External supports and the prevention of neointima formation in vein grafts

European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 13-22

  Vijayan, V ^a   Smith, F C T ^a   Angelini, G D ^a   Bulbulia, R A ^a   Jeremy, J Y ^a  

^a BRISTOL ROYAL INFIRMARY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

External support; Neointima formation; Vein graft

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CYCLIC AMP; CYCLIC GMP; CYCLOSPORIN; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; POLYGLACTIN;

ARTERY INTIMA PROLIFERATION; BIODEGRADABLE IMPLANT; CELL PROLIFERATION; DACRON IMPLANT; DISEASE SEVERITY; GRAFT FAILURE; HEMODYNAMICS; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; INTIMA; NONHUMAN; PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY; POLITEF IMPLANT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTHESIS; REVIEW; SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBER; STENT; VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE; VEIN GRAFT; VEIN PROSTHESIS; ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; BLOOD VESSEL PROSTHESIS; BLOOD VESSEL TRANSPLANTATION; FORECASTING; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; REOPERATION; SAPHENOUS VEIN; STANDARD; TRANSPLANTATION; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM;

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; BLOOD VESSEL PROSTHESIS; BLOOD VESSEL PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; FORECASTING; HUMANS; REOPERATION; SAPHENOUS VEIN; STENTS;

EID: 0036636179     PISSN: 10785884     EISSN: 15322165     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/ejvs.2002.1676     Document Type: Review

References (106)

1. ROSS R. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a perspective for the 1990s. Nature 1993; 362: 801-809.
2. FAVALORO RG. Critical analysis of coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a 30 year journey. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 31: 1B-63B.
3. CHEW DK, CONTE MS, BELKIN M, DONALDSON MC, WHITTEMORE AD. Arterial reconstruction for lower limb ischaemia. Acta Chir Belg 2001; 101: 106-115.
4. CORONARY HEART DISEASE STATISTICS. ANNUAL COMPENDIUM 1999. British Heart Foundation Statistical Database 1999. British Heart Foundation Promotion Research Group.
5. THE VASCULAR SURGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. Critical Limb Ischaemia: management and outcome. Report of a national survey. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1995; 10: 108.
6. ANGELINI GD, NEWBY AC. The future of saphenous vein as a coronary artery bypass conduit. Eur Heart J 1989; 10: 273-280.
7. MEHTA D, IZZAT MB, BRYAN AJ, ANGELINI GD. Towards the prevention of vein graft failure. Int J Cardiol 1997; 62: S55-S63.
8. KUNLIN J. Le traitement de l'arterite oblierante par la greffe veineuse. Arch Mal Coeur 1949; 42: 371-372.
9. JACKSON MR, BELOTT TP, DICKASON T et al. The consequences of a failed femoropopliteal bypass grafting: comparison of a saphenous vein and PTFE graft. J Vasc Surg 2000; 32: 498-505, doi:10.1067/jvsu.2000.8634.
10. TANGELDER MJ, ALGRA A, LAWSON JA, EIKELBOOM BC. Risk factors for occlusion of infrainguinal bypass grafts. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2000; 20: 118-124, doi:10.1053/ejvs.2000.1125.
11. VEITH FJ, GUPTA SK, ASCER E et al. Six-year prospective multicenter randomized comparison of autologous saphenous vein and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts in infrainguinal arterial reconstructions. J Vasc Surg 1986; 3: 104-114.
12. JEREMY JY, MEHTA D, BRYAN AJ, LEWIS D, ANGELINI GD. Platelets and saphenous vein graft failure following coronary bypass surgery. Platelets 1997; 8: 295-309.
13. SAYERS RD, RAPTIS S, BERCE M, MILLER JH. Long-term results of femorotibial bypass with vein or polytetrafluoroethylene. Br J Surg 1998; 85: 934-938.
14. BELKIN M, KNOX J, DONALDSON MC, MANNICK JA, WHITTEMORE AD. Infrainguinal arterial reconstruction with non-reversed greater saphenous vein. J Vasc Surg 1996; 24: 957-962.
15. CAMPEAU L, ENJALBERT M, LESPERANCE J, VAISLIC C, GRONDIN CM, BOURASSA MG. Atherosclerosis and late closure of aortocoronary saphenous vein grafts: sequential angiographic studies at 2 weeks, 1 year, 5 to 7 years, and 10 to 12 years after surgery. Circulation 1983; 68: II1-II7.
16. LYTLE BW, LOOP FD, COSGROVE DM, RATLIFF NB, EASLEY K, TAYLOR PC. Long-term (5 to 12 years) serial studies of internal mammary artery and saphenous vein coronary bypass grafts. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1985; 89: 248-258.
17. MILLS NL, EVERSON CT. Vein graft failure. Curr Opin Cardiol 1995; 10: 562-568.
18. LYTLE BW, LOOP FD, TAYLOR PC et al. The effect of coronary reoperation on the survival of patients with stenoses in saphenous vein bypass grafts to coronary arteries. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993; 105: 605-612.
19. AKINS CW, BUCKLEY MJ, DAGGETT WM et al. Reoperative coronary grafting: changing patient profiles, operative indications, techniques, and results. Ann Thorac Surg 1994; 58: 359-355.
20. Reoperations, redo surgery and other interventions constitute more than one-third of vascular surgery. A study from Swedvasc (the Swedish Vascular Registry). The Swedish Society for Vascular Surgery. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1997; 14: 244-251.
21. BELKIN M, CONTE MS, DONALDSON MC, MANNICK JA, WHITTEMORE AD. Preferred strategies for secondary infrainguinal bypass: lessons learned from 300 consecutive reoperations. J Vasc Surg 1995; 21: 282-293.
22. LOMBARDI JV, DOUGHERTY MJ, CALLIGARO KD, CAMPBELL FJ, SCHINDLER N, RAVIOLA C. Predictors of outcome when reoperating for early infrainguinal bypass occlusion. Ann Vasc Surg 2000; 14: 350-355.
23. DAVIES MG, HAGEN PO. Pathophysiology of vein graft failure: a review. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1995; 9: 7-18.
24. MILLS JL, FUJITANI RM, TAYLOR SM. The characteristics and anatomic distribution of lesions that cause reversed vein graft failure: a five-year prospective study. J Vasc Surg 1993; 17: 195-204.
25. BASSIOUNY HS, WHITE S, GLAGOV S, CHOI E, GIDDENS DP, ZARINS CK. Anastomotic intimal hyperplasia: mechanical injury or flow induced. J Vasc Surg 1992; 15: 708-716.
26. HASSON JE, MEGERMAN J, ABBOTT WM. Suture technique and para-anastomotic compliance. J Vasc Surg 1986; 3: 591-598.
27. SOTTIURAI VS. Biogenesis and etiology of distal anastomotic intimal hyperplasia. Int Angiol 1990; 9: 56-69.
28. How TV, ROWE CS, GILLING-SMITH GL, HARRIS PL. Interposition vein cuff anastomosis alters wall shear stress distribution in the recipient artery. J Vasc Surg 2000; 31: 1008-1017.
29. VARTY K, ALLEN KE, BELL PR et al. Infrainguinal vein graft stenosis. Br J Surg 1993; 80: 825-833.
30. SZILAGYI DE, HAGEMAN JH, SMITH RF, ELLIOTT JP, BROWN F, DIETZ P. Autogenous vein grafting in femoropopliteal atherosclerosis: the limits of its effectiveness. Surgery 1979; 86: 836-851.
31. WILSON YG, DAVIES AH, SOUTHGATE K et al. Vein quality influences neointimal hyperplasia in an organ culture model of human saphenous vein. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1997; 13: 557-562.
32. PANETTA TF, MARIN ML, VEITH FJ et al. Unsuspected pre-existing saphenous vein disease: an unrecognised cause of vein graft failure. J Vasc Surg 1992; 15: 102-110.
33. DAVIES AH, MAGEE TR, SHEFFIELD E, BAIRD RN, HORROCKS M. The aetiology of vein graft stenoses. Eur J Vasc Surg 1994; 8: 389-394.
34. ROBICSEK F, THUBRIKAR MJ, FOKIN A, TRIPP HF, FOWLER B. Pressure traps in femoro-popliteal reversed vein grafts. Are valves culprits? J Cardiovasc Surg 1999; 40: 683-689.
35. ADCOCK OT Jr, ADCOCK GL, WHEELER JR, GREGORY RT, SNYDER SO Jr, GAYLE RG. Optimal techniques for harvesting and preparation of reversed autogenous vein grafts for use as arterial substitutes: a review. Surgery 1984; 96: 886-894.
36. SOYOMBO AA, ANGELINI GD, NEWBY AC. Neointima formation is promoted by surgical preparation and inhibited by cyclic nucleotides in human saphenous vein organ cultures. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995; 109: 2-12.
37. MARTIN JF, BOOTH RF, MONCADA S. Arterial wall hypoxia following thrombosis of the vasa vasorum is an initial lesion in atherosclerosis. Eur J Clin Invest 1991; 21: 355-359.
38. BARKER SG, TILLING LC, MILLER GC et al. The adventitia and atherogenesis: removal initiates intimal proliferation in the rabbit which regresses on generation of a "neoadventitia". Atherosclerosis 1994; 105: 131-144.
39. POWELL JT, GOSLING M. Molecular and cellular changes in vein grafts: influence of pulsatile stretch. Curr Opin Cardiol 1998; 13: 453-458.
40. DORBIN PB, LITTOOY FN, ENDEAN ED. Mechanical factors predisposing to intimal hyperplasia and medial thickening in autogenous vein grafts. Surgery (St Louis) 1989; 105: 393-400.
41. GOLLEDGE J, TURNER RJ, HARLEY SL, SPRINGALL DR, POWELL JT. Circumferential deformation and shear stress induce differential responses in saphenous vein endothelium exposed to arterial flow. J Clin Invest 1997; 99: 2719-2726.
42. PREDEL HG, YANG Z, VON SEGESSER L, TURINA M, BUHLER FR, LUSCHER TF. Implications of pulsatile stretch on growth of saphenous vein and mammary artery smooth muscle. Lancet 1992; 340: 878-879.
43. STERPETTI AV, CUCINA A, FRAHGALE A, LEPIDI S, CAVALLARO A, SANTORO-D'ANGELO L. Shear stress influences the release of platelet derived growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor by arterial smooth muscle cells. Winner of ESVS prize for best experimental paper 1993. Eur J Vasc Surg 1994; 8: 138-142.
44. SUMPIO BE, BANES AJ. Response of porcine aortic smooth muscle cells to cyclic tensional deformation. J Surg Res 1998; 44: 696-701.
45. ZWOLAK RM, ADAMS MC, CLOWES AW. Kinetics of vein graft hyperplasia: Association with tangential stress. J Vasc Surg 1987; 5: 126-136.
46. BUTANY JW, DAVID TE, OJHA M. Histological and morphometric analyses of early and late aortocoronary vein grafts and distal anastomoses. Can J Cardiol 1998; 14: 671-677.
47. SAYERS RD, WATT PA, MULLER S, BELL PR, THURSTON H. Endothelial cell injury secondary to surgical preparation of reversed and in situ saphenous vein bypass grafts. Eur J Vasc Surg 1992; 6: 354-361.
48. CAMPEAU L, HUNNINGHAKE DB, KNATTERUD GL et al. Aggressive cholesterol lowering delays saphenous vein graft atherosclerosis in women, the elderly, and patients with associated risk factors. NHLBI post coronary artery bypass graft clinical trial. Post CABG Trial Investigators. Circulation 1999; 99: 3241-3247.
49. ISRAEL DH, ADAMS PC, STEIN B, CHESEBRO JH, FUSTER V Anti-thrombotic therapy in the coronary vein graft patient. Clin Cardiol 1991; 14: 283-295.
50. CHESEBRO JH, CLEMENTS IP, FUSTER V et al. A platelet-inhibitor-drug trial in coronary-artery bypass operations: benefit of perioperative dipyridamole and aspirin therapy on early post-operative vein-graft patency. N Eng J Med 1982; 307: 73-78.
51. FRANKS PJ, SIAN M, KENCHINGTON GF, ALEXANDER CE, POWELL JT. Aspirin usage and its influence on femoro-popliteal vein graft patency. The Femoro-popliteal Bypass Trial Participants. Eur J Vasc Surg 1992; 6: 185-188.
52. Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy-II: Maintenance of vascular graft or arterial patency by antiplatelet therapy. Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration. BMJ 1994; 308: 159-168.
53. Efficacy of oral anticoagulants compared with aspirin after infrainguinal bypass surgery (The Dutch Bypass Oral Anticoagulants or Aspirin Study): a randomised trial. Lancet 2000; 355: 346-351.
54. O'DONOHOE MK, SCHWARTZ LB, RADIC ZS, MIKAT EM, MCCANN RL, HAGEN PO. Chronic ACE inhibition reduces intimal hyperplasia in experimental vein grafts. Ann Surg 1991; 214: 727-732.
55. EL-SANADIKI MN, CROSS KS, MURRAY JJ et al. Reduction of intimal hyperplasia and enhanced reactivity of experimental vein bypass grafts with verapamil treatment. Ann Surg 1990; 212: 87-96.
56. HIRKO MK, MCSHANNIC JR, SCHMIDT SP et al. Pharmacologic modulation of intimal hyperplasia in canine vein interposition grafts. J Vasc Surg 1993; 17: 877-887.
57. NYAMEKYE I, BUONACCORSI G, MCEWAN J, MACROBERT A, BOWN S, BISHOP C. Inhibition of intimal hyperplasia in balloon injured arteries with adjunctive phthalocyanine sensitised photodynamic therapy. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1996; 11: 19-28.
58. ULUS AT, TUTUN U, ZORLU F et al. Prevention of intimal hyperplasia by single-dose pre-insertion external radiation in canine-vein interposition grafts. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2000; 19: 456-460, doi: 10.1053/ejvs.1999.1069.
59. FORTUNATO JE, GLAGOV S, BASSIOUNY HS. Irradiation for the treatment of intimal hyperplasia. Ann Vasc Surg 1998; 12: 495-503.
60. CABLE DG, CACCITOLO JA, CAPLICE N et al. The role of gene therapy for intimal hyperplasia of bypass grafts. Circulation 1999; 100: II392-II396.
61. MANN MJ. Gene therapy for vein grafts. Curr Cardiol Rep 2000; 2: 29-33.
62. PARSONNET V, LARI AA, SHAH IH. New stent for support of veins in arterial grafts. Arch Surg 1963; 87: 696-702.
63. KARAYANNACOS PE, HOSTETLER JR, BOND MG et al. Late failure in vein grafts: mediating factors in subendothelial fibromuscular hyperplasia. Ann Surg 1978; 187: 183-188.
64. BARRA JA, VOLANT A, LEROY JP et al. Constrictive perivenous mesh prosthesis for preservation of vein integrity. Experimental results and application for coronary bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1986; 92: 330-336.
65. TRUBEL W, MORITZ A, SCHIMA H et al. Compliance and formation of distal anastomotic intimal hyperplasia in Dacron mesh tube constricted veins used as arterial bypass grafts. ASAIO J 1994; 40: M273-M278.
66. TRUBEL W, MORITZ A, SCHIMA H et al. Compliance mismatch and formation of distal anastomotic intimal hyperplasia in externally stiffened and lumen-adapted venous grafts. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1995; 10: 415-423.
67. MORITZ A, MAGOMETSCHNIGG H, STAUDACHER M et al. Use of prosthesis enclosed dilated or varicose veins as arterial bypass transplant. [Article in German] Vasa Suppl 1992; 37: 20.
68. MORITZ A, MAGOMETSCHNIGG H, PTAKOVSKY H et al. Mesh-constricted varicose and dilated veins used as arterial bypass grafts. Int J Artif Organs 1991; 14: 435-440.
69. MORITZ A, MAGOMETSCHNIGG H, STAUDACHER M et al. Stented dilated or varicose veins as arterial bypass transplants: experimental and initial clinical results. [Article in German] Vasa 1991; 20: 222-229.
70. MORITZ A, RADERER F, MAGOMETSCHNIGG H et al. The use of mesh-tube-constricted dilated or varicose veins as arterial bypass conduit. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992; 40: 356-360.
71. ZURBRUGG HR, WIED M, ANGELINI GD, HETZER R. Reduction of intimal and medial thickening in sheathed vein grafts. Ann Thorac Surg 1999; 68: 79-83.
72. MEGURO T, NAKASHIMA H, KAWADA S, TOKUNAGA K, OHMOTO T. Effect of external stenting and systemic hypertension on intimal hyperplasia in rat vein grafts. Neurosurgery 2000; 46: 963-969.
73. KOHLER TR, KIRKMAN TR, CLOWES AW. The effect of rigid external support on vein graft adaptation to the arterial circulation. J Vasc Surg 1989; 9: 277-285.
74. BATTELLIER J, TEDGUI A. Reduction of atherogenesis in an arterialized venous graft by using an external sleeve. [Article in French] Chirurgie 1992; 118: 659-664.
75. BATELLIER J, WASSEF M, MERVAL R, DURIEZ M, TEDGUI A. Protection from atherosclerosis in vein grafts by a rigid external support. Arterioscler Thromb 1993; 13: 379-384.
76. STOOKER W, NIESSEN HW, BAIDOSHVILI A et al. Perivenous support reduces early changes in human vein grafts: studies in whole blood perfused human vein segments. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001; 121: 290-297, doi: 10.1067/jtcs.2001. 1656.
77. VIOLARIS AG, NEWBY AC, ANGELINI GD. Effect of external stenting on wall thickening in arteriovenous bypass grafts. Ann Thorac Surg 1993; 5: 667-671.
78. BARKER SG, TALBERT A, COTTAM S, BASKERVILLE PA, MARTIN JF. Arterial intimal hyperplasia after occlusion of the adventitial vasa vasorum in the pig. Arterioscler Thromb 1993; 13: 70-77.
79. NAKATA Y, SHIONOYA S. Microcirculation and metabolism in the vascular wall concerned with the vasa vasorum. Japan Circ J 1973; 37: 217-227.
80. ANGELINI GD, IZZAT MB, BRYAN AJ, NEWBY AC. External stenting reduces early medial and neointimal thickening in a pig model of arteriovenous bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996; 112: 79-84.
81. IZZAT MB, MEHTA D, BRYAN AJ, REEVES B, NEWBY AC, ANGELINI GD. The influence of external stent size on early medial and neointimal thickening in a pig model of saphenous vein bypass grafting. Circulation 1996; 4: 1741-1745.
82. MEHTA D, GEORGE SJ, JEREMY JY et al. External stenting reduces long-term medial and neointimal thickening and platelet derived growth factor expression in a pig model of arteriovenous bypass grafting. Nature Med 1998; 4: 235-239.
83. BULBULIA RA, SMITH FCT, LAMONT PM et al. Effect of external stents on neointima formation in vein grafts implanted by end-to-side anastomosis. Br J Surg 2000; 87: 11-12.
84. BUNT TJ. Vascular graft infections: an update. Cardiovasc Surg 2001; 9: 225-233.
85. ZWEEP HP, SATOH S, VAN DER LEI B et al. Autologous vein supported with a biodegradable prosthesis for arterial grafting. Ann Thorac Surg 1993; 55: 427-433.
86. ZWEEP HP, SATOH S, VAN DER LEI B, HINRICHS WL, FEIJEN J, WILDEVUUR CR. Degradation of a supporting prosthesis can optimize arterialization of autologous veins. Ann Thorac Surg 1993; 56: 1117-1122.
87. HINRICHS WL, ZWEEP HP, SATOH S, FEIJEN J, WILDEVUUR CR. Supporting, microporous, elastomeric, degradable prostheses to improve the arterialization of autologous vein grafts. Biomat 1994; 15: 83-91.
88. SATO S, NIU S, KANDA K, OKA T, WILDEVUUR CR. Development of a method to prevent degenerative changes of the vein graft for arterial reconstruction. [Article in Japanese] Nippon Geka Gakkai Zasshi. J Japan Surg Soc 1992; 93: 419-428.
89. BULBULIA RA, SMITH FCT, LAMONT PM et al. Effect of external biodegradable stents on graft wall thickening in experimental vein grafts. (SRS Abstract-Patey Prize Session). Br J Surg 2000; 87: 15.
90. BAMBANG LS, MOCZAR M, LECERF L, LOISANCE D. External biodegradable supporting conduit protects endothelium in vein graft in arterial interposition. Int J Artif Organs 1997; 20: 397-406.
91. DERIU GP, BALLOTTA E, BONAVINA L et al. Great saphenous vein protection in arterial reconstructive surgery. Eur J Vasc Surg 1989; 3: 253-260.
92. ZURBRUGG HR, ZIRNGIBL H. Improvement of venous diameter in bypass surgery: initial applications of ultraflexible biocompound grafts in patients. [Article in German] Swiss Surg Suppl 1996; Suppl 1: 8-12.
93. MORITZ A, GRABENWOGER F, WOLNER E. Mesh tube-calibrated varicose veins for coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg 1994; 57: 240-242.
94. MORITZ A, GRABENWOGER F, RADERER F et al. Use of varicose veins as arterial bypass grafts. Cardiovasc Surg 1993; 1: 508-512.
95. MORITZ A, GRABENWOGER F, RADERER F et al. Mesh tube - constricted varicose veins used as bypass grafts for infrainguinal arterial reconstruction. Arch Surg 1992; 127: 416-420.
96. ZURBRUGG HR, KNOLLMANN F, MUSCI M et al. The biocompound method in coronary artery bypass operations: surgical technique and 3-year patency. Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 70: 1536-1540.
97. ZURBRUGG HR, HETZER R. The use of biocompound-grafts together with varicose veins. First clinical experience. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 1996; 37: 143-146.
98. KINUGASA K, SAKURAI M, OHMOTO T. Contralateral external carotid-to-middle cerebral artery graft using the saphenous vein. Case report. J Neurosurg 1993; 78: 290-293.
99. MATTSSON EJ, KOHLER TR, VERGEL SM, CLOWES AW. Increased blood flow induces regression of intimal hyperplasia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17: 2245-2249.
100. KOHLER TR, KIRKMAN TR, KRAISS LW, ZIERLER BK, CLOWES AW Increased blood flow inhibits neointimal hyperplasia in endothelialized vascular grafts. Circ Res 1991; 69: 1557-1565.
101. DILLEY RJ, MCGREACHIE JK, PRENDERGAST FJ. A review of the histologic changes in vein-to-artery grafts, with particular reference to intimal hyperplasia. Arch Surg 1998; 123: 691-696.
102. GEORGE SJ, IZZAT MB, GADSDON P et al. Macro-porosity is necessary for the reduction of neointimal and medial thickening by external stenting of porcine saphenous vein bypass grafts. Atherosclerosis 2001; 155: 329-336.
103. JEREMY JY, DASHWOOD MR, MEHTA D, IZZAT MB, SHUKLA N, ANGELINI GD. Nitric oxide, prostacyclin and cyclic nucleotide formation in externally stented porcine vein grafts. Atherosclerosis 1998; 141: 297-305.
104. DASHWOOD MR, GIBBINS R, MEHTA D, BASHAR IZZAT M, ANGELINI GD, JEREMY JY. Neural reorganisation in porcine vein grafts: a potential role for endotnelin-1. Atherosclerosis 2000; 150: 43-53.
105. DASHWOOD MR, WAN S, YIM A, ANGELINI GD, JEREMY JY Does external stenting reduce porcine vein graft occlusion via an action on vascular nerves? J Cardiovasc Surg 2002 (In press).
106. GLAGOV S, ZARINS CK. Is intimal hyperplasia an adaptive response or a pathologic process? - Observations on the nature of nonatherosclerotic intimal thickening. J Vasc Surg 1989; 10: 571-573.