Descriptive Epidemiology of Autism in a California Population: Who Is at Risk?

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

Volumn 32, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 217-224

  Croen, Lisa A ^a,c   Grether, Judith K ^a   Selvin, Steve ^b  

^a CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c DIVISION OF RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

Maternal age; Maternal education; SES; Twins

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; AUTISM; CHILD; EDUCATION; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HUMAN; IMMIGRANT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MATERNAL AGE; MULTIPLE PREGNANCY; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RACE; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; UNITED STATES; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; FEMALE; INCIDENCE; INFANT; MALE; MASS SCREENING; MENTAL DEFICIENCY; PRESCHOOL CHILD; SEX DIFFERENCE; SYNDROME;

AUTISTIC DISORDER; CALIFORNIA; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; FEMALE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; INFANT; MALE; MASS SCREENING; MENTAL RETARDATION; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; RISK FACTORS; SEX FACTORS; SYNDROME;

EID: 0036618151     PISSN: 01623257     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1015405914950     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. American Psychiatric Association (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders III-R. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.
2. American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders IV. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.
3. Bolton, P., Murphy, M., Macdonald, H., Whitlock, B., et al. (1997). Obstetric complications in autism: consequences or causes of the condition? Journal of American Academy of Child and adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 272-281.
4. Brask, B. H. (1972). A prevalence investigation of childhood psychosis. Barnespsykiatrisk forening: Nordic Symposium on the comprehensive care of the psychotic children (pp. 145-153). Oslo: Barnespsykiatrisk.
5. Cialdella, P., & Mamelle, N. (1989). An epidemiological study of infantile autism in a French Department (Rhone): A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 165-175.
6. Cox, A., Rutter, M., Newman, S., & Bartak, L. (1975). A comparative study of infantile autism and specific developmental receptive language disorder: II. Parental characteristics. British Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 146-159.
7. Croen, L. A., Grether, J. K., & Selvin, S. (2001). The epidemiology of mental retardation of unknown cause. Pediatrics. 107(6): E86 URL:http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/107/6/.86
8. Croen, L. A., Grether, J. K., Hoogstrate, J., & Selvin, S. (2002). The changing prevalence of autism in California. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32, 207-215.
9. Cryan, E., Byrne, M., O'Donovan, A., & O'Callaghan, E. (1996). Brief Report: A case-control study of obstetric complications and later autistic disorder. Journal of Autism Developmental Disorders, 26, 453-460.
10. Deykin, E. Y., & McMahon, B. (1980). Pregnancy, delivery, and neonatal complications among autistic children. American Journal of Disorders of Children, 134, 860-864.
11. Filipek, P. A., Accardo, P., Baranek, G. T., Cook, E. H. Jr., Dawson, G., Gordon, B., et al. (1999). The screening and diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 437-482.
12. Finegan, J.-A., Quarrington, B. (1979). Pre-, peri-, and neonatal factors and infantile autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 20, 119-128.
13. Fombonne, E. (1999). The epidemiology of autism: A review. Psychological Medicine, 29, 769-786.
14. Gillberg, C. (1980). Maternal age and infantile autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 10, 293-297.
15. Gillberg, C., & Gillberg, I. C. (1983). Infantile autism: A total population study of reduced optimality in the pre-, peri-, and neonatal period. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 13, 153-166.
16. Gillberg, I., & Gillberg, C. (1996). Autism in immigrants: A population-based study from Swedish rural and urban areas. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 40(pt 1), 24-31.
17. Gillberg, C., & Schaumann, H. (1982). Social class and infantile autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 12, 223-228.
18. Gillberg, C., Steffenburg, S., Borjesson, B., & Andersson, L. (1987). Infantile autism in children of immigrant parents: A population-based study from Goteborg, Sweden. British Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 856-858.
19. Gillberg, C., & Wing, L. (1999). Autism: Not an extremely rare disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia, 99, 399-406.
20. Goodman, R., & Richards, H. (1995). Child and adolescent psychiatric presentations of second-generation Afro-Caribbeans in Britain. British Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 362-369.
21. Hillman, R., Kanafani, N., Takahashi, T., & Miles, J. (2000). Prevalence of autism in Missouri: Changing trends and the effect of a comprehensive state autism project. Missouri Medicine, 97, 159-163.
22. Hoshino, Y., Kumashiro, H., Yashima, Y., Tachibana, R., & Watanabe, M. (1982). The epidemiological study of autism in Fukushima-ken. Folia Psychiatrica et Neurologica Japonica, 36, 115-124.
23. Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child, 2, 217-250.
24. Le Couteur, A., Rutter, M., Lord, C., Rios, P., Robertson, S., Holdgrafer, M., et al. (1989). Autism diagnostic interview: A standardized investigator-based instrument. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 19, 363-387.
25. Lord, C., Mulloy, C., Wendelboe, W., & Schopler, E. (1991). Pre- and perinatal factors in high-functioning females and males with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 21, 197-209.
26. Lord, C., & Schopler, E. (1985). Differences in sex ratios in autism as a function of measured intelligence. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 15, 185-193.
27. Lord, C., Schopler, E., & Revicki, D. (1982). Sex differences in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 12, 317-330.
28. Lotter, V. (1996). Epidemiology of autistic conditions in young children. I. Prevalence. Social Psychiatry, 1, 124-137.
29. Lotter, V. (1967). Epidemiology of autistic conditions in young children. II. Some characteristics of the parents and children. Social Psychiatry, 1, 163-173.
30. Mason-Brothers, A., Ritvo, E. R., Pingree, C., Peterson, P. B., Jenson, W. R., McMahon, W. M., et al. (1990). The UCLA-University of Utah epidemiologic survey on autism: Prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal factors. Pediatrics, 86, 514-519.
31. McCarthy, P., Fitzgerald, M., & Smith, M. (1984). Prevalence of childhood autism in Ireland. Irish Medical Journal, 77, 129-130.
32. Mouridsen, S. E. (1993). Parental age in infantile autism, autistic-like conditions, and borderline childhood psychosis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 23, 387-396.
33. Nelson, K. B. (1991). Prenatal and perinatal factors in the etiology and autism. Pediatrics, 87, 761-766.
34. Nordin, V., & Gillberg, C. (1996). Autism spectrum disorders in children with physical or mental disability or both. 1: Clinical and epidemiological aspects. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 38, 297-313.
35. O'Moore, M. A. (1972). A study of the aetiology of autism from a study of birth and family characteristics. Journal of Irish Medical Association, 65, 114-120.
36. Piven, J., Simon, J., Chase, G. A., Wzorek, M., Landa, R., Gayle, J. et al. (1993). The etiology of autism: pre-, peri- and neonatal factors. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 1256-1263.
37. Powell, J., Edwards, A., Edwards, M., Pandit, B., Sungum-Paliwal, S., & Whitehouse, W. (2000). Changes in the incidence of childhood autism and other autistic spectrum disorders in preschool children from two areas of the West Midlands, U.K. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 42, 624-628.
38. Rapin, I. (1999). Autism in search of a home in the brain [Editorial]. Neurology, 52, 902-904.
39. Ritvo, E., Cantwell, D., Johnson, E., Clements, M., Benbrook, F., Slagle, S., et al. (1971). Social class factors in autism. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 1, 297-310.
40. Ritvo, E. R., Freeman, B. J., Pingree, C., Mason-Brothers, A., Jorde, L., Jenson, W. R., McMahon, W. M., Peterson, P. B., Mo, A., & Ritvo, A. (1989). The UCLA-University of Utah epidemiologic survey of autism: Prevalence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 194-199.
41. Sanua, V. (1984). Is infantile autism a universal phenomenon? An open question. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 30, 163-177.
42. Schopler, E., Andrews, C., & Strupp, K. (1979). Do autistic children come from upper-middle-class parents? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9, 139-152.
43. Selvin, S. (1995). Practical biostatistical methods. Belmont: Duxbury Press.
44. Sponheim, E., & Skjeldal, O. (1998). Autism and related disorders: Epidemiological findings in a Norwegian study using ICD-10 diagnostic criteria. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 28, 217-227.
45. Steffenburg S., & Gillberg, C. (1986). Autism and autistic-like conditions in Swedish rural and urban areas: A population study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 81-87.
46. Steinhausen, H.-C., Gobel, D., Breinlinger, M., & Wohlleben, B. (1984). Maternal age and autistic children. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 5, 343-345.
47. Treffert, D. A. (1970). Epidemiology of infantile autism. Archive of General Psychiatry, 22, 431-439.
48. Tsai, L., Stewart, M., Faust, M., & Shook, S. (1982). Social class distribution of fathers of children enrolled in the Iowa Autism Program. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 12, 211-221.
49. Tsai, L., & Stewart, M. (1983). Etiological implications of maternal age and birth order in infantile autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 13, 57-65.
50. Wing, J. (1966). Diagnosis, epidemiology, aetiology, In: Wing, J. (Ed.) Early childhood autism, Oxford: Pergamon Press.
51. Wing, L. (1980). Childhood autism and social class: A question of selection? British Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 410-417.
52. Wing, L. (1981). Sex ratios in early childhood autism and related conditions. Psychiatry Research, 5, 129-137.
53. Wing, L., & Gould, J. (1979). Severe impairments of social interactions and associated abnormalities in children: Epidemiology and classification. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9, 11-29.