Riparian livestock exclosure research in the Western United States: A critique and some recommendations

Environmental Management

Volumn 30, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 516-526

  Sarr, Daniel A ^a  

^a OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Ecological restoration; Livestock exclosures; Riparian ecosystems

Indexed keywords

ECOLOGY; ECOSYSTEMS; FARMS; GEOMORPHOLOGY;

LIVESTOCK EXCLOSURES;

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING;

ECOLOGICAL IMPACT; ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT; GRAZING MANAGEMENT; LIVESTOCK; RESTORATION ECOLOGY; RIPARIAN ZONE;

AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; GRAZING; LIVESTOCK; REVIEW; RIPARIAN ECOSYSTEM; UNITED STATES; VEGETATION; ANIMAL; ARTICLE; DOMESTIC ANIMAL; ECOSYSTEM; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; METHODOLOGY; PLANT; THEORETICAL MODEL; TREE; WATER SUPPLY;

UNITED STATES;

ANIMALIA; RIPARIA;

ANIMALS; ANIMALS, DOMESTIC; CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; ECOSYSTEM; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; MODELS, THEORETICAL; PLANTS, EDIBLE; PROGRAM EVALUATION; RESEARCH DESIGN; TREES; UNITED STATES; WATER SUPPLY;

EID: 0036780509     PISSN: 0364152X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00267-002-2608-8     Document Type: Review

References (81)

1. Ambos, N., G. Robertson, and J. Douglas. 2000. Dutchwoman Butte: A relict grassland in Arizona. Rangelands 22(2):3-8.
2. Anderson, J. E., and K. E. Holte. 1981. Vegetation development over 25 years without grazing in sagebrush-dominated rangeland in southeastern Idaho. Journal of Range Management 34(1):25-29.
3. Belsky, J., A. Matzke, and S. Uselman. 1999. Survey of livestock influence on stream and riparian ecosystems in the western United States. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 54:419-431.
4. Beschta, R. L., and J. B. Kauffman. 2000. Restoration of riparian ecosystems-taking a broader view. Pages 323-328 in P. J. Wigington, and R. L. Beschta (eds.), International conference on riparian ecology and management in multiple use watersheds. American Water Resources Association, Middleburg, Virginia, TPS-00-2, 616 pp.
5. Bock, C. E., J. H. Bock, and H. M. Smith. 1993. Proposal for a system of livestock exclosures on public rangeland in the United States. Conservation Biology 7:731-733.
6. Bowers, W., B. Hosford, A. Oakley, and C. Bond. 1979. Wildlife Habitats in Managed Rangelands-the Great Basin of Southeast Oregon: Native Trout. General Technical Report PNW-84. US Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Portland, Oregon.
7. Bowns, J. E., and C. F. Bagley. 1986. Vegetation responses to long-term sheep grazing on mountain ranges. Journal of Range Management 39(5):431-434.
8. Brand, M., and H. Goetz. 1986. Vegetation of Exclosures in Southwestern North Dakota. Journal of Range Management 39(5):434-437.
9. Brode, J. M., and R. B. Bury. 1984. The importance of riparian systems to amphibians and reptiles. Pages 30-36 in R. E. W. and K. M. Hendrix (eds.), California riparian systems. University of California Press, Berkeley, University of California, Davis.
10. Bryant, L. D. 1982. Response of livestock to riparian zone exclusion. Journal of Range Management 35:780-785.
11. Carothers, S. W., R. R. Johnson, and S. W. Atchison. 1974. Population structure and social organization of southwestern riparian birds. American Zoologist 14:97-100.
12. Crouch, G. L. 1978. Effects of protection from livestock grazing on a bottomland wildlife habitat in northeastern Colorado. Pages 118-125 in Proceedings: Lowland River and Stream Habitat Symposium, 4-5, October 1978, Greeley, CO.
13. Crouch, G. L. 1982. Wildlife on grazed and ungrazed bottomlands in the south Platt River in northeastern Colorado. Pages 186-197 in Wildlife-Livestock Relations Symposium: Proc. 10. University of Idaho Forest, Range, and Experiment Station, Moscow.
14. D'Antonio, C. M., and P. M. Vitousek. 1992. Biological invasions by exotic grasses, the grass/fire cycle, and global change. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 23:63-87.
15. Dobkin, D. S., A. C. Rich, and W. H. Pyle. 1998. Habitat and avifaunal recovery from livestock grazing in a riparian meadow system of the northwestern Great Basin. Conservation Biology 12(1):209-221.
16. Duff, D. 1979. Riparian habitat recovery on Big Creek, Rich County, UT - a summary of eight years of study. Pages 91-92 in O. B. Cope (ed.), Proceedings: forum on grazing and the riparian stream ecosystem. Trout Unlimited, Denver, Colorado.
17. Dunaway, D., S. R. Swanson, J. Wendel, and W. P. Clary. 1994. The effect of herbaceous plant communities and soil textures on the particle erosion of alluvial streambanks. Geomorphology 9:47-56.
18. Dyksterhuis, E. J. 1949. Condition and management of range-land based on quantitative ecology. Journal of Range Management 2:104-115.
19. Fleischner, T. L. 1994. Ecological costs of livestock grazing in western North America. Conservation Biology 8(3):629-644.
20. Friedel, M. H. 1991. Range condition assessment and the concept of thresholds. Journal of Range Management 44(5): 422-426.
21. Goodwin, C. N., C. P. Hawkins, and J. L. Kershner. 1997. Riparian restoration in the western United States: overview and perspective. Restoration Ecology 5(4S):4-14.
22. Green, D. M., and J. B. Kauffman. 1995. Succession and livestock grazing in a northeast Oregon riparian ecosystem. Journal of Range Management 48:307-313.
23. Gregory, S. V., F. J. Swanson, W. A. McKee, K. W. Cummins. 1991. An ecosystem perspective of riparian zones. Bioscience 41(8):540-551.
24. Harris, R., and C. Olson 1997. Two-stage system for prioritizing riparian restoration at the stream reach and community scales. Restoration Ecology 5(4S):34-42.
25. Hayes, F. A. 1978. Streambank and meadow condition in relation to livestock grazing in mountain meadows of central Idaho. M A thesis. University of Idaho.
26. Holzman, B. A., and J. Isaacs. 1999. California rangeland reference (RRA) inventory and database. Rangelands 21(3): 22-26.
27. Hurlbert, S. 1984. Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments. Ecological Monographs 54(2):187-211.
28. Hynes, H. B. N. 1975. The stream and its valley. Verhandlungin Internationale Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 19:1-15.
29. Jameson, D. A. J. A. Williams, and E. W. Wilton. 1962. Vegetation and soils of Fishtail Mesa, Arizona. Ecology 43(3):403-410.
30. Kauffman, J. B. 1983. Effects of late season cattle grazing on riparian plant communities. Journal of Range Management 36:685-691.
31. Kauffman, J. B. and W. C. Krueger. 1984. Livestock impacts on riparian ecosystems and streamside managemant implications: A review. Journal of Range Management 37(5):430-437.
32. Kauffman, J. B., W. C. Krueger, and M. Vavra. 1982. Impacts of a late season grazing regime on nongame wildlife habitat in a Wallowa Mountain riparian ecosystem. Pages 208-220 in Wildlife-Livestock Relationships Symposium. March 1981, Cour d'Alene, Idaho.
33. Kauffman, J. B., W. C. Krueger, and M. Vavra. 1983. Impacts of cattle on streambanks in northeastern Oregon. Journal of Range Management 36:683-685.
34. Kauffman, J. B., R. L. Beschta, N. Otting, and D. Lytjen. 1997. An ecological perspective of riparian and stream restoration in the western United States. Fisheries 12(5):12-24.
35. Kauffman, J. B., D. Cummings, C. Heider, D. Lyjten, and N. Otting. 2000. Riparian vegetation responses to rewatering and cessation of grazing, Mono Basin, California. Pages 251-256 in P. J. Wigington, and R. L Beschta (eds.), International conference on riparian ecology and management in multiple use watersheds. American Water Resources Association, Middleburg, Virginia, TPS-00-2, 616 pp.
36. Kay, C. E., and D. L. Bartos. 2000. Ungulate herbivory on Utah aspen: Assessment of long-term exclosures. Journal of Range Management 53:145-153.
37. Keller, C. R., and K. P. Burnham. 1982. Riparian fencing, grazing, and trout habitat preference on Summit Creek, Idaho. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 2:53-59.
38. Kleinfelder, D., S. Swanson, G. Norris, and W. P. Clary. 1992. Unconfined compressive strength of some streambank soils with herbaceous roots. Soil Science of America Journal 56(6): 1920-1925.
39. Knapp, R. A., and K. R. Matthews. 1996 Impacts of livestock grazing on streams and resident golden trout populations in the Golden Trout Wilderness, California. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 16:805-820.
40. Kondolf, G. M. 1993. Lag in stream channel adjustment to livestock exclosure, White Mountains, California. Restoration Ecology 1:226-230.
41. Larsen, R. E., W. C. Krueger, M. R. George, M. R. Barrington, J. C. Buckhouse, and D. E. Johnson. 1998. Viewpoint: livestock influences on riparian zones and fish habitat: Literature Classification. Journal of Range Management 51:661-664.
42. Laycock, W. A. 1991. Stable states and thresholds of range condition on North American rangelands: a viewpoint. Journal of Range Management 44(5):427-433.
43. Leege, T. A., D. J. Herman, and B. Zamora. 1981. Effects of cattle grazing on mountain meadows in Idaho. Journal of Range Management 34(4):324-328.
44. Likens, G. E., 1985. An experimental approach for the study of ecosystems. Journal of Ecology 73:381-396.
45. Manly, B. J. 2001. Statistics for environmental science and management. Chapman and Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, Florida, 326 pp.
46. Marcuson, P. E. 1977. The effect of cattle grazing on brown trout in Rock Creek, Montana. Fish and Game Federal Aid Program. F-20-R21(11a.).
47. Milchunas, D. G., and. W. K. Lauenroth. 1993. Quantitative effects of grazing on vegetation and soils over a global range of environments. Ecological Monographs 63(4):327-366.
48. Miller, R. F., T. J. Svejcar, and N. E. West. 1994. Implications of livestock grazing in the intermountain sagebrush region: plant composition. In M. Vavra, W. A. Laycock, and R. D. Peiper (eds.), Ecological implications of livestock herbivory in the West. Society for Range Management. Denver, Colorado.
49. Myers, T. J., and S. Swanson. 1991. Aquatic habitat condition index, stream type and livestock bank damage in Northern Nevada. Water Resources Bulletin 27(4):667-677.
50. Myers, T. J., and S. Swanson. 1996. Temporal and geomorphic variations of stream stability and morphology: Mahogany Creek, Nevada. Water Resources Bulletin 32(2):253-265.
51. Naiman, R. J., H. DeCamps, and M. Pollock. 1993. The role of riparian corridors in maintaining regional biodiversity. Ecological Applications 3(2):209-212.
52. Odion, D. C., T. L. Dudley, and C. D'Antonio. 1988. Cattle grazing in southeastern Sierran meadows: ecosystem change and prospects for recovery. Pages 277-292 in C. A. Hall and V. Doyle-Jones (eds.), Plant biology of eastern California. White Mountain Research Station Symposium, Vol. 2.
53. Peters, R. H., 1991. A critique for ecology. Cambridge University Press, New York, 366 pp.
54. Platts, W. S. 1983. Vegetation requirements for fisheries habitats. Pages 184-188 in S. B. Monsen and N. Shaw (eds.), Managing intermountain rangelands - improvement of range and wildlife habitats. General Technical Report INT-157. US Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, UT.
55. Platts, W. S. 1991. Livestock grazing. Pages 389-423 in W.R. Meehan (ed.), Influences of forest and rangeland management on salmonid fishes and their habitat. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 19, Bethesda, Maryland.
56. Platts, W. S., and R. L. Nelson. 1985. Will riparian pasture build good streams? Rangelands 7:7-10
57. Platts, W. S., and J. N. Rinne. 1985. Riparian and stream enhancement research in the Rocky Mountains. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 5(2a):115-125.
58. Popolizio, C. A., H. Goetz, and P. L. Chapman. 1994. Short-term response of riparian vegetation to 4 grazing treatments. Journal of Range management 47:48-53.
59. Ratliff, R. D. 1985. Meadows of the Sierra Nevada of California: state of knowledge. Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, USDA Forest Service. GTR-PSW-84. 52 PP.
60. Rickard, W. H., and C. E. Cushing, 1982. Recovery of streamside woody vegetation after exclusion of livestock grazing. Journal of Range Management 35(3):360-361.
61. Rinne, J. N. 1988a. Effects of livestock grazing exclosure on aquatic macroinvertebrates in a montane stream in New Mexico. Great Basin Naturalist 48(2):146-153.
62. Rinne, J. N. 1988b. Grazing effects on stream habitat and fishes: research design considerations. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 8(2):240-247.
63. Rinne, J. N., and R. A. LaFayette. 1991. Southwestern riparian-stream ecosystems: Research design, complexity, and opportunity. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experimental Station. Research Paper RM-299, 8 pp.
64. Roath, L. R., and W. C. Krueger. 1982. Cattle grazing influence on a mountain riparian zone. Journal of Range Management 35(1):100-103.
65. Rosgen, D. A. 1994. A classification of natural rivers. Catena 22(3):169-199.
66. Saab, V., C. Bock, T. Rich, and D. Dobkin. 1995. Livestock grazing effects in western North America. Pages 311-353 in T. E. Martin and O. M. Finch, (eds.), Ecology and management of neoptropical migratory birds. Oxford University Press, New York.
67. Sanders, K. D., and A. S. Voth. 1982. Ecological changes of grazed and ungrazed plant communities. in Managing Intermountain Rangelands-Improvement of Range and Wildlife Habitats. Symposia proceedings: 15-17, September 1981, Twin Falls, Idaho, and 22-24 June 1982, Elko, Nevada.
68. Sarr, D. 1995. Grazing, graminoids, and hysteresis: Exploring relationships between livestock production, riparian communities, and ecosystem recovery in the southern Sierra Nevada, California. MA thesis. University of California, Santa Barbara, 169 pp.
69. Sarr, D., R. A. Knapp, J. Owens, T. Balser, and T. L. Dudley. 1996. Ecosystem recovery from livestock grazing in the southern Sierra Nevada. Final report submitted to Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute, Missoula, Montana, 61 pp.
70. Schulz, T. T., and W. C. Leininger. 1990. Difference in riparian vegetation structure between grazed and ungrazed areas and exclosures. Journal of Range Management 43(4):295-299.
71. Schulz, T. T., and W. C. Leininger. 1991. Nongame wildlife communities in grazed and ungrazed montane riparian sites. Great Basin Naturalist 51(3):286-292.
72. Smith, D. G. 1976. The effects of vegetation on the lateral migration of anastomosed channels of a glacier meltwater river. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 87:857-860.
73. Sneva, F. A. L. R. Rittenhouse, and P. T. Tueller. 1980. Forty years-inside and out. Progress report - research in range management. Special report 586. Agricultural Research Station, Oregon State University, Corvallis.
74. Stewart-Oaten, A., W. M. Murdoch, and K. Parker. 1986. Environmental impact assessment: 'Pseudo-replication' in time? Ecology 67:929-940.
75. Swanson, S. 1989. Using stream classification to prioritize restoration after extreme events. Pages 96-101 in Protection management, and restoration for the 1990's - proceedings of the California riparian systems conference, 22-24 September 1988, Davis, California.
76. Taylor, D. M. 1986. Effects of cattle grazing on passerine birds nesting in riparian habitat. Journal of Range Management 39:254-258
77. Van Velson, R. 1979. Effects of livestock grazing on rainbow trout in Otter Creek, Nebraska. Pages 53-56 in Forum grazing and riparian/stream ecosystems. Trout Unlimited, Inc.
78. Vannote, R. L., G. W. Minshall, K. W. Cummins, J. R. Sedell, And C. E. Cushing. 1980. The river continuum concept. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 37:130-137.
79. Winegar, H. H. 1977. Camp Creek channel fencing: plant, soil and water response. Rangeman's Journal 4:10-12.
80. Wood, S. H. 1975. Holocene stratigraphy and chronology of mountain meadows, Sierra Nevada, California. PhD thesis. California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 180 pp.
81. Zonge, L., and S. Swanson. 1996. Changes in streambanks in the Sierra Nevada Mountains: perspectives from a wet and dry year. Restoration Ecology 4(2):192-199.