The obesity epidemic in America

Clinics in Family Practice

Volumn 4, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 229-247

  Zimmerman, Raul L ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA   (United States)

^b HALIFAX MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE; ARTICLE; CAUSE OF DEATH; CHILD; CHRONIC DISEASE; COHORT ANALYSIS; COMORBIDITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; EATING HABIT; ENERGY CONSUMPTION; ENERGY EXPENDITURE; EPIDEMIC; ETHNIC DIFFERENCE; EXERCISE; FEMALE; GENDER; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HEREDITY; HUMAN; INFECTION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEDICAL RESEARCH; OBESITY; POPULATION RESEARCH; PREVALENCE; PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE; RACE DIFFERENCE; RISK ASSESSMENT; SOCIOECONOMICS; TREATMENT FAILURE; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0036623951     PISSN: 15225720     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1522-5720(02)00006-5     Document Type: Review

References (54)

1. Allison DB, Fontaine KR, Manson JE, et al. Annual deaths attributable to obesity in the United States. JAMA 1999;282:1530-8.
2. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults-the evidence report. National Institutes of Health. Obes Res 1998;6 (Suppl 2);51S-209S.
3. Crandall CS, Schiffhauer KL. Anti-fat prejudice: beliefs, values, and American culture. Obes Res 1998;6:458-60.
4. Flanagan SA. Obesity: the last bastion of prejudice. Obes Surg 1996;6:430-7.
5. Wolf AM, Colditz GA. Social and economic effects of body weight in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;63:466S-9S.
6. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 2000;894:i-xii, 1-253.
7. Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Guo, SS, Grummer-Strawn LM, Flegal KM, Mei Z, Wei R, Curtin LR, Roche AF, Johnson CL. 2000 CDC Growth Charts for the United States: methods and development. Vital Health Stat 11. 2002 May;(246):1-190.
8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System User's Guide. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1998.
9. Rowland ML. Self-reported weight and height. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;52:1125-33.
10. Global database on obesity and body mass index (BMI) in adults. WHO Nutrition Data Banks 2001. http://www.who.int/nut/dbbmi.htm
11. Khan LK, Bowman BA. Obesity: a major global public health problem. Annu Rev Nutr 1999;19:xiii-xvii.
12. Despres JP, Lemieux I, Prud'homme D. Treatment of obesity: need to focus on high risk abdominally obese patients. BMJ 2001;322:716-20.
13. Wolfe WS, Sobal J, Olson CM, et al. Parity-associated body weight: modification by sociodemographic and behavioral factors. Obes Res 1997;5:131-41.
14. Allison DB, Saunders SE. Obesity in North America: an overview. Med Clin North Am 2000;84:305-2.
15. Mott JW, Wang J, Thornton JC, et al. Relation between body fat and age in 4 ethnic groups. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:1007-13.
16. Bender R, Jockel KH, Trautner C, et al. Effect of age on excess mortality in obesity. JAMA 1999;281:1498-504.
17. Stevens J, Cai J, Pamuk ER, et al. The effect of age on the association between body-mass index and mortality. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1-7.
18. Older Americans 2000: key indicators of well-being. Washington (DC): Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics; 2000. http://www.agingstats.gov/chartbook2000/frontmatter.pdf
19. Whitaker RC, Wright JA, Pepe MS, et al. Predicting obesity in young adulthood from childhood and parental obesity. N Engl J Med 1997;337:869-73.
20. Sobal J, Stunkard AJ. Socioeconomic status and obesity: a review of the literature. Psychol Bull 1989;105:260-75.
21. Ravelli GP, Stein ZA, Susser MW. Obesity in young men after famine exposure in utero and early infancy. N Engl J Med 1976;295:349-53.
22. Ravelli AC, van Der Meulen JH, Osmond C, et al. Obesity at the age of 50 y in men and women exposed to famine prenatally. Am J Clin Nutr 1999-170:811-6.
23. Sobal J, Rauschenbach BS, Frongillo EA Jr. Marital status, fatness and obesity. Soc Sci Med 1992;35:915-23.
24. Gortmaker SL, Must A, Perrin JM, et al. Social and economic consequences of overweight in adolescence and young adulthood. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1008-12.
25. Crandall C. Do heavy-weight students have more difficulty paying for college? Personality Soc Psychol Bull 1991;17:606-11.
26. Sargent JD, Blanchflower DG. Obesity and stature in adolescence and earnings in young adulthood: analysis of a British birth cohort. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1994;148:681-7.
27. McGarvey ST. Obesity in Samoans and a perspective on its etiology in Polynesians. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53:1586S-94S.
28. Story M, Evans M, Fabsitz RR, et al. The epidemic of obesity in American Indian communities and the need for childhood obesity-prevention programs. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:747S-54S.
29. Lauderdale DS, Rathouz PJ. Body mass index in a US national sample of Asian Americans: effects of nativity, years since immigration and socioeconomic status. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000;24:1188-94.
30. Welty TK, Lee ET, Yeh J, et al. Cardiovascular disease risk factors among American Indians: The Strong Heart Study. Am J Epidemiol 1995;142:269-87.
31. Price RA, Charles MA, Pettitt DJ, et al. Obesity in Pima Indians: large increases among post-World War II birth cohorts. Am J Phys Anthropol 1993;92:473-9.
32. Ravussin E. Energy metabolism in obesity: studies in the Pima Indians. Diabetes Care 1993;16:232-8.
33. Valencia ME, Bennett PH, Ravussin E, et al. The Pima Indians in Sonora, Mexico. Nutr Rev 1999;57:S55-8.
34. Hill JO, Sidney S, Lewis CE, et al. Racial differences in amounts of visceral adipose tissue in young adults: the CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) study. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:381-7.
35. Hill JO, Wyatt HR, Melanson EL. Genetic and environmental contributions to obesity. Med Clin North Am 2000;84:333-46.
36. Diaz EO, Prentice AM, Goldberg GR, et al. Metabolic response to experimental overfeeding in lean and over-weight healthy volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;56:641-55.
37. Dhurandhar NV, Israel BA, Kolesar JM, et al. Increased adiposity in animals due to a human virus. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000;24:989-96.
38. Dhurandhar NV, Kulkarni P, Ajinkya SM, et al. Effect of adenovirus infection on adiposity in chicken. Vet Microbiol 1992;31:101-7.
39. Dhurandhar NV, Kulkarni PR, Ajinkya SM, et al. Association of adenovirus infection with human obesity. Obes Res 1997;5:464-9.
40. Heini AF, Weinsier RL. Divergent trends in obesity and fat intake patterns: the American paradox. Am J Med 1997;102:259-64.
41. Harnack LJ, Jeffery RW, Boutelle KN. Temporal trends in energy intake in the United States: an ecologic perspective. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:1478-84.
42. Willett WC. Is dietary fat a major determinant of body fat? Am J Clin Nutr 1998;67: 556S-62S.
43. Bray GA, Popkin BM. Dietary fat intake does affect obesity! Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 68:1157-73.
44. Howarth NC, Saltzman E, Roberts SB. Dietary fiber and weight regulation. Nutr Rev 2001;59:129-39.
45. Kromhout D, Bloemberg B, Seidell JC, et al. Physical activity and dietary fiber determine population body fat levels: the Seven Countries Study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001;25:301-6.
46. Lovejoy JC, Champagne CM, Smith SR, et al. Ethnic differences in dietary intakes, physical activity, and energy expenditure in middle-aged, premenopausal women: the Healthy Transitions Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74:90-5.
47. Physical activity and health: a report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta (GA): US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 1996.
48. Fogelholm M, Mannisto S, Vartiainen E, et al. Determinants of energy balance and overweight in Finland 1982 and 1992. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1996;20:1097-104.
49. James WP. A public health approach to the problem of obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1995;19:S37-45.
50. French SA, Jeffery RW, Forster JL, et al. Predictors of weight change over two years among a population of working adults: the Healthy Worker Project. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1994;18:145-54.
51. Slattery ML, McDonald A, Bild DE, et al. Associations of body fat and its distribution with dietary intake, physical activity, alcohol, and smoking in blacks and whites. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;55:943-9.
52. Williamson DF, Madans J, Anda, RF, et al. Recreational physical activity and ten-year weight change in a US national cohort. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1993;17:279-86.
53. Healthy people 2000: national health promotion and disease prevention objectives. Washington (DC): US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service; 1990.
54. Healthy people 2010: understanding and improving health. Washington (DC): US Department of Health and Human Services; 2000.