Pathophysiology of cocaine abuse

European Journal of Anaesthesiology

Volumn 19, Issue 6, 2002, Pages 395-414

  Brownlow, H A ^a   Pappachan, J ^a  

^a SOUTHAMPTON GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Pharmacology; Substance related disorders, cocaine related disorders; Tropanes, cocaine, crack cocaine

Indexed keywords

COCAINE; LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENT; VASOCONSTRICTOR AGENT;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; COCAINE DEPENDENCE; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; KIDNEY DISEASE; LETHALITY; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; REVIEW; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; SOCIOECONOMICS;

EID: 0036617184     PISSN: 02650215     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00003643-200206000-00002     Document Type: Review

References (211)

1. Office for National Statistics Report: ONS drug-related deaths database: First results for England and Wales 1993-97
2. Clinical pharmacology and toxicology of cocaine
3. Cocaine abuse
4. Cocaine and the nervous system
5. Smoked cocaine, patterns of use and pulmonary consequences
6. Airway complications from freebasing cocaine
7. Maximum recommended doses of local anaesthetic drugs
8. Cocaine-induced microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia simulating thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
9. Pharmacology and therapeutic applications of cocaine
10. Cocaethylene causes dose-dependent reductions in cardiac function in anaesthetised dogs
11. Plasma cholinesterase activity in a healthy population group with no occupational exposure to known cholinesterase inhibitors; relative influence of some factors to normal inter- and intra-individual variations
12. Sex differences in plasma cocaine levels and subjective effects after acute cocaine administration in human volunteers
13. Nutritional assessment of drug addicts
14. The effect of nutrition on plasma cholinesterase activity and cocaine toxicity in mice
15. Cocaine detoxification by human plasma butyrylcholinesterase
16. Post-junctional mechanisms involved in the potentiation of cardiac adrenergic responses by cocaine
17. Cocaine-induced ventricular fibrillation: Protection afforded by calcium antagonists verapamil
18. Direct action of cocaine on cardiac cellular activity
19. Epileptogenic properties of cocaine in humans
20. Neural mechanisms of tolerance to the effects of cocaine
21. Glutamate transmission in the nucleus accumbens mediates relapse in cocaine addiction
22. Striatal dopamine, dopamine transporter and vesicular monoamine transporter in chronic cocaine users
23. Migrainelike headache and cocaine use
24. The neurovascular complications of cocaine
25. Neurovascular complications of cocaine
26. Stroke associated with cocaine use
27. Cerebrovascular complications of the use of the crack form of alkaloidal cocaine
28. Cocaine abuse; neurovascular complications
29. Central nervous system infarction related to cocaine abuse
30. Embolic stroke after smoking 'crack' cocaine
31. Effects of cocaine on human platelet in healthy subjects
32. Platelet responsiveness and biosynthesis of thromboxane and prostacyclin in response to in vitro cocaine treatment
33. Biopsyproven cerebral vasculitis associated with cocaine abuse
34. Vasospasm and thrombus formation as possible mechanism of stroke related to alkaloidal cocaine
35. 31P-NMR of the brain
36. 2+ in cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells
37. Cocaine-induced cerebrovasospasm and its possible mechanism of action
38. Cerebral vasculitis associated with cocaine abuse
39. Cerebral vasculitis associated with cocaine abuse
40. Cocaine-associated cerebral vasculitis
41. Multiple intracerebral hemorrhages after smoking crack cocaine
42. Subarachnoid hemorrhage precipitated by cocaine snorting
43. Subarachnoid hemorrhage precipitated by cocaine snorting
44. Intracerebral hemorrhage revisited
45. Cocaine induced intracerebral hemorrhage; analysis of the predisposing factors and mechanisms causing hemorrhagic strokes
46. Intracerebral hemorrhage associated with cocaine abuse
47. Acute cocaine alters cerebrovascular autoregulation in the rat neocortex
48. Cocaine enhances brain endothelial adhesion molecules and leukocyte migration
49. Grandmal seizures temporally related to cocaine use: Clinical and diagnostic features
50. Cocaine-induced seizures
51. Suggestion of kindling with habitual cocaine abuse
52. Cocaine-induced seizures and lethality appear to be associated with distinct central nervous system binding sites
53. Noradrenergic mechanisms appear not to be involved in cocaine induced seizures and lethality
54. Seizures induced by the cocaine metabolite benzoylecgonine in rats
55. Preclinical evaluation of newly approved and potential antiepileptic drugs against cocaine-induced seizures
56. Non-epileptic uses of gabapentin
57. Cocaine-induced choreoathetoid movements ('crack dancing')
58. Cocaine-related movement disorders
59. Hemodynamic effects of intranasal cocaine in humans
60. Effect of cocaine on coronary artery dimensions in atherosclerotic coronary artery disease: Enhanced vasoconstriction at sites of significance
61. Cocaine-induced coronary artery vasoconstriction
62. Cocaine causes endothelium independent vasoconstriction of the vascular smooth muscle
63. Acute cardiac events temporally related to cocaine abuse
64. Cocaine-induced myocardial infarction in patients with normal coronary arteries
65. Cocaine induced heart disease
66. Acute myocardial infarction temporally related to cocaine use
67. Simultaneous acute thrombosis of two major coronary arteries following intravenous cocaine use
68. Effects of cocaine on human platelet aggregation in vitro
69. Secretion of tissue-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor by cultured human endothelial cells: Modulation by thrombin, endotoxin, and histamine
70. Studies on the release of plasminogen activator
71. Studies on the release of plasminogen activator inhibitor by human platelets
72. Plasminogen activator inhibitors
73. Transient changes of serum lipoprotein (A) as an acute phase protein
74. Paradoxical response of plasma lipoprotein (A) in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass
75. Influence of intranasal cocaine on plasma constituents associated with endogenous thrombosis and thrombolysis
76. Cocaine activates platelets and increases the formation of circulating platelet containing microaggregates in humans
77. Coronary artery spasm, cardiac arrest, transient electrocardiographic Q-waves and stunned myocardium in cocaine-associated acute myocardial infarction
78. Relation of myocardial infarction to cocaine abuse
79. Acute non-Q wave myocardial infarction
80. Cocaine associated myocardial ischemia: Review of clinical and angiographic findings
81. Cocaine related myocardial infarction high prevalence of occlusive coronary thrombi without significant obstructive atherosclerosis
82. Coronary-artery spasm and myocardial infarction associated with cocaine
83. Pathogenesis of cocaine-induced ischemic heart disease: Autopsy findings in a 21-year old man
84. Cardiovascular complications of cocaine
85. Cellular mechanisms of cocaine cardiotoxicity
86. Cardiogenic shock induced by cocaine in swine with normal coronary arteries
87. Quantitative analysis of amounts of coronary arterial narrowing in cocaine addicts
88. Increase in atherosclerosis and adventitial mast cells in cocaine abusers an alternative mechanism of cocaine-associated coronary vasospasm and thrombosis
89. Rapid progression of coronary artery disease in the setting of chronic cocaine
90. Abnormal electrocardiograms in patients with cocaine-associated chest pain are due to normal variants
91. Frequency and type of electrocardiographic abnormalities in cocaine abusers (electrocardiogram in cocaine abuse)
92. Adrenergic crisis from crack cocaine ingestion; report of five cases
93. Cardiac troponin I and T concentrations in patients with cocaine-associated chest pain
94. The evaluation of cocaine-induced chest pain with acute myocardial perfusion imaging
95. Intraventricular bleeding after the use of thrombolytics in a cocaine user
96. Cocaine-associated myocardial infarction. Clinical safety of thrombolytic therapy. Cocaine associated myocardial infarction; CAMI Study Group
97. Cocaine-induced bradyarrhythmia: An unsuspected cause of syncope
98. Cocaine-induced supersensitivity and arrhythmogenesis
99. Accelerated ventricular rhythm and cocaine abuse
100. Asytole and ventricular fibrillation associated with cocaine intoxication
101. Cocaine and sudden 'natural death'
102. Myocardial contraction bands revisited
103. The pathology and the etiology of cocaine-induced heart disease
104. Cocaine and the heart
105. Cocaine-related sudden death: A hypothesis correlating basic science and clinical observations
106. pH-dependent cocaine-induced cardiotoxicity
107. Comparative effects of sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride on reversing cocaine-induced changes in the electrocardiogram
108. Chronic cocaine abuse and dilated cardiomyopathy
109. Dilated cardiomyopathy and cocaine abuse; report of two cases
110. Reversible cardiomyopathy associated with cocaine intoxication
111. Apparent reversibility of cocaine-induced congestive cardiomyopathy
112. Reversible dilation of hypertrophied left ventricle on phaeochromocytoma: Serial two-dimensional echocardiographic observations
113. Reversibility of cocaine-induced cardiomyopathy
114. Cardiac manifestations of cocaine abuse: A cross-sectional study of asymptomatic men with a history of long-term abuse of crack cocaine
115. Evaluation of diastolic function in patients addicted to recreational cocaine
116. The effects of acute and chronic cocaine use on the heart
117. Direct cocaine cardiotoxicity demonstrated by endomyocardial biopsy
118. Cardiovascular effects of cocaine, an autopsy study of 40 patients
119. Rupture of the ascending aorta during cocaine intoxication
120. Dissection of the aorta and coronary arteries associated with acute cocaine intoxication
121. Aortic dissection and cocaine abuse
122. Total occlusion of the left main coronary in a young cocaine user
123. Cocaine related medical problems: Consecutive series of 233 patients
124. Lung sound abnormalities in cocaine freebasers
125. Pulmonary dysfunction in freebase cocaine users
126. Respiratory effects of cocaine 'freebasing' among habitual users of marijuana with or without tobacco
127. Pulmonary function in male freebase cocaine smokers
128. Pulmonary complications from alveolar accumulation of carbonaceous material in a cocaine smoker
129. Association of asthma and freebase cocaine
130. Cocaine associated asthma
131. Clinicopathologic Conference. Respiratory failure and eosinophilia in a young man
132. Crack lung: An acute pulmonary syndrome with a spectrum of clinical and histopathological findings
133. Crack lung; pulmonary disease caused by cocaine abuse
134. Cocaine induced eosinophilic lung diseases
135. Interstitial pneumonitis associated with crack cocaine abuse
136. The pulmonary complications of cocaine
137. Pneumomediastinum and cervical emphysema from the inhalation of freebase cocaine: Report of three cases
138. Pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, and pneumopericardium following Valsalva manoeuvre during marijuana smoking
139. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum as a consequence of cocaine use
140. Pneumomediastinum resulting from performing Valsalva manoeuvre during marijuana smoking
141. Pneumomediastinum in a young male cocaine user
142. Barotrauma related to inhalational drug abuse
143. Pneumomediastinum and pneumothorax after inhaling alkaloidal cocaine
144. Pain in the chest in a cocaine user
145. Fatal pulmonary oedema following intravenous freebase cocaine use
146. Non-fatal pulmonary edema after freebase cocaine smoking
147. Hemodynamic basis for cocaine induced pulmonary edema in dogs
148. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage temporally related to cocaine smoking
149. Pulmonary artery medial hypertrophy in cocaine users without foreign particle microembolization
150. Cocaine associated rhabdomyolysis and hemoptysis mimicking pulmonary embolism
151. Acute rhabdomyolysis associated with cocaine intoxication
152. Cocaine induced rhabdomyolysis masquerading as myocardial ischemia
153. Severe thrombocytopenia associated with cocaine use
154. Pulmonary infarction associated with crack cocaine use in a previously healthy 23-year-old woman
155. Pulmonary dysfunction in cocaine smokers
156. Pulmonary function in heavy users of freebase cocaine
157. Cellulose granulomas in the lung of a cocaine sniffer
158. Crack cocaine-induced syndrome mimicking sarcoidosis
159. Acute activation of circulating polymorphonuclear neutrophils following in vivo administration of cocaine. A potential etiology for pulmonary injury
160. Marijuana and cocaine impair alveolar macrophage function and cytokine production
161. Histopathologic and molecular alterations in bronchial epithelium in habitual smokers of marijuana, cocaine, and/or tobacco
162. Perforated ulcers related to smocking crack cocaine
163. Acute gastroduodenal perforations associated with use of crack
164. Crack-related perforated gastropyloric ulcer
165. Spectrum of ischemic colitis in cocaine users
166. Acute ischaemic colitis following intravenous cocaine use
167. Mesenteric ischemia secondary to cocaine abuse; case reports and literature review
168. Bowel ischemia and perforation after cocaine use
169. Intestinal infarction after intravenous cocaine administration
170. Cocaine-induced ischemic colitis with small-vessel thrombosis of colon and gallbladder
171. Histologic spectrum of arterial and arteriolar lesions in acute and chronic cocaine-induced mesenteric ischemia; report of three cases and literature review
172. Cocaine-associated intestinal gangrene in a pregnant woman
173. Medical outcome of cocaine bodystuffers
174. The cocaine body packer syndrome. Diagnosis and treatment
175. Liver toxicity from norcocaine nitroxide, an N-oxidative metabolite of cocaine
176. The role of stimulated lipid peroxidation and impaired calcium sequestration in the enhancement of cocaine induced hepatotoxicity by ethanol
177. Histopathology of cocaine hepatotoxicity; Report of four patients
178. Chronic inhaled cocaine abuse may predispose the development of pancreatic adenocarcinoma
179. Prevalence of hypertension in chronic cocaine user
180. Case reports. Cocaine-associated accelerated hypertension and renal failure
181. Incidence of cocaine-associated rhabdomyolysis
182. Case report; cocaine-associated rhabdomyolysis
183. Acute renal failure following cocaine abuse
184. Cocaine abuse with hyperthermia, seizures and fatal complications
185. Cocaine-induced acute renal failure without rhabdomyolysis
186. Cocaine-associated rhabdomyolsis and excited delirium; different stages of the same syndrome
187. Unexpected death related to restraint for excited delirium; a retrospective study of deaths in police custody and in the community
188. Cocaine-induced acute renal failure, hemolysis, and rhrombocytopenia mimicking thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
189. Hemolytic uremic syndrome following 'crack' cocaine inhalation
190. Treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura with plasma
191. Renal infarction secondary to nasal insufflation of cocaine
192. Renal infarction associated with intravenous cocaine use
193. Severe arteriosclerosis in the kidney of cocaine addict
194. Thrombotic phenomena associated with intravenous cocaine
195. Renal infarction associated with cocaine use and latent protein C deficiency
196. Cocaine interacts with macrophages to modulate mesangial cell proliferation
197. Cocaine-induced scleroderma and scleroderma renal crisis
198. Reversible scleroderma renal crisis after cocaine use
199. Cocaine and development mechanisms of fetal toxicity and neonatal consequences of prenatal cocaine exposure
200. Norcocaine: A pharmacologically active metabolite of cocaine found in brain
201. Cocaine metabolism during pregnancy
202. Cocaine and pregnancy: Clinical and toxicological implications for the neonate
203. Cocaine use in pregnancy
204. Cocaine directly augments the alpha-adrenergic contractile response of the pregnant rabbit uterus
205. Dose-response effect of fetal cocaine exposure on newborn neurological function
206. Prenatal cocaine exposure and fetal vascular disruption
207. Neurological correlates of fetal cocaine exposure; transient hypertonias of infancy and early childhood
208. Increased incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage and developmental delay in cocaine-exposed, very low birth weight infants
209. Mortality within the first 2 years in infants exposed to cocaine, opiate, or cannabinoid during gestation
210. Prenatal cocaine exposure, child development, and the compromising effects of cumulative risk