Toluene, xylenes and xylene isomers in urine as biological indicators of low-level exposure to each solvent; A comparative study

International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health

Volumn 75, Issue 6, 2002, Pages 387-393

  Takeuchi, A ^b   Kawai, T ^b   Zhang, Z W ^b,c   Miyama, Y ^b   Sakamoto, K ^b   Higashikawa, K ^a   Ikeda, M ^a  

^a KYOTO INDUSTRIAL HEALTH ASSOCIATION   (Japan)

^b Osaka Occup Health Service Center   (Japan)

^c KYOTO WOMEN'S UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Biological monitoring; Co exposure; Toluene; Urinalysis; Xylene isomers; Xylenes

Indexed keywords

ACETONE; ETHYLBENZENE; KETONE DERIVATIVE; SOLVENT; TOLUENE; XYLENE;

ADULT; AGE; AGED; ARTICLE; BIOLOGICAL MONITORING; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; GENDER; HUMAN; HYDROPHILICITY; INDUSTRIAL WORKER; ISOMER; LIPOPHILICITY; MALE; MULTIPLE REGRESSION; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; RELIABILITY; SHIFT WORKER; SOLUBILITY; URINARY EXCRETION; URINE LEVEL;

ADULT; AGED; AIR POLLUTANTS, OCCUPATIONAL; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CHROMATOGRAPHY, GAS; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; FEMALE; HUMANS; ISOMERISM; JAPAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; TOLUENE; XYLENES;

EID: 0036705571     PISSN: 03400131     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00420-002-0331-7     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
2. Budavari S, O'Neil MJ, Smith A, Heckelman P, Kinneary JF (1996) The Merck Index, 12th Edn. Merck, Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA
3. Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (1995) Biological Exposure Values for Occupational Toxicants and Carcinogens. Vol 2, Xylenes. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp 108-115
4. Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (2000) List of MAK and BAT Values 2000. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
5. Furuki K, Ukai H, Okamoto S, Takada S, Kawai T, Miyama Y, Mitsuyoshi K, Zhang Z-W, Higashikawa K, Ikeda M (2000) Monitoring of occupational exposure to tetrachloroethene by analysis for unmetabolized tetrachloroethene in blood and urine in comparison with urinalysis for trichloroacetic acid. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 73:321-327
6. Ghittori S, Imbriani M, Pezzagno G, Capodaglio E (1987) The urinary concentration of solvents as biological indicator of exposure: Proposal for the biological equivalent exposure limit for nine solvents. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 48:786-790
7. Hirayama T, Ikeda M (1979) Applicability of carbon felt to the dosimetry of solvent vapor mixture. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 40:1091-1096
8. Huang M-Y, Jin C, Liu Y-T, Li B-H, Qu Q-S, Uchida Y, Inoue O, Nakatsuka H, Watanabe T, Ikeda M (1994) Independent metabolism of toluene and xylenes mixture vapors at low concentrations. Occup Environ Med 51:42-46
9. Ikeda M (1999) Solvents in urine as exposure markers. Toxicol Lett 108:99-109
10. Imbriani M, Ghittori S, Capodaglio E (1988) Urinary excretion of tetrachloroethylene (tetrachloroethen) in experimental and occupational exposure. Arch Environ Health 43:292-333
11. Inoue T, Takeuchi Y, Hisanaga N, Ono Y, Iwata M, Ogata M, Saito K, Sakurai H, Hara I, Matsushita T, Ikeda M (1983) A nationwide survey on organic solvent components in various solvent products: Part 1. Homogeneous products such as thinners, degreasers and reagents. Ind Health 21:175-183
12. Jackson S (1966) Creatinine in urine as an index of urinary excretion rate. Health Phys 12:843-850
13. Japan Society for Occupational Health (2001) Recommendation of occupational exposure limits (2001-2002). J Occup Health 43:208-223
14. Kawai T, Yamaoka K, Uchida Y, Ikeda M (1990) Benzene exposure in a Japanese refinery. Toxicol Lett 52:135-139
15. Kawai T, Mizunuma K, Yasugi T, Horiguchi S, Uchida Y, Iwami O, Iguchi H, Ikeda M (1991) Urinary methylhippuric acid isomer levels after occupational exposure to a xylene mixture. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 63:69-75
16. Kawai T, Yasugi T, Mizunuma K, Horiguchi S, Iguchi H, Uchida Y, Iwami O, Ikeda M (1992) Comparative evaluation of urinalysis and blood analysis as means of detecting exposure to organic solvents at low concentrations. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 64:223-234
17. Kawai T, Mizunuma K, Okada Y, Horiguchi S, Ikeda M (1996) Toluene itself as the best urinary marker of toluene exposure. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 68:289-297
18. Kawai T, Okada Y, Odachi T, Horiguchi S, Zhang Z-W, Moon C-S, Furuki K, Ukai H, Inui S, Ikeda M (1997) Monitoring of occupational exposure to 1-butanol by diffusive sampling and urinalysis. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 69:266-272
19. Kumai M, Koizumi A, Saito K, Sakurai H, Inoue T, Takeuchi Y, Hara I, Ogata M, Matsushita T, Ikeda M (1983) A nationwide survey on organic solvent components in various solvent products: Part 2. Heterogeneous products such as paints, inks and adhesives. Ind Health 21:185-197
20. 8-toluene. Br J Ind Med 50:55-59
21. Mizunuma K, Kawai T, Horiguchi S, Ikeda M (1995) Urinary methylchloroform rather than urinary metabolites as an indicator of occupational exposure to methylchloroform. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 67:19-25
22. Moon C-S, Lee J-T, Chun J-H, Ikeda M (2001) Use of solvents in industries in Korea: Experience in Sinpyeong-Jangrim industrial complex. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 74:148-152
23. Rainsford SG, Lloyd Davies TA (1965) Urinary excretion of phenol by men exposed to benzene: A screening test. Br J Ind Med 22:21-26
24. Richardson M, Gangolly S (1993-1995) The dictionary of substance and the effects. Royal Society of Chemistry, London
25. Uchida Y, Kawai T, Yasugi T, Ikeda M (1990) Personal monitoring sampler for acetone vapor exposure. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 44:900-904
26. Ukai H, Inui S, Takada S, Dendo J, Ogawa J, Isobe K, Ashida T, Tamura M, Tabuki K, Ikeda M (1997) Types of organic solvents used in small to medium-scale industries in Japan: A nationwide field survey. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 70:385-392
27. Verschueren K (1983) Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals, 2nd edn. van Nostrand Reinhold, New Yor
28. Yasugi T, Kawai T, Mizunuma K, Kishi R, Harabuchi I, Yuasa J, Eguchi T, Sugimoto R, Seiji K, Ikeda M (1994) Exposure monitoring and health effect studies of workers occupationally exposed to cyclohexane vapor. Int Arch Occup Environment Health 65:343-350
29. Yasugi T, Endo G, Monna T, Odachi T, Yamaoka K, Kawai T, Horiguchi S, Ikeda M (1998) Types of organic solvents used in workplaces and work environment conditions with special references to reproducibility of work environment classification. Ind Health 36:223-233