Cervical radiculopathies: Conservative approaches to management

Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America

Volumn 13, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 589-608

  Wolff, Michael W ^a   Levine, Larry A ^b  

^a Southwest Spine and Sport   (United States)

^b Rehabilitation Medicine Association   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR; GABAPENTIN; MISOPROSTOL; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; NORADRENALIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; OMEPRAZOLE; PREDNISONE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; STEROID; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT;

ATAXIA; AVASCULAR NECROSIS; CERVICOBRACHIAL NEURALGIA; CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT; ELECTROSTIMULATION THERAPY; FATIGUE; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HUMAN; PATIENT SATISFACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SOMNOLENCE; SURGICAL APPROACH; TREATMENT PLANNING; VERTIGO; XEROSTOMIA;

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL; CERVICAL VERTEBRAE; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; EXERCISE THERAPY; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; ORTHOTIC DEVICES; RADICULOPATHY;

EID: 0036697035     PISSN: 10479651     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1047-9651(02)00008-6     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. Heckmann JC, Lang CJ, Zobelein I, et al. Herniated cervical intervertebral discs with radiculopathy: an outcome study of conservatively or surgically treated patients. J Spinal Disord 1999;12:396-401.
2. Radhakrishnan K, Litchy WJ, O'Gallon WN, et al. Epidemiology of cervical radiculopathy: a population-based study from Rochester, Minnesota, 1976 through 1990. Brain 1994;117(Part 2):325-35.
3. Saal JS, Saal JA, Yurth EF. Nonoperative management of herniated cervical intervertebral disc with radiculopathy. Spine 1996;21:1877-83.
4. Sampath P, Bendebba M, Davis JD, Ducker T. Outcome in patients with cervical radiculopathy: prospective, multicenter study with independent clinical review. Spine 1999;24:591-7.
5. Boden SD, McCowin PR, Davis DO, et al. Abnormal magnetic-resonance scans of the cervical spine in asymptomatic subjects. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1990;72:1178-84.
6. Hult L. Frequency of symptoms of different age groups and professions. In: Hirsch C, Zotterman Y, editors. Cervical pain. New York: Pergamon Press; 1971. p. 17-20.
7. Caplan L. Management of cervical radiculopathy: issues in neurological practice. Eur Neurol 1995;35:309-20.
8. Brower RS. Arthritis and disc disease in the adult: cervical disc disease. In: Herkowitz HN, Rothman RH, Simeone FA, editors. The spine 4th edition. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1999. p. 406-55.
9. Maigne JY, Deligne L. Computed tomographic follow-up study of 21 cases of nonoperatively treated cervical intervertebral soft disc herniation. Spine 1994;19:189-91.
10. Bush K, Chaudhuri R, Hillier S. The pathomorphologic changes that accompany the resolution of cervical radiculopathy: a prospective study with repeat magnetic resonance imaging. Spine 1998;23:183-6.
11. Saal JA, Saal JS. The nonoperative treatment of herniated nucleus pulposus with radiculopathy: an outcome study. Spine 1989;14:431-7.
12. Bogduk N, Morgan W, Inglis A. The innervation of the cervical intervertebral discs. Spine 1998;13:2-8.
13. Saal JS, Franson RC, Dobrow R. High levels of inflammatory phospholipase A2 in lumbar disc herniations. Spine 1990;15:674-8.
14. Mercer S, Bogduk N. The ligaments and anulus fibrosus of the human adult cervical intervertebral discs. Spine 1999;24:619-28.
15. Paassilta P, Lohiniva J, Goring HH, et al. Identification of a novel common genetic risk factor for lumbar disk disease. JAMA 2001;285:1843-8.
16. Lagattuta F, Falco F. Assessment and treatment of cervical spine disorders. In: Braddom RL, editors. Physical medicine and rehabilitation. 2nd edition. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 2000. p. 762-90.
17. Ahlgren B, Garfin S. Cervical radiculopathy, peripheral nerve compressions of the upper extremity. Orthop Clin North Am 1996;27:253-63.
18. Ellenberg M, Honet J, Treanor W. Review article: cervical radiculopathy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1994;75:342-51.
19. Ferrante FM, Wilson SP, Iacobo C, et al. Clinical classification as a predictor of therapeutic outcome after cervical epidural steroid injection. Spine 1993;18:730-6.
20. Malanga GA. The diagnosis and treatment of cervical radiculopathy. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997;29:S236-45.
21. Brouillette DL, Gurske DT. Journal of Manipulative Physiology Clinics 1994;17:119-23.
22. Hawkins C, Hanks GW. The gastroduodenal toxicity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a review of the literature. J Pain Symptom Manage 2000;20:140-51.
23. Jonsson B, Wahlqvist P. Management of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-associated lesions: a cost-effectiveness perspective. Am J Med 1988;104:81S-88S.
24. Scheiman J, Isenberg J. Agents used in the prevention and treatment of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug-associated symptoms and ulcers. Am J Med 1998;105:32S-38S.
25. Hawkey DJ. Cox-2 inhibitors. Lancet 1999;353:307-14.
26. Lanza FL. Prevention of NSAID-related ulcers. Compr Ther 2000;26:103-8.
27. Ward N. Tricyclic antidepressants for chronic low back pain: mechanisms of action and predictors of response. Spine 1986;11:661-5.
28. Carett S, McCain GA, Bell DA, et al. Evaluation of amitriptyline in primary fibrositis: a double-blind placebo control study. Arthritis Rheum 1996;29:655-9.
29. Drug facts and comparisons. Wolters Kluwer; 2001. p. 1026.
30. Deyo R, Diehl A, Rosenthal M. How many days of bed rest for acute low back pain? A randomized clinical trial. N Engl J Med 1986;315:1064-70.
31. Jung Y, Dewei Z, Edwards T, et al. Effect of cervical spine motion on the neuroforaminal dimensions of human cervical spine. Spine 1992;17:1131-6.
32. Reitman C, Esses S. Modalities, manual therapy, and education: a review of conservative measures. Spine: State of the Art Reviews 1995;9:661-72.
33. Spitzer W, Leblanc F, Dupuis M, et al. Scientific approach to the assessment and management of activity-related spinal disorder: a monograph for clinicians. Report of the Quebec Task Force on Spinal Disorders. Spine 1987;12(Suppl):S1-S57.
34. Smith GE. The most ancient splints. BMJ 1908;1:732-4.
35. Redford JB, Patel A. Orthotic devices in the management of spinal disorders. Spine: State of the Art Reviews 1995;9:673-88.
36. Shurr DG, Cook TM. Spinal orthotics. In: Shurr DG, Cook TM, editors. Prosthetics and orthotics. Norwalk (CT): Appleton & Lange; 1990. p. 195-215.
37. Johnson RM, Hart DL, Simons EF, et al. Cervical orthoses. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1977;59:330-2.
38. Levine M, Albert T, Smith M. Cervical radiculopathy: diagnosis and nonoperative management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 1996;4:305-16.
39. Fisher SV, Winter RB. Spinal orthoses in rehabilitation, treatment techniques and special equipment. In: Braddom RL, editors. Physical medicine and rehabilitation. 2nd edition. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 2000.
40. McKinney LA. Early mobilization of acute sprain of the neck. BMJ 1989;299:1006-8.
41. Pennie BH, Agambar LJ. Whiplash injuries: trial of early management. J Bone Joint Surg 1990;72:277-9.
42. Roberts WA, Garfin SR, White AA III. Degenerative disorders: an algorithm for the diagnosis of neck pain. In: The Cervical Spine Research Society Editorial Committee, editors. The cervical spine. 2nd edition. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott; 1989. p. 611-16.
43. Shelokov AP. Evaluation, diagnosis, and initial treatment of cervical disc disease. In: Regan JJ, editors. Cervical spine disease. Philadelphia: Hanley & Belfus; 1991. p. 167-76.
44. Johnson EW, Wolfe CV. Bifocal spectacles in the etiology of cervical radiculopathy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1972;53:201-5.
45. Martin GM, Corbin KB. Evaluation of conservative treatment for patients with cervical disc syndrome. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1954;35:87-92.
46. Atchison JW, Stoll ST, Cotter A. Manipulation, traction, and massage. In: Braddom RL, editors. Physical medicine and rehabilitation. 2nd edition. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 2000. p. 413-39.
47. Colachis SC Jr, Strohm BR. Cervical traction: relationship of traction time to varied tractive force with constant angle of pull. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1965;46:815-9.
48. Colachis SC Jr, Strohm BR. Effect of duration of intermittent cervical traction on vertebral separation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1966;47:353-9.
49. Colachis SC Jr, Strohm BR. Effects of intermittent traction on separation of lumbar vertebrae. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1990;50:251-8.
50. Colachis SC Jr, Strohm BR. Radiographic studies of cervical spine motion in normal subjects: flexion and hyperextension. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1965;45:753-60.
51. Swezey RL, Swezey AM. Efficacy of home cervical traction therapy. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1999;78:30-2.
52. Saunders HD, Saunders RL. Evaluation, treatment and prevention of musculoskeletal disorders, part 1. In: White AA, Panjabi MM, editors. Clinical biomechanics of the spine. 2nd edition. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott; 1990.
53. Daugherty R, Erhard R. Segmentalized cervical traction. In: Kent B, editor. Proceedings of the International Federation of Orthopaedic Manipulative Therapists. Vail (CO): 1977. p. 189-95.
54. White AA, Panjabi MM. Clinical biomechanics of the spine. 2nd edition. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott; 1990. p. 432.
55. Farrell JP, Soto JY, Tichenor CJ. The role of manual therapy in spinal rehabilitation. In: White A, Schofferman JA, editors. Spine care. St. Louis: Mosby Year Book; 1995.
56. Herzog J. Use of cervical spine manipulation under anesthesia for management of cervical disc herniation, cervical radiculopathy, and associated cervical headache syndrome. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1999;22-23:166-70.
57. Fisk JW. Medical treatment of neck and back pain. Springfield (IL): Charles C. Thomas; 1987.
58. Aptaker R. Neck pain. Part 2: Optimizing treatment and rehabilitation. The Physician and Sports Medicine 1996;24:54-61.
59. Silveri CP, Simpson JM, et al. Comparison of smoking habits between patients with surgically confirmed herniated lumbar and cervical disease and controls. J Spine Disord 1994;7:369-73.
60. Sweeney TB, Prentice C, Saal JA, et al. Cervicothoracic muscular stabilization techniques. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: State of the Art Reviews 1990;4:335-60.
61. Wyke B. Neurological aspects of low back pain. In: Jayson, editors. The lumbar spine and back pain. New York: Grune Stratton; 1976. p. 189-256.
62. Gogia P, Sabbahi M. Electromyographic analysis of neck muscle fatigue in patients with osteoarthritis of the cervical spine. Spine 1994;19:502-6.
63. Hansen F, Skov P, et al. Intensive, dynamic back-muscle exercises, conventional physiotherapy, or controlled-treatment of low back pain: a randomized, observer blind trial. Spine 1993;18:98-108.
64. Bush K, Hillier S. Outcome of cervical radiculopathy treated with periradicular/epidural corticosteroid injections: a prospective study with independent clinical review. Eur Spine J 1996;5:319-25.
65. Slipman CW, Lipetz JS, Jacson HB, et al. Therapeutic selective nerve root block in the nonsurgical treatment of atraumatic cervical spondylotic radicular pain: a retrospective analysis with independent clinical review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000;81:741-6.
66. Weber H. Spine update: the natural history of disc herniation and the influence of intervention. Spine 1994;19:234-8.
67. Klein GR, Vaccaro AR, Albert TJ. Health outcome assessment before and after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for radiculopathy: a prospective analysis. Spine 2000;25:801-3.
68. Persson LC, Moritz U, Brandt L. Cervical radiculopathy: pain, muscle weakness and sensory loss in patients with cervical radiculopathy treated with surgery, physiotherapy or cervical collar. A prospective, controlled study. Eur Spine J 1997;6:256-66.