, 2002, Pages 321-331

  Vijayaraghavan, R ^a   Kumar, Pravin ^a   Dubey, D K ^a   Singh, Ram ^a   Sachan, A S ^a   Kumar, Deo ^a   Sugendran, K ^a   Kumar, Om ^a   Singh, Maninder ^a   Pant, S C ^a   Bhattacharya, R ^a  

^a DEFENCE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ESTABLISHMENT   (India)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular effects; Decontamination; Mustard gas; Respiratory effects; Skin protectant

Indexed keywords

CHLORINE; GUM ARABIC; HYDROXYPROPYLCELLULOSE; MUSTARD GAS; N,N' DICHLORO BIS(2,4,6 TRICHLOROPHENYL)UREA; PETROLATUM; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UREA DERIVATIVE;

ACUTE TOXICITY; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; ASSAY; BIOCHEMISTRY; CARDIOVASCULAR PARAMETERS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG STABILITY; FEMALE; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE ENDDIASTOLIC PRESSURE; HEART RATE; HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS; HISTOLOGY; HYDROPHILICITY; LIPOPHILICITY; MALE; MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; OINTMENT; PHYSIOLOGY; PROTECTION; RAT; RESPIRATORY TRACT PARAMETERS; SKIN DECONTAMINATION; SUSPENSION; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; TIDAL VOLUME; TOXICITY TESTING; TOXICOLOGICAL PARAMETERS;

EID: 0036796092     PISSN: 02537613     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (28)

1. Wormser U. Toxicology of mustard gas. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1991;12:164-7.
2. Eisenmenger W, Drasch G, Von Clarmann M, Kretschmer E, Roider G. Clinical and morphological findings on mustard gas [bis(2-chloroethyl) sulphide] poisoning. J Forensic Sci 1991;36:1688-98.
3. Momeni AZ, Enshaeih S, Meghdadi M, Amindjavaheri M. Skin manifestations of mustard gas. A clinical study of 535 patients exposed to mustard gas. Arch Dermatol 1992;128:775-80.
4. Krutzsch W, Trapp R. A commentary on the chemical weapons convention., London: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers; 1994. p. 543.
5. Papirmeister B, Feister AJ, Robinson SI, Ford RD. Medical defense against mustard gas: toxic mechanisms and pharmacological implications. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1991.
6. Rao PVL, Vijayaraghavan R, Bhaskar ASB. Sulphur mustard induced DNA damage in mice after dermal and inhalation exposure. Toxicology 1999;139:39-51.
7. Somani SM, Babu SR. Toxicodynamics of sulphur mustard. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1989;27:419-35.
8. Balali M. Clinical and laboratory findings in Iranian fighters with chemical gas poisoning. Arch Beges (suppl) 1984; 254-9.
9. Vijayaraghavan R. Modifications of breathing pattern induced by inhaled sulphur mustard in mice. Arch Toxicol 1997;71:157-64.
10. Callaway S, Pearce KA. Protection against systemic poisoning by mustard gas di(2-chloroethyl) sulphide by sodium thiosulphate and thiocit in albino rat. Br J Pharmacol 1958;13:395-9.
11. Vojvodic V, Milosavljevic Z, Boskovic B, Bojanic N. The protective effect of different drugs in rats poisoned by sulfur and nitrogen mustards. Fundam Appl Toxicol (suppl) 1985; 5:S160-8.
12. Vijayaraghavan R, Sugendran K, Pant SC, Husain K, Malhotra RC. Dermal intoxication of mice with bis (2-chloroethyl) sulphide and the protective effect of flavonoids. Toxicology 1991;69:35-42.
13. Dacre JC, Goldman M. Toxicology and pharmacology of the chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard. Pharmacol Rev 1996;48:290-326.
14. Kumar O, Sugendran K, Vijaraghavan R. Protective effect of various antioxidants on the toxicity of sulphur mustard administered to mice by inhalation or percutaneous routes. Chemical Biol Int 2001;134:1-12.
15. Vijayaraghavan R, Kumar P, Joshi U, Raza SK, Rao PVL, Malhotra RC, et al. Prophylactic efficacy of amifostine and its analogues against sulphur mustard toxicity. Toxicology 2001;163;83-91.
16. Marrs TC, Maynard RL, Sidell FR. Chemical warfare agents; toxicology and treatment. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. p. 162-3.
17. Shih ML, Korte WD, Smith JR, Szafraniec LL. Reactions of sulphides with S-330, a potential decontaminant of sulfur mustard in formulations. J Appl Toxicol (suppl) 1999;19:S83-8.
18. Dubey DK, Malhotra RC, Vaidyanathaswamy R, Vijayaraghavan R. Reaction of bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide with N,N′-dichlorobis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl) urea. J Org Chem 1999;64:8031-3.
19. Kumar P, Sharma US, Vijayaraghavan R. Study of the efficacy of CC2 and Fuller's earth combination as a decontaminant against sulphur mustard (mustard gas) dermal intoxication in mice. Def Sci J 1991;41:363-6.
20. Reddy PMK, Dubey DK, Kumar P, Vijayaraghavan R. Evaluation of CC2 as a decontaminant at various time intervals against topically applied sulphur mustard in mice. Indian J Pharmacol 1996;28:227-31.
21. Vijayaraghavan R, Thomson R, Schaper M, Lee Ann B, Stock MF, Luo J, et al. Computer assisted recognition and quantification of sensory irritation, airway constriction and pulmonary irritation. Archiv Toxicol 1994;68:490-9.
22. Pravin Kumar, Kumar D, Vijayaraghavan R, Das Gupta (1997) Effect of 1-chloroacetophenone and dibenz (b,f)-1,4-oxazepine vapour inhalation on some cardiovascular and respiratory variables in anaesthetised rats. Indian J Pharmacol 1997;29:238-243.
23. Menger FM, Elrington AR. Rapid deactivation of mustard via microemulsion technology. J Am Chem Soc 1990;112:8201-3.
24. Frank S. Manual of military chemistry. Vol. 1 - chemistry of chemical warfare agents. National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce. Virginia: Springfield; 1967. p. 130-1.
25. Shih ML, Korte WD, Smith JR, Szafraniec LL. Analysis and stability of the candidate sulfur mustard decontaminant S-330. J Appl Toxicol (suppl) 1999;19:S89-S95.
26. Chu I, Vileneuve D, Secours V, Valli V.E. Comparative toxicity of 1,2,3,4-, and 1,2,4,5-, and 1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene in the rat: results of acute and subacute studies. J Environ Health 1983;11:663-77.
27. Clevenger MA, Roberts SM, Lattin DL, Harbison RD, James RC. The pharmacokinetics of 2,2′,5,5′-tetrachlorobiphenyl and 3,3′4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl and its relationship to toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1989;100:315-27.
28. Reynolds JEF, Prasad AB. Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia., London: The Pharmaceutical Press; 1982. p. 553-4.