The lunacy commissioners and the east London guardians, 1845-1867

Medical History

Volumn 46, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 495-524

  Murphy, Elaine ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b QUEEN MARY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c North East London Health Authority ^*  (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; HISTORY; HUMAN; LEGAL ASPECT; MEDICOLEGAL ASPECT; MENTAL DISEASE; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICE; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; POVERTY; PROFESSIONAL STANDARD; UNITED KINGDOM;

COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HUMANS; LEGISLATION, MEDICAL; LONDON; MENTAL DISORDERS; POVERTY AREAS; PROFESSIONAL STAFF COMMITTEES;

EID: 0036782897     PISSN: 00257273     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0025727300069714     Document Type: Review

References (136)

1. Andrew Scull, The most solitary of afflictions: madness and society in Britain, 1700-1900, New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1993. See especially ch. 8, 'The legacy of reform', pp. 375-94.
2. Andrew Scull, The most solitary of afflictions: madness and society in Britain, 1700-1900, New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1993. See especially ch. 8, 'The legacy of reform', pp. 375-94.
3. J Walton, 'Poverty and lunacy: some thoughts on directions for future research', Bull. Soc. soc. Hist. Med., 1984, 34: 64-7.
4. Kathleen Jones, Lunacy, law and conscience, 1744-1845, London, Routledge & Paul, 1955; Andrew Scull, Museums of madness: the social organization of insanity in nineteenth-century England, London, Allen Lane, 1979.
5. Kathleen Jones, Lunacy, law and conscience, 1744-1845, London, Routledge & Paul, 1955; Andrew Scull, Museums of madness: the social organization of insanity in nineteenth-century England, London, Allen Lane, 1979.
6. P Bartlett, 'The asylum and the Poor Law: the productive alliance', in Joseph Melling and Bill Forsythe (eds), Insanity, institutions and society, 1800-1914, London, Routledge, 1999, pp. 48-67; David Wright, 'Getting out of the asylum: understanding the confinement of the insane in the nineteenth century', Soc. Hist. Med., 1997, 10: 137-55; L Smith, The county asylum in the mixed economy of care', in Melling and Forsythe (eds), ibid., pp. 33-47; Bill Forsythe, Joseph Melling, Richard Adair, 'The New Poor Law and the county pauper lunatic asylum: the Devon experience 1834-1884', Soc. Hist. Med., 1996, 9: 335-55.
7. P Bartlett, 'The asylum and the Poor Law: the productive alliance', in Joseph Melling and Bill Forsythe (eds), Insanity, institutions and society, 1800-1914, London, Routledge, 1999, pp. 48-67; David Wright, 'Getting out of the asylum: understanding the confinement of the insane in the nineteenth century', Soc. Hist. Med., 1997, 10: 137-55; L Smith, The county asylum in the mixed economy of care', in Melling and Forsythe (eds), ibid., pp. 33-47; Bill Forsythe, Joseph Melling, Richard Adair, 'The New Poor Law and the county pauper lunatic asylum: the Devon experience 1834-1884', Soc. Hist. Med., 1996, 9: 335-55.
8. P Bartlett, 'The asylum and the Poor Law: the productive alliance', in Joseph Melling and Bill Forsythe (eds), Insanity, institutions and society, 1800-1914, London, Routledge, 1999, pp. 48-67; David Wright, 'Getting out of the asylum: understanding the confinement of the insane in the nineteenth century', Soc. Hist. Med., 1997, 10: 137-55; L Smith, The county asylum in the mixed economy of care', in Melling and Forsythe (eds), ibid., pp. 33-47; Bill Forsythe, Joseph Melling, Richard Adair, 'The New Poor Law and the county pauper lunatic asylum: the Devon experience 1834-1884', Soc. Hist. Med., 1996, 9: 335-55.
9. P Bartlett, 'The asylum and the Poor Law: the productive alliance', in Joseph Melling and Bill Forsythe (eds), Insanity, institutions and society, 1800-1914, London, Routledge, 1999, pp. 48-67; David Wright, 'Getting out of the asylum: understanding the confinement of the insane in the nineteenth century', Soc. Hist. Med., 1997, 10: 137-55; L Smith, The county asylum in the mixed economy of care', in Melling and Forsythe (eds), ibid., pp. 33-47; Bill Forsythe, Joseph Melling, Richard Adair, 'The New Poor Law and the county pauper lunatic asylum: the Devon experience 1834-1884', Soc. Hist. Med., 1996, 9: 335-55.
10. Ashley became the 7th Earl of Shaftesbury in 1851.
11. The Lunatics Asylums and Pauper Lunatics Act , 8 & 9 Vic. c. 126.
12. The Lunatics Act, 8 & 9 Vic. c. 100.
13. Nicholas Bethell Hervey, The Lunacy Commission 1845-63, with special reference to the implementation of policy in Kent and Surrey', PhD thesis, University of Bristol 1987, ch. 5, pp. 50-5; D J Mellett 'Bureaucracy and mental illness: the Commissioners in Lunacy 1845-90', Med. Hist, 1981, 25: 221-50.
14. Peter Bartlett, The Poor Law of lunacy, London, Leicester University Press, 1999, pp. 197-237.
15. Lord Shaftesbury, 'Evidence to the Select Committee on the Operation of Regulations for the Care and Treatments of Lunatics and their Property', Select Committee on Lunatics 1860, Parliamentary Papers (hereafter PP), 1860, XXII, p. 349, Minutes of Evidence, 25 May 1860, pp. 22-1.
16. Lord Shaftesbury, 'Evidence to the Select Committee on the Operation of Regulations for the Care and Treatments of Lunatics and their Property', Select Committee on Lunatics 1860, Parliamentary Papers (hereafter PP), 1860, XXII, p. 349, Minutes of Evidence, 25 May 1860, pp. 22-1.
17. David R Green, From artisans to paupers: economic change and poverty in London, 1790-1870, Aldershot, Scolar Press, 1995, pp. 210-47.
18. Georgina Battiscombe, Shaftesbury, London, Purnell, 1974, pp. 219-34; S E Finer, The life and times of Sir Edwin Chadiwick, London, Methuen, 1952, p. 349.
19. Georgina Battiscombe, Shaftesbury, London, Purnell, 1974, pp. 219-34; S E Finer, The life and times of Sir Edwin Chadiwick, London, Methuen, 1952, p. 349.
20. Report from the Select Committee into the administration of the Poor Law in Andover Union, 1846, Public Record Office (hereafter PRO), HC.633.
21. Felix Driver, Power and pauperism: the workhouse system, 1834-1884, Cambridge University Press, 1993, pp. 66-71; Bryan Green, Knowing the poor, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983, pp. 122-4; Bartlett, op. cit., note 9 above, pp. 79-84; M A Crowther, The workhouse system 1834-1929, London, Batsford, 1981, p. 30.
22. Felix Driver, Power and pauperism: the workhouse system, 1834-1884, Cambridge University Press, 1993, pp. 66-71; Bryan Green, Knowing the poor, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983, pp. 122-4; Bartlett, op. cit., note 9 above, pp. 79-84; M A Crowther, The workhouse system 1834-1929, London, Batsford, 1981, p. 30.
23. Felix Driver, Power and pauperism: the workhouse system, 1834-1884, Cambridge University Press, 1993, pp. 66-71; Bryan Green, Knowing the poor, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983, pp. 122-4; Bartlett, op. cit., note 9 above, pp. 79-84; M A Crowther, The workhouse system 1834-1929, London, Batsford, 1981, p. 30.
24. Felix Driver, Power and pauperism: the workhouse system, 1834-1884, Cambridge University Press, 1993, pp. 66-71; Bryan Green, Knowing the poor, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983, pp. 122-4; Bartlett, op. cit., note 9 above, pp. 79-84; M A Crowther, The workhouse system 1834-1929, London, Batsford, 1981, p. 30.
25. Fourth annual report of the Commissioners in Lunacy, PP 1849, XXIII, p. 14.
26. Ibid., Appendix C, pp. 26-8.
27. Minutes of the Board of Guardians of Stepney Union (hereafter Stepney Minutes), London Metropolitan Archive, St BG/L/16, 7 June 1849, pp. 46-51.
28. Ibid., St BG/L/3, 7 Nov. 1839, p. 297.
29. Annual returns of pauper lunatics, 1842 and 1843, University of London Library. Parliamentary Papers in Lunacy, vol. 3, pp. 371-415. Middlesex Returns 405. Charles Dickens visited Mrs Megson's workhouse at Wapping twice, once in early May 1850 and a decade later in early 1860. Charles Dickens, 'A walk in the workhouse', Household Words, 25 May 1840, pp. 204-7; idem, 'The uncommercial traveller', All the Year Round, 18 Feb. 1860; Elaine Murphy, 'The administration of insanity in East London 1800-1870', PhD thesis, University of London, 2000, pp. 131-45.
30. Annual returns of pauper lunatics, 1842 and 1843, University of London Library. Parliamentary Papers in Lunacy, vol. 3, pp. 371-415. Middlesex Returns 405. Charles Dickens visited Mrs Megson's workhouse at Wapping twice, once in early May 1850 and a decade later in early 1860. Charles Dickens, 'A walk in the workhouse', Household Words, 25 May 1840, pp. 204-7; idem, 'The uncommercial traveller', All the Year Round, 18 Feb. 1860; Elaine Murphy, 'The administration of insanity in East London 1800-1870', PhD thesis, University of London, 2000, pp. 131-45.
31. Annual returns of pauper lunatics, 1842 and 1843, University of London Library. Parliamentary Papers in Lunacy, vol. 3, pp. 371-415. Middlesex Returns 405. Charles Dickens visited Mrs Megson's workhouse at Wapping twice, once in early May 1850 and a decade later in early 1860. Charles Dickens, 'A walk in the workhouse', Household Words, 25 May 1840, pp. 204-7; idem, 'The uncommercial traveller', All the Year Round, 18 Feb. 1860; Elaine Murphy, 'The administration of insanity in East London 1800-1870', PhD thesis, University of London, 2000, pp. 131-45.
32. Annual returns of pauper lunatics, 1842 and 1843, University of London Library. Parliamentary Papers in Lunacy, vol. 3, pp. 371-415. Middlesex Returns 405. Charles Dickens visited Mrs Megson's workhouse at Wapping twice, once in early May 1850 and a decade later in early 1860. Charles Dickens, 'A walk in the workhouse', Household Words, 25 May 1840, pp. 204-7; idem, 'The uncommercial traveller', All the Year Round, 18 Feb. 1860; Elaine Murphy, 'The administration of insanity in East London 1800-1870', PhD thesis, University of London, 2000, pp. 131-45.
33. Elaine Murphy, 'The New Poor Law Guardians and the administration of insanity', Bull. Hist. Med, forthcoming.
34. Driver, op. cit., note 14 above, pp. 95-111.
35. Stepney Minutes, St BG/L/1, 21 Dec. 1836.
36. Thirty-third report of the Visiting Committee of Stepney Union, Stepney Minutes, St BG/L/3, 18 Nov. 1839.
37. Stepney Minutes, St BG/L/3, 19 Dec. 1839.
38. Stepney Minutes, St BG/L/16, 7 June 1849, pp. 46-51.
39. Dickens, 'A walk in the workhouse', p. 207; idem, 'The uncommercial traveller', see note 19 above for both.
40. Dickens, 'A walk in the workhouse', p. 207; idem, 'The uncommercial traveller', see note 19 above for both.
41. Dickens, 'The uncommercial traveller', op. cit., note 19 above.
42. Nicholas Hervey, 'A slavish bowing down: The Lunacy Commission and the psychiatric profession 1845-60', in W Bynum, R Porter and M Shepherd (eds), The anatomy of madness, London, Tavistock, 1985, vol. 2, pp. 98-131; Hervey, op. cit., note 8 above, ch. 5.
43. Nicholas Hervey, 'A slavish bowing down: The Lunacy Commission and the psychiatric profession 1845-60', in W Bynum, R Porter and M Shepherd (eds), The anatomy of madness, London, Tavistock, 1985, vol. 2, pp. 98-131; Hervey, op. cit., note 8 above, ch. 5.
44. Andrew Scull, Charlotte Mackenzie, Nicholas Hervey, Masters of Bedlam: the transformation of the mad-doctoring trade, Princeton University Press, 1994, pp. 161-86.
45. Minutes of the Hackney and Stoke Newington Board of Guardians, London Metropolitan Archive, Ha BG/10, 28 Oct. 1850, p. 174.
46. Third annual report of the Commissioners in Lunacy, PP 1848, XXII, Supplementary report on workhouses, Appendix A, 1847-8, section xxxii, p. 371.
47. Ibid., pp. 370-3.
48. Scull, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 344-52.
49. Third annual report of the Commissioners in Lunacy, PP 1848, XXII, Supplementary report on workhouses, Appendix A, 1847-8, section xxxii, p. 371.
50. Peter Bartlett, 'The asylum, the workhouse and the voice of the insane poor', Int. J. Law Psychiatry, 1998, 21: 421-32; Fifteenth annual report of the Commissioners in Lunacy, PP 1861, XXVII, section xxvii, pp. 1, 47.
51. Peter Bartlett, 'The asylum, the workhouse and the voice of the insane poor', Int. J. Law Psychiatry, 1998, 21: 421-32; Fifteenth annual report of the Commissioners in Lunacy, PP 1861, XXVII, section xxvii, pp. 1, 47.
52. Figure from Shoreditch Workhouse admission books, vol. 5, 1862-70, London Metropolitan Archive, film X20/170.
53. Report of the Metropolitan Commissioners in Lunacy to the Lord Chancellor, PP 1844, XXVI. 1, p. 43.
54. Bethnal Green Board of Guardians' minutes, London Metropolitan Archive, Be BG 10, p. 253.
55. Ibid., p. 253.
56. Ibid., 30 June 1845, p. 68; also Aug. 1846, p. 414.
57. Sixth annual report of the Commissioners in Lunacy, PP 1851, XXIII, Appendix D, Visits to workhouses, p. 20.
58. Minutes of meetings of the Commissioners in Lunacy, 1845-March 1851, PRO, scries MH50/ 1-4, indexed MH50/40,41; Correspondence between the Poor Law Board and the Lunacy Commissioners, PRO, series MH19/168, 169, 170; Legal opinions relating to workhouses requested by Lunacy Commissioners, PRO, series MH51/ 749, 760; Miscellaneous Home Office papers referring to lunatics and the Poor Law Board, PRO series HO45, see particularly 6686, 7269, 7102, 7512, 7520, 7751, 7592.
59. Fourth annual report of the Commissioners in Lunacy, PP 1849, XXIII, pp. 13-14.
60. Bartlett, op. cit., note 9 above, pp. 209-13; Hervey, op. cit., note 8 above, pp. 94ff, and chs 5 and 6.
61. Bartlett, op. cit., note 9 above, pp. 209-13; Hervey, op. cit., note 8 above, pp. 94ff, and chs 5 and 6.
62. Correspondence between the Poor Law Board and the Lunacy Commissioners, PRO, series MH19/168, 169, 170; Correspondence, Secretary to the Lunacy Commission to Assistant Secretary Poor Law Board, PRO, 1854, MH19/ 168.
63. Twelfth report of the Commissioners in Lunacy, PP 1858, XXIII, p. 25, and Supplementary report on workhouses in England; Thirteenth report of the Commissioners in Lunacy, PP 1859, XIV, p. 73.
64. Twelfth report of the Commissioners in Lunacy, PP 1858, XXIII, p. 25, and Supplementary report on workhouses in England; Thirteenth report of the Commissioners in Lunacy, PP 1859, XIV, p. 73.
65. Bartlett, op. cit., note 9 above, pp. 218-24.
66. Andrew Doyle, Evidence to the Select Committee on Lunatics, PP 1859, Session 2, VII, pp. 501, 156.
67. Report of the Select Committee on Lunatics, PP 1860, XXII, p. 394.
68. Bartlett, op. cit., note 9 above, pp. 213-18.
69. Letters from Commissioners in Lunacy to Poor Law Board, 1860-80, PRO, MH19/168-180.
70. "Return of Unions in which Sane are intermixed with the Insane and where Lunatic Wards have been Established, Numbers of Lunatics in Each Separate Ward together with Number of Lunatics Received into Workhouses from January 1861 to January 1862", quoted in Sixteenth animal report of the Commissioners in Lunacy, PP 1862, XXIII, Appendix G, p. 217.
71. Ibid., pp. 20-1.
72. Whitechapel Board of Guardians' Minutes (hereafter Whitechapel Minutes), London Metropolitan Archive, St BG/Wh/13, visit 28 Feb. reported 14 May 1851, p. 16.
73. Ibid., pp. 16-17.
74. Ibid, pp. 370, 480.
75. Mile End was part in Stepney, part in Whitechapel. There were Mile End workhouses in both unions.
76. Whitechapel Minutes, St BG/Wh/13, letters in Feb. 1851.
77. Sixth annual report of the Commissioners in Lunacy, PP 1851, XXIII, Appendix D, Visits to workhouses, p. 20.
78. 'Reports of Commissioners in Lunacy to the Poor Law Board on the state of imbecile wards in the metropolitan workhouses and of the correspondence between', Accounts and papers No. 23, PP 1867, LXI, pp. 194-444 (hereafter 'Imbecile wards in the metropolitan workhouses').
79. Frances Power Cobbe, 'The philosophy of the Poor Law and the report of the Committee on Poor Relief, Fraser's Magazine, 1864, p. 70, reprinted in A W Coates (ed.), Poverty in the Victorian age: debates on the issue from 19th century critical journals. Vol II. English Poor Laws 1834-1870, 4 vols, Farnborough, Clegg, 1973, pp. 373-94.
80. Frances Power Cobbe, 'The philosophy of the Poor Law and the report of the Committee on Poor Relief, Fraser's Magazine, 1864, p. 70, reprinted in A W Coates (ed.), Poverty in the Victorian age: debates on the issue from 19th century critical journals. Vol II. English Poor Laws 1834-1870, 4 vols, Farnborough, Clegg, 1973, pp. 373-94.
81. Letters between Shaftesbury, the Secretary of State and City of London Guardians, Sixth annual report of the Commissioners in Lunacy, PP 1851, XXIII, pp. 9-10; Seventh annual report of the Commissioners in Lunacy, PP 1852, XLIV, p. 10; Eighth annual report of the Commissioners in Lunacy, PP 1854, XXIX, p. 27.
82. Letters between Shaftesbury, the Secretary of State and City of London Guardians, Sixth annual report of the Commissioners in Lunacy, PP 1851, XXIII, pp. 9-10; Seventh annual report of the Commissioners in Lunacy, PP 1852, XLIV, p. 10; Eighth annual report of the Commissioners in Lunacy, PP 1854, XXIX, p. 27.
83. Letters between Shaftesbury, the Secretary of State and City of London Guardians, Sixth annual report of the Commissioners in Lunacy, PP 1851, XXIII, pp. 9-10; Seventh annual report of the Commissioners in Lunacy, PP 1852, XLIV, p. 10; Eighth annual report of the Commissioners in Lunacy, PP 1854, XXIX, p. 27.
84. Further report of the Commissioners in Lunacy to the Lord Chancellor, PP 1847, XXXII, Appendix G, pp. 337-43.
85. John Forster, historian, friend and biographer of Dickens. RWS Lutwidge became a full Commissioner after retiring as first Secretary of the Commission. He was attacked by a patient on a visit to Fisherton House Wiltshire in 1873 and died as a result. R Hunter and I Macalpine, Psychiatry for the poor: 1851 Colney Hatch Asylum-Friern Hospital 1973, a medical and social history, London, Dawsons, 1974, p. 107.
86. City of London Corporation Workhouse is now St Clement's Hospital, Bow, a psychiatric hospital.
87. 'Imbecile wards in the metropolitan workhouses', op. cit., note 60 above, p. 194. 'Lancet Sanitary Commission for investigating the state of infirmaries in workhouses. No. I. Metropolitan infirmaries', Lancet, 1865, ii: 14-22.
88. 'Imbecile wards in the metropolitan workhouses', op. cit., note 60 above, p. 194. 'Lancet Sanitary Commission for investigating the state of infirmaries in workhouses. No. I. Metropolitan infirmaries', Lancet, 1865, ii: 14-22.
89. 'Imbecile wards in metropolitan workhouses', op. cit., note 60 above, pp. 401-3.
90. Ibid., pp. 224-51.
91. Daniel Hack Tuke, Chapters in the history of the insane in the British Isles, London, Kegan Paul, Trench, 1882, pp. 147-203, 192; Report from the Select Committee on Lunatics, PP 1859, VII, Session 2, First report, pp. 48-52; Report from the Select Committee on Lunatics, PP 1860, XXII, p. 394.
92. Daniel Hack Tuke, Chapters in the history of the insane in the British Isles, London, Kegan Paul, Trench, 1882, pp. 147-203, 192; Report from the Select Committee on Lunatics, PP 1859, VII, Session 2, First report, pp. 48-52; Report from the Select Committee on Lunatics, PP 1860, XXII, p. 394.
93. Daniel Hack Tuke, Chapters in the history of the insane in the British Isles, London, Kegan Paul, Trench, 1882, pp. 147-203, 192; Report from the Select Committee on Lunatics, PP 1859, VII, Session 2, First report, pp. 48-52; Report from the Select Committee on Lunatics, PP 1860, XXII, p. 394.
94. 'Supplementary report' to the Twelfth annual report of the Commissioners In Lunacy, PP 1859, 'Evidence to the Select Committee on Lunatics', Session 1, IX, p. 1.
95. Lunacy Acts Amendment Act, 1862, 25 & 26 Vic. c. 111, Section 8.
96. Ruth G Hodgkinson, 'Provision for pauper lunatics 1834-1871', Med. Hist. 1966, 10: 138-54.
97. Gwendoline M Ayers, England's first state hospitals and the Metropolitan Asylums Board 1867, London, Wellcome Institute of the History of Medicine, 1971, p. 41.
98. Mile End Workhouse survives as Mile End Hospital. A new psychiatric unit is currently being planned.
99. 'Imbecile wards in metropolitan workhouses', op. cit., note 60 above, pp. 294-312.
100. Ibid., pp. 356-60.
101. Ibid., p. 417.
102. Ibid., pp. 434-9.
103. Ibid., p. 443.
104. D A Brassett, St Leonard's Hospital, 1863-1963, London, 1964. Hackney Archive Department, Y 1137/362, St Leonard Shoreditch, Minutes of the Trustees of the Poor, quoted on P-6.
105. Letter from Commissioners in Lunacy to the Poor Law Board, 1 Feb. 1862, PP 1867, LXI, p. 397.
106. Lancet Sanitary Commission, op. cit., note 66 above.
107. 'Lancet Sanitary Commission visit to St Leonard's, Shoreditch. No. III, Metropolitan infirmaries', Lancet, 1865, ii: 131-3, quotes on p. 132.
108. The Morning Advertiser, 5 Aug. 1865, and The Times, 12 Aug. 1865.
109. 'Report on complaints in The Times by the Clerk to Shoreditch Guardians', Lancet, 1865, i: 187-9, on p. 187.
110. 'Lancet Sanitary Commission, Metropolitan infirmaries, No. X. Bethnal Green Infirmary', Lancet, 1866, i: 104-6.
111. Lancet, 1867, i: 215-16.
112. 'The Medico-Psychological Association', Lancet, 1865, ii: 97.
113. Christopher Hamlin, Public health and social justice in the age of Chadwick, London, Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 335-41.
114. Twentieth annual report of the Commissioners in Lunacy, PP 1866, XXXII, p. 7.
115. Peter McCandless, 'Build! Build! The controversy over the care of the chronically insane in England, 1855-70', Bull. Hist. Med., 1979, 53: 553-74.
116. Twenty-second annual report of the Commissioners in Lunacy, PP 1867-8, XXXI, pp. 7-10.
117. Hansard, 3rd series, vol. 185, 8 Feb. 1867, cols 161-170.
118. Ayers, op. cit., note 73 above, p. 17.
119. For a detailed description of the operation of MAB finances and the Common Fund, see Ayers, op. cit., note 73 above, Appendix IV, pp. 313-17.
120. Ibid., 'Poor Law Board Regulations 1870', p. 42,fn.1.
121. Twenty-second annual report of the Commissioners in Lunacy, PP 1867-8, XXXI, p. 47.
122. Letter from Shaftesbury to Gathorne Hardy, 12 May 1867, PRO, MH19/170, letter 8905.
123. Letter from Earle to Shaftesbury, 16 May 1867, PRO, MH19/170, letter 8906.
124. Ayers, op. cit., note 73 above, p. 49.
125. Ibid., p. 47.
126. Ibid., p. 49.
127. Twenty-third report of the Commissioners in Lunacy, PP 1869, XXVII, Appendix K, p. 258.
128. Hervey, op. cit., note 8 above, pp. 455-64.
129. Mellett, op. cit., note 8 above, p. 243; Peter Bartlett, 'The Poor Law of lunacy: the administration of pauper lunatics in midnineteenth century England with special reference on Leicestershire and Rutland', PhD thesis, University of London, 1993, pp. 266-7, 294; Bartlett, op. cit., note 9 above, pp. 213-18.
130. Mellett, op. cit., note 8 above, p. 243; Peter Bartlett, 'The Poor Law of lunacy: the administration of pauper lunatics in midnineteenth century England with special reference on Leicestershire and Rutland', PhD thesis, University of London, 1993, pp. 266-7, 294; Bartlett, op. cit., note 9 above, pp. 213-18.
131. Mellett, op. cit., note 8 above, p. 243; Peter Bartlett, 'The Poor Law of lunacy: the administration of pauper lunatics in midnineteenth century England with special reference on Leicestershire and Rutland', PhD thesis, University of London, 1993, pp. 266-7, 294; Bartlett, op. cit., note 9 above, pp. 213-18.
132. Bill Forsythe, Joseph Melling, Richard Adair, 'Politics of lunacy: central state regulation and the Devon Pauper Lunatic Asylum', in Melling and Forsythe (eds), op. cit., note 4 above, pp. 68-92,
133. Scull, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 335-44, 36-70, see Table 10, p. 362, and fig. 23, p. 369.
134. Mellett, op. cit., note 8 above, Table 9, 'Relative distribution of pauper lunatics and idiots 1871 and 1889', p. 58.
135. Lunatics Amendment Act 1853, 16 & 17 Vie. c. 96 & 97.
136. David Cochrane, 'Humane, economical and medically wise: the LCC as administrators of Victorian lunacy policy', in W F Bynum, R Porter, M Shepherd (eds), The anatomy of madness, vol. 3, Asylum and its psychiatry, London, Routledge, 1988, p. 251.