Non-A to E hepatitis

Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases

Volumn 15, Issue 5, 2002, Pages 529-534

  Narayanan Menon, K V ^a  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

GB virus C; Hepatitis G fever; SEN virus; TT virus

Indexed keywords

ALPHA INTERFERON; VIRUS ENVELOPE PROTEIN; VIRUS RNA;

BLOOD TRANSFUSION; CHRONIC HEPATITIS; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HEPATITIS; HEPATITIS C; HEPATITIS G VIRUS; HUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; REVIEW; SEN VIRUS; SEXUAL TRANSMISSION; TORQUE TENO VIRUS; VIRUS DETECTION; VIRUS IDENTIFICATION; VIRUS LOAD; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; HEPATITIS VIRUS; LIVER DISEASE; PATHOGENICITY; PHYSIOLOGY; VIROLOGY; VIRUS HEPATITIS;

HEPATITIS VIRUSES; HEPATITIS, VIRAL, HUMAN; HUMANS; LIVER DISEASES; TORQUE TENO VIRUS;

EID: 0036792249     PISSN: 09517375     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00001432-200210000-00013     Document Type: Review

References (74)

1. Alter HJ, Bradley DW. Non-A, non-B hepatitis unrelated to the hepatitis C virus (non ABC). Semin Liver Dis 1995; 15:110-120.
2. Buti M, Jardi R, Rodriguez-Frias F, et al. Non-A, non-B, non-C, non-E acute hepatitis: does it really exist? In: Nishioka C, Suzuki H, Mishiro S, Oda T, editors. Viral hepatitis and liver disease. Tokyo: Springer-Verlag; 1994. pp. 77-79.
3. Wright TL, Hsu H, Donegan E, et al. Hepatitis C virus not found in fulminant non-A, non-B hepatitis [see comments]. Ann Intern Med 1991; 115;111-112.
4. Fagan EA. Acute liver failure of unknown pathogenesis: the hidden agenda [Editorial]. Hepatology 1994; 19:1307-1312.
5. Hibbs JR, Frickhofen N, Rosenfeld SJ, et al. Aplastic anemia and viral hepatitis. Non-A, Non-B, Non-C? JAMA 1992; 267:2051-2054.
6. Simons JN, Leary TP, Dawson GJ, et al. Isolation of novel virus-like sequences associated with human hepatitis. Nat Med 1995; 1:564-569.
7. Linnen J, Wages Jr J, Zhang-Keck ZY, et al. Molecular cloning and disease association of hepatitis G virus: a transfusion-transmissible agent. Science 1996; 271:505-508.
8. Yamada-Osaki M, Sumazaki R, Kajiwara Y, et al. Natural course of HGV infection in haemophiliacs. Br J Haematol 1998; 102;616-621.
9. Schulte-Frohlinde E, Schmolke S, Reindl W, et al. Significance of antibodies to the recombinant E2 protein of hepatitis G virus in haemodialysis patients. J Viral Hepat 1998; 5:341-344.
10. Hassoba HM, Pessoa MG, Terrault NA, et al. Antienvelope antibodies are protective against GBV-C reinfection: evidence from the liver transplant model. J Med Virol 1998; 56:253-258.
11. Tillmann HL, Heringlake S, Trautwein C, et al. Antibodies against the GB virus C envelope 2 protein before liver transplantation protect against GB virus C de novo infection. Hepatology 1998; 28:379-384.
12. Moaven LD, Hyland CA, Young IF, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis G virus in Queensland blood donors. Med J Aust 1996; 165:369-371.
13. Pinho JR, Zanotto PM, Ferreira JL, et al. High prevalence of GB virus C in Brazil and molecular evidence for intrafamilial transmission. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:1634-1637.
14. El-Zayadi AR, Abe K, Selim O, et al. Prevalence of GBV-C/hepatitis G virus viraemia among blood donors, health care personnel, chronic non-B non-C hepatitis, chronic hepatitis C and hemodialysis patients in Egypt. J Virol Methods 1999; 80:53-58.
15. Mercier B, Barclais A, Botte C, et al. Prevalence of GBV C/HGV RNA and GBV C/HGV antibodies in French volunteer blood donors: results of a collaborative study. Vox Sang 1999; 76:166-169.
16. De Filippi F, Fraquelli M, Conte D, et al. High prevalence but low pathogenicity of hepatitis G virus infection in Italian patients with genetic haemochromatosis [see comments]. Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998; 30:529-533.
17. Jongerius J, Boland G, van der Poel C, et al. GB virus type C viremia and envelope antibodies among population subsets in The Netherlands. Vox Sang 1999; 76:81-84.
18. Blair CS, Davidson F, Lycett C, et al. Prevalence, incidence, and clinical characteristics of hepatitis G virus/GB virus C infection in Scottish blood donors. J Infect Dis 1998; 178:1779-1782.
19. Alter HJ, Nakatsuji Y, Melpolder J, et al. The incidence of transfusion-associated hepatitis G virus infection and its relation to liver disease [see comments]. N Engl J Med 1997; 336:747-754.
20. Tacke M, Schmolke S, Schlueter V, et al. Humoral immune response to the E2 protein of hepatitis G virus is associated with long-term recovery from infection and reveals a high frequency of hepatitis G virus exposure among healthy blood donors. Hepatology 1997; 26:1626-1633.
21. Muller C. Pathogenecity of GBV-C/HGV infection. J Viral Hepatitis 1999; 6 (Suppl 1):49-52.
22. Yu ML, Chuang WL, Dai CY, et al. GB virus C/hepatitis G virus infection in chronic hepatitis C patients with and without interferon-alpha therapy. Antiviral Research 2001; 52:241-249.
23. Pereira LM, Spinelli V, Ximenes RA, et al. Chronic hepatitis C infection: influence of the viral load, genotypes, and GBV-C/HGV coinfection on the severity of the disease in a Brazilian population. J Med Virol 2002; 67:27-32.
24. Hinrichsen H, Leimenstoll G, Stegen G, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for hepatitis G (HGV) infection in haemodialysis patients: a multicentre study. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2002; 17:271-275.
25. Huang JJ, Lee WC, Ruaan MK, et al. Incidence, transmission, and clinical significance of hepatitis G virus infection in hemodialysis patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2001; 20:374-379.
26. Frey SE, Homan SM, Sokol-Anderson M, et al. Evidence for probable sexual transmission of the hepatitis g virus. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34:1033-1038.
27. Aikawa T, Sugai Y, Okamoto H. Hepatitis G infection in drug abusers with chronic hepatitis C [Letter], N Engl J Med 1996; 334:195-196.
28. Masuko K, Mitsui T, Iwano K, et al. Infection with hepatitis GB virus C in patients on maintenance hemodialysis [see comments]. N Engl J Med 1996; 334:1485-1490.
29. Tanaka E, Alter HJ, Nakatsuji Y, et al. Effect of hepatitis G virus infection on chronic hepatitis C [see comments]. Ann Intern Med 1996; 125:740-743.
30. Jeffers L, Piatak M, Bernstein D, et al. Hepatitis G virus infection in patients with acute and chronic liver disease of unknown etiology [Abstract]. Hepatology 1995; 22:182A.
31. Yoshiba M, Okamoto H, Mishiro S. Detection of the GBV-C hepatitis virus genome in serum from patients with fulminant hepatitis of unknown aetiology [see comments]. Lancet 1995; 346:1131-1132.
32. Berenguer M, Terrault NA, Piatak M, et al. Hepatitis G virus infection in patients with hepatitis C virus infection undergoing liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 1996; 111:1569-1575.
33. Bralet MP, Roudot-Thoraval F, Pawlotsky JM, et al. Histopathologic impact of GB virus C infection on chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 1997; 112:188-192.
34. Pessoa MG, Wright TL Hepatitis G: a virus in search of a disease. Hepatology 1996; 24:461-463.
35. Pessoa MG, Terrault NA, Detmer J, et al. Quantitation of hepatitis G and C viruses in the liver: evidence that hepatitis G virus is not hepatotropic. Hepatology 1998; 27:877-880.
36. De Filippi F, Lampertico P, Soffredini R, et al. High prevalence, low pathogenicity of hepatitis G virus in kidney transplant recipients. Dig Dis Sci 2001; 33:477-479.
37. Okamoto H, Nishizawa T, Kato N, et al. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel DNA virus (TTV) associated with posttransfusion hepatitis of unknown etiology. Hepatol Res 1998; 10:1-16.
38. Prescott LE, Simmonds P. Global distribution of transfusion-transmitted virus [Letter]. N Engl J Med 1998; 339:776-777.
39. Kamahora T, Hino S, Miyata H. Three spliced mRNAs of TT virus transcribed from a plasmid containing the entire genome in COS1 cells. J Virol 2000; 74:9980-9986.
40. Mushahwar IK, Erker JC, Muerhoff AS, et al. Molecular and biophysical characterization of TT virus: evidence for a new virus family infecting humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:3177-3182.
41. Hijikata M, Takahashi K, Mishiro S. Complete circular DNA genome of a TT virus variant (isolate name SANBAN) and 44 partial ORF2 sequences implicating a great degree of diversity beyond genotypes. Virology 1999; 260:17-22.
42. Heller F, Zachoval R, Koelzer A, et al. Isolate KAV: a new genotype of the TT virus family. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 289:937-941.
43. Okamoto H, Nishizawa T, Takahashi M, et al. Heterogeneous distribution of TT virus of distinct genotypes in multiple tissues from infected humans. Virology 2001; 288:358-368.
44. Liu Z, Luo K, Zheng R, et al. Novel TTV variants isolated in an epidemic of hepatitis of unknown etiology. J Med Virol 2002; 67:113-117.
45. Okamoto H, Takahashi M, Nishizawa T, et al. Marked genomic heterogeneity and frequent mixed infection of TT virus demonstrated by PCR with primers from coding and noncoding regions. Virology 1999; 259:428-436.
46. Yan J, Chen LL, Luo YH, et al. High frequencies of HGV and TTV infections in blood donors in Hangzhou. World J Gastroenterol 2001; 7:637-641.
47. Ali S, Fevery J, Peerlinck K, et al. TTV infection and its relation to serum transaminases in apparently healthy blood donors and in patients with clotting disorders who have been investigated previously for hepatitis C virus and GBV-C/HGV infection in Belgium. J Med Virol 2002; 66:561-566.
48. Saback FL, Gomes SA, Niel C. High frequency of mixed TT virus infections in healthy adults and children detected by a simplified heteroduplex mobility assay. J Virol Methods 2002; 101:117-125.
49. Kondili LA, Pisani G, Beneduce F, et al. Prevalence of TT virus in healthy children and thalassemic pediatric and young adult patients. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2001; 33:629-632.
50. Krekulova L, Rehak V, Killoran P, et al. Genotypic distribution of TT virus (TTV) in a Czech population: evidence for sexual transmission of the virus. J Clin Virol 2001; 23:31-41.
51. Kadayifci A, Guney C, Uygun A, et al. Similar frequency of TT virus infection in patients with liver enzyme elevations and healthy subjects. Int J Clin Pract 2001; 55:434-436.
52. Lin HH, Kao JH, Lee Pl, et al. Early acquisition of TT virus in infants: possible minor role of maternal transmission. J Med Virol 2002; 66:285-290.
53. Ross RS, Viazov S, Runde V, et al. Detection of TT virus DNA in specimens other than blood. J Clin Virol 1999; 13:181-184.
54. Itoh M, Shimomura H, Fujioka S, et al. High prevalence of TT virus in human bile juice samples: importance of secretion through bile into feces. Dig Dis Sci 2001; 46:457-462.
55. Leary TP, Erker JC, Chalmers ML, et al. Improved detection systems for TT virus reveal high prevalence in humans, non-human primates and farm animals. J Gen Virol 1999; 80:2115-2120.
56. Takahashi K, Hoshino H, Ohta Y, et al. Very high prevalence of TT virus infection in general population of Japan revealed by a new set of PCR primers. Hepatol Res 1998; 12:233-239.
57. Comar M, Ansaldi F, Morandi L, et al. In situ polymerase chain reaction detection of transfusion-transmitted virus in liver biopsy. J Viral Hepat 2002; 9:123-127.
58. Tanaka Y, Hayashi J, Ariyama I, et al. Seroepidemiology of TT virus infection and relationship between genotype and liver damage. Dig Dis Sci 2000; 45:2214-2220.
59. Kanda Y, Tanaka Y, Kami M, et al. TT virus in bone marrow transplant recipients. Blood 1999; 93:2485-2490.
60. Zhong S, Yeo W, Tang M, et al. Frequent detection of the replicative form of TT virus DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and bone marrow cells in cancer patients. J Med Virol 2002; 66:428-434.
61. Endy TP, Narupiti S, Myint KS, et al. TT virus infection in acute non-A to E hepatitis in northern Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2001; 32:814-822.
62. Chemin I, Zoulim F, Merle P, et al. High incidence of hepatitis B infections among chronic hepatitis cases of unknown aetiology. J Hepatol 2001; 34:447-454.
63. Moriyama M, Matsumura H, Shimizu T, et al. Histopathologic impact of TT virus infection on the liver of type C chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis in Japan. J Med Virol 2001; 64:74-81.
64. Masia G, Ingianni A, Demelia L, et al. TT virus infection in Italy: prevalence and genotypes in healthy subjects, viral liver diseases and asymptomatic infections by parenterally transmitted viruses. J Viral Hepat 2001; 8:384-390.
65. Primi D, Sortini A. Identification and characterization of SEN virus, a family of novel DNA viruses [Abstract]. Antiviral Ther 2000; 5 (Suppl 1):G7.
66. Umemura T, Yeo AE, Sottini A, et al. SEN virus infection and its relationship to transfusion-associated hepatitis. Hepatology 2001; 33:1303-1311.
67. Pirovano S, Bellinzoni M, Ballerini C, et al. Transmission of SEN virus from mothers to their babies. J Med Virol 2002; 66:421-427.
68. Tanaka Y, Primi D, Wang RY, et al. Genomic and molecular evolutionary analysis of a newly identified infectious agent (SEN virus) and its relationship to the TT virus family. J Infect Dis 2001; 183:359-367.
69. Umemura T, Alter HJ, Tanaka E, et al. Association between SEN virus infection and hepatitis C in Japan. J Infect Dis 2001; 184:1246-1251.
70. Shibata M, Wang RY, Yoshiba M, et al. The presence of a newly identified infectious agent (SEN virus) in patients with liver diseases and in blood donors in Japan. J Infect Dis 2001; 184:400-404.
71. Kao JH, Chen W, Chen PJ, et al. Prevalence and implication of a newly identified infectious agent (SEN virus) in Taiwan. J Infect Dis 2002; 185:389-392.
72. Rigas B, Hasan I, Rehman R, et al. Effect of treatment outcome of coinfection with SEN viruses in patients with hepatitis C. Lancet 2001; 358:1961-1962.
73. Umemura T, Alter HJ, Tanaka E, et al. SEN virus: response to interferon alfa and influence on the severity and treatment response of coexistent hepatitis C. Hepatology 2002; 35:953-959.
74. Yoshida EM, Buczkowski AK, Giulivi A, et al. A cross-sectional study of SEN virus in liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl 2001; 7:521-525.