"The parks are being loved to death" and other frauds and deceits in recreation management

Journal of Leisure Research

Volumn 34, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 52-78

  More, Thomas A ^a  

^a USDA FOREST SERVICE   (United States)

Author keywords

Epistemology; Interests; Recreation policy

Indexed keywords

PARK MANAGEMENT; POLICY ANALYSIS; RECREATIONAL MANAGEMENT; SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS;

UNITED STATES;

EID: 0036524601     PISSN: 00222216     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00222216.2002.11949960     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Abrahamson, M. (1978). Functionalism. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
2. Averill, J. (1998). Spirituality: From the mundane to the meaningful and back. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 18, (2), 101-125.
3. Bergstrom, J., & Reiling, S. (1996). Does existence value exist? In S. El-Swaify, D. Yakowitz, (Eds.), Multiple Objective Decision Making for Land, Water, and Environmental Management: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multiple Objective Decision Support Systems (MODSS) for Land, Water, and Environmental Management: Concepts, Approaches, and Applications (pp. 481-492). Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers.
4. Cassidy, J. (1995 October 16). Who killed the middle class? The New Yorker, 113-124.
5. Cassidy, J. (1999, January 25). No satisfaction. The New Yorker, 88-92.
6. Clawson, M., & Knetsch, J. (1966). Economics of Outdoor Recreation. Baltimore: John Hopkins Press.
7. Clifford, H. (2000). Land of the fee. High Country News, 32, 1, 6, 8, 10.
8. Clines, F. (1999, September 14). Visitor's center is new battleground at Gettysburg. New York Times. Online: http://www.NYTimes.com.
9. Collins, M., & Kennett, C. (1998). Leisure, poverty, and social inclusion: The growing role of leisure cards in public leisure services in Britain. Local Governance, 24, (2), 131-142.
10. Cranz, G. (1982). The politics of park design. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
11. Crompton, J. (1998). Forces underlying the emergence of privatization in parks and recreation. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 16 (2), 88-101.
12. Crompton, J., & Lamb, C. (1986). Marketing government and social services. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
13. Davila, F. (2000 February 27). Revised plan refuels battle over forest fees. Seattle Times. Online: http://www.seattletimes.com.
14. Domosh, M. (1996). Invented cities. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
15. Driver, B., & Bruns, D. (1999). Concepts and uses of the benefits approach to leisure. In T. Burton, E. Jackson (Eds.), Leisure Studies at the Millennium. State College, PA: Venture Publishing, Inc.
16. Driver, B., Bruns, D., & Booth, K. (2001). Status and common misunderstandings of the net benefits approach to leisure. Paper presented at the Trends 2000 symposium, East Lansing, MI.
17. Dustin, D., McAvoy, L., & Schultz, J. (1987). Beware of the merchant mentality. Trends, 24 (3), 44-46.
18. Dustin, D., & Goodale, T. (1997). The social cost of individual benefits. Parks and Recreation, 32, (7), 20, 22.
19. Dwyer, J., Shroeder, H., & Gobster, P. (1991). The significance of urban trees and forests: Toward a deeper understanding of values. Journal of Aboriculture, 17, (10), 276-284.
20. Federal Reserve reports family gains from economy. (2000 January 19). New York Times. Online: http://www.NYTimes.com.
21. Fretwell, H. (2000). How to improve our federal parks. Consumer's Research, 83, (4), 15-19.
22. General Accounting Office. (1998). Recreation fees: Demonstration fee program successful but could be improved (GAO/RCED-99-7). Washington, DC: General Accounting Office.
23. Hanscom, G. (2000 February 14). Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. High Country News, 32, (3), 10.
24. Heilbroner, R. (1992). The worldly philosophers (6th ed.). New York: Simon Schuster.
25. Heymann, J. (2000). The widening gap. New York: Basic Books.
26. Hurst, C. (1998). Social inequality. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
27. Jacobson, E. (2000 November 23). Washed out. The Burlington (VT) Free Press. p. E-1.
28. Jary, D., & Jary, J. (1991). The Harper Collins dictionary of sociology. New York: Harper Collins.
29. Johnston, D. (2001 April 13). A smaller I.R.S. gives up on billions in back taxes. New York Times. Online: http://www.nytimes.com
30. Jones, A., & Weinberg, F. (2000). The changing shape of the nation's income distribution: 1947-1998. (Current Population Report, pp. 60-204). Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau. Online: http://www.census.gov/prod/2000pubs/p60-204.pdf
31. Kelly, J. (1993). Wildland recreation and urban society: Critical perspectives. In A.W. Ewert, D.J. Chavez, A. W. Magill (Eds.), Culture, conflict, and communication in the wildland-urban interface, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
32. LaPage, W. (1976). New roles for government and industry in outdoor recreation. In H. Cordell et al., (Comps.). Proceedings of the Southern States Recreation Research Applications Workshop. (p. 218-229). Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-9. Asheville, NC: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station.
33. LaPage, W. (1994). Self-funding state parks, the New Hampshire experience. Parks 4, (2), 22-27.
34. Leman, N. (1999 November 22). No people allowed. The New Yorker.
35. Lucas, R. C. (1964). Recreational use of the Quetico-Superior Area. Res. Pap. LC-8. St. Paul. MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Lake States Forest Experiment Station. 49 pp.
36. Manning, R., Callinan, E., Echelberger, H., Koenemann, E., & McEwen, D. (1984). Differential fees: Raising revenue, distributing demand. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 2. (1), 20-38.
37. Manning, R. (1999). Studies in outdoor recreation: Search and research for satisfaction. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University.
38. Marger, M. (1999). Social inequality: Patterns and processes. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing Co.
39. Marx, K. (1967). Capital Vol. 1. New York: International Publishers.
40. McLellan, D. (1973). Karl Marx: His life and thought. New York: Harper and Row.
41. Mishel, L., Bernstein, J., & Schmitt, J. (2001). The state of working America 2000/2001. Washington, DC: The Economic Policy Institute.
42. More, T. (1985). Central city parks: A behavioral perspective. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, School of Natural Resources.
43. More, T. (1999). A functionalist approach to user fees. Journal of Leisure Research 31, (3), 227-244.
44. More, T., Averill, J. & Stevens, T. (1996). Values and economics in environmental management: A perspective and critique. Journal of Environmental Management 48, 397-409.
45. More, T., & Kuentzel, W. (1999). Five reasons to have reservations about benefits-based management. In G. Kyle (Ed.), Proceedings of the 1999 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium (pp. 295-302). Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-269. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station.
46. More, T., Averill, J., & Stevens, T. (2000). How valid are future generations arguments for preserving wilderness? In S. McCool, et al. (Comps.), Wilderness Science in a Time of Change: Vol. 2. Wilderness within the context of larger systems (pp. 81-85). Ogden. UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.
47. More, T., & Stevens, T. (2000). Do user fees exclude low-income users from resource-based recreation? Journal of Leisure Research 32, (3), 341-357.
48. Morton, P. (1997). Sustaining recreation resources on southern Appalachian national forests. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 14, (2), 121-208.
49. Myers, M. (2001 March 26). A student is not an input. New York Times. Online: http:// www.nytimes.com/2001/03/26/opinion/26MYER.html.
50. Newman, R., Vaillere, W., & Manning, R. (2001). Integrating biological and social indicators of quality into carrying capacity decision-making. Paper presented at the 2001 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium, Bolton Landing, NY.
51. Okun, A. (1975). Equality and efficiency: The big tradeoff. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institute.
52. Port Authority agrees to let piers be used for Brooklyn Bridge Park. (2000, February 11). New York Times. Online: http://www.nytimes.com
53. Reiling, S., Cheng, H., & Trott, C. (1992). Measuring the discriminatory impact associated with higher recreational fees. Leisure Sciences 14, (2), 121-138.
54. Rosenthal, D., Loomis, J., & Peterson, G. (1984). Pricing for efficiency and revenue in public recreation areas. Journal of Leisure Research 16, 195-208.
55. Rosenzweig, R. (1987). Middle-class parks and working-class play: The struggle over recreational space in Worcester, Massachusetts, 1870-1910. In Gutman & Bell (Eds.)., The New England Working Class and the New Labor History. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. pp. 214-230.
56. Rubin, L. (1994). Families on the fault line: America's working class. New York: Harper Collins.
57. Russell, B. (1945). History of Western philosophy. New York: Simon & Schuster.
58. Schneider, I., & Budrick, M. (1999). Displacement as a response to the federal recreation fee program. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 17, (3), 76-84.
59. Schroeder, H., & Louviere, J. (1999). Stated choice models for predicting the impact of user fees at public recreation sites. Journal of Leisure Research 31, (3), 300-324.
60. Sennett, R., & Cobb, J. (1973). The hidden injuries of class. New York: Vintage Books.
61. Sessions, D. (1995). Ecocentrism, wilderness, and global ecosystem protection. In D. Sessions (Ed.), Deep ecology for the 21st century (pp. 339-355). Boston, MA: Shambhala Publications.
62. Skocpol, T. (1991). Targeting with universalism: Politically viable policies to combat poverty in the United States. In P. Jencks, P. Peterson (Eds.), The Urban Underclass (pp. 411-436). Washington, DC: The Brookings Institute.
63. Taylor, D. (1999). Central Park as a model for social control: Urban parks, social class and leisure behavior in nineteenth century America. Journal of Leisure Research 31, (4), 420-477.
64. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 2000. The recreation agenda. Online: www.fs.fed.us/ recreation/recstrategy/RecStratV70.shtml.
65. Urban Parks Institute. (1998). Innovative financing and increasing funding for parks. Online: http:// www.urbanparks.pps.org/askexpert/one-forum?forum= 3
66. Vaux, H. (1975). The distribution of income among wilderness users. Journal of Leisure Research 7, (1), 29-37.