Sleep apnea: From the nose to the heart

Journal of the American Board of Family Practice

Volumn 15, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 128-141

  Cutler, Michael J ^a   Hamdan, Abdul Latif ^b   Hamdan, Mohamed H ^c   Ramaswamy, Karthik ^c   Smith, Michael L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER   (United States)

^b AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT   (Lebanon)

^c UNT Health Science Center ^*

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGED; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; FEMALE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INCIDENCE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT CARE; PREVALENCE; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME; TACHYCARDIA;

AGED; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; INCIDENCE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PATIENT CARE MANAGEMENT; PREVALENCE; QUALITY OF LIFE; SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE; TACHYCARDIA;

EID: 0036514890     PISSN: 08938652     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. Kramer NR, Cook TE, Carlisle CC, Corwin RW, Millman RP. The role of the primary care physician in recognizing obstructive sleep apnea. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:965-8.
2. Guilleminault C, Hoed JVD, Milter M. Clinical overview of the sleep apnea syndrome. In Guilleminault C, Dement WC, editors. Sleep apnea syndromes. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1988:1-11.
3. Chervin RD, Guilleminault C. Obstructive sleep apnea and related disorders. Neurol Clin 1996;14:583-609.
4. Redline S, Strohl KP. Recognition and consequences of obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome. Clin Chest Med 1999;19:1-19.
5. Silverberg DS, Uksenberg A, Iaina A. Sleep related breathing disorders are common contributing factors to the production of essential hypertension but are neglected, underdiagnosed, and undertreated. Am J Hypertens 1997;10(12 Pt 1):1319-25.
6. Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J, Skatrud J, Weber S, Badr S. The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults. N Engl J Med 1993; 328:1230-5.
7. Olson LG, King MT, Hensley MJ, Saunders NA. A community study of snoring and sleep-disordered breathing: Prevalence. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;152:711-6.
8. Lavie P. Sleep apnea in industrial workers. In Guilleminault C, Lugaresi E, editors. Sleep-wake disorders: natural history, epidemiology and long-term evolution. Philadelphia: Lippincott Raven Press, 1983:127-35.
9. Stradling JR, Crosby JH. Predictors and prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea and snoring in 1001 middle aged men. Thorax 1991;46:85-90.
10. Gislason T, Benediktsdottir B, Bjomsson JK, Kjartansson G, Kjeld M, Kristbjarnarson H. Snoring, hypertension, and the sleep apnea syndrome: an epidemiologic survey of middle-aged women. Chest 1993;103:1147-51.
11. Bixler EO, Kales A, Soldatos CR, Vela-Bueno A, Jacoby JA, Scarone S. Sleep apneic activity in a normal population. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1982;36:141-52.
12. Catterall JR, Calverely PM, Shapiro CM, Flenley DC, Douglas NJ. Breathing and oxygenation during sleep are similar in normal men and women. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985;132:86-8.
13. Ancoli-Israel S, Kripke DF, Mason W. Characteristics of obstructive and central sleep apnea in the elderly: an interim report. Biol Psychiatry 1987;22: 741-50.
14. Ancoli-Israel S, Klauber MR. Stepnowsky C, Estline E, Chinn A, Fell R. Sleep-disordered breathing in African-American elderly. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;152(6 Pt 1):1946-9.
15. Ambrogetti A, Olson LG, Saunders NA. Differences in the symptoms of men and women with obstructive deep apnoea. Aust N Z J Med 1991;21:863-6.
16. Redline S, Kump K, Tishler PV, Browner I, Ferrette V. Gender differences in sleep-disordered breathing in a community-based sample. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149(3 Pt 1):722-6.
17. Silverberg DS, Oksenberg A. Essential and secondary hypertension and sleep-disordered breathing: a unifying hypothesis. J Hum Hypertens 1996;10:353-63.
18. Strohl KP, Redline S. Recognition of obstructive deep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;154(2 Pt 1):279-89.
19. Silverberg DS, Oksenberg A. Are sleep-related breathing disorders important contributing factors to the production of essential hypertension? Curr Hypertens Rep 2001;3:209-15.
20. Sullivan C, Grunstein R, Marrone O, Berthon-Jones M. Sleep apnea pathophysiology: upper airway and control of breathing. In Guilleminault C, Partinen M, editors. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: clinical research & treatment. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Williams & Wilkins, 1990.
21. Hedner J, Ejnell H, Sellgren J, Hedner T, Wallin G. Is high and fluctuating muscle nerve sympathetic activity in the sleep apnoea syndrome of pathogenetic importance for the development of hypertension? J Hypertension Suppl 1988;6:S529-S31.
22. Hwang JC, St John WM, Barlett D Jr. Afferent pathways for hypoglossal and phrenic responses to changes in upper airway pressure. Respir Physiol 1984;55:341-54.
23. Paparella MM, Shumrick DA, Gluckman JL, Myerhoff WL. Otolaryngology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: W B Saunders, 1991.
24. Olsen KD, Kern KB, Westbrook PR. Sleep and breathing disturbance secondary to nasal obstruction. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1981;89:804-10.
25. Carlson JT, Hedner JA, Ejnell II, Peterson LE. High prevalence of hypertension in sleep apnea patients independent of obesity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;150:72-7.
26. Carter R, Watenpaugh DE, Muenter NK, Wasmund SL, Wasmund WL, Smith ML. Attenuation of apnea-induced sympathoexcitation during periodic breathing efforts in sleep apneic patients. Physiologist 1999;42:A-10.
27. Guilleminault C, Motta J, Mihm F, Melvin K. Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiac index. Chest 1986; 89:331.
28. Coy TV, Dimsdale JE, Ancoli-Israel S, Clausen J. Sleep apnoea and sympathetic nervous system activity. J Sleep Res 1996;5:42-50.
29. Fletcher EC. Sympathetic activity' and blood pressure in the sleep apnea syndrome. Respiration 1997; 64(Suppl1):22-8.
30. Leuenberger U, Jacob E, Sweer L, Waravdekar N, Zwillich C, Sinoway L. Surges of muscle sympathetic activity during obstructive apnea are linked to hypoxemia. J Appl Physiol 1995;79:581-8.
31. Smith ML, Neidermaier ON, Hardy SM, Decker MJ, Strohl KP. Role of hypoxemia in sleep apneainduced sympathoexcitation. J Anton Nerv Syst 1996;56:184-90.
32. Somers VK, Dyken ME, Clary MP, Abhoud FM. Sympathetic neural mechanisms in obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Invest 1995;96:1897-904.
33. Somers VK, Mark AL, Zavala DC, Abhoud FM Influence of ventilation and hypocapnia on sympathetic nerve responses to hypoxia in normal humans. J Appl Physiol 1989;67:2095-100.
34. Smith ML, Hardy SM, Dibner-Dunlap ME. Interactive effects of hypoxia and hypercapnia on sympathetic nerve activity in humans. FASEB J 1996;3: A567.
35. Engleman HM, Gough K, Martin SE, Kingshott RN, Pad field PL, Douglas NJ. ,Ambulatory blood pressure on and off continuous positive airway pressure therapy for sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome: effects in "non-dippers". Sleep 1996;19:378-81.
36. Weiss JW, Remsburg S, Garpestad E, Ringler J, Sparrow D, Parker JA. Hemodynamic consequences of obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 1996;19:388-97.
37. Tilkian AG, Guilleniinault C, Schroeder JS, Lehman KL, Simmons FB, Dement WC. Hemodynamics in sleep-induced apnea. Studies during wakefulness and sleep. Ann Intern Med 1976;85:714-9.
38. Ringler J, Garpestad E, Basner R, Weiss JW. Systemic blood pressure elevation after airway occlusion during NREM sleep. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;150:1062-6.
39. Morgan BJ, Crabtree DC, Puleo DS, Badr MS, Toiber F, Skatrud JB. Neurocirculatory consequences of abrupt change in sleep state in humans. J Appl Physiol 1996;80:1627-36.
40. Carlson JT, Hedner J, Elam Al, Ejnell H, Sellgren J, Wallin BG. Augmented resting sympathetic activity in awake patients with obstructive deep apnea. Chest 1993;103:1763-8.
41. Waradekar NV, Sinoway LI, Zwillich CW, Leuenberger UA. Influence of treatment on muscle sympathetic nerve activity in deep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;153(4 Pt 1):1333-8.
42. Palomaki H. Snoring and the risk of ischemic brain infarction. Stroke 1991;22:1021-5.
43. Partinen M. Guilleminault C. Daytime sleepiness and vascular morbidity at seven-year follow-up in obstructive sleep apnea patients. Chest 1990;97:27-32.
44. Bradley TD. Right and left ventricular functional impairment and deep apnea. Clin Chest Med 1992; 13:459-79.
45. Guilleminault C. Clinical features and evaluation of obstructive sleep apnea. In Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC, editors. Principles and practices of deep medicine. Philadelphia, W B Saunders Company, 1994.
46. Millman RP, Redline S, Carlisle C, Assaf AR, Levinson PD. Daytime hypertension in obstructive deep apnea. Prevalence and contributing risk factors. Chest 1991;99:861-6.
47. Gislason T, Aberg H, Taube A. Snoring and systemic hypertension - an epidemiological study. Acta Med Scand 1987;222:415-21.
48. Grunstein R, Wilcox I, Yang TS, Gould Y, Hedner J. Snoring and deep apnoea in men: association with central obesity and hypertension. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1993;17:533-40.
49. Bixler EO, Vgontzas AN, Lin HM, et al. Association of hypertension and sleep-disordered breathing. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:2289-95.
50. Brooks D, Horner RL, Kozar LF, Render-Teixeira CL, Phillipson KA. Obstructive sleep apnea as a cause of systemic hypertension. Evidence from a canine model. J Clin Invest 1997;99:106-9.
51. Young T, Finn L, Hla KM, Morgan B, Palta M. Snoring as part of a dose-response relationship between sleep-disordered breathing and blood pressure. Sleep 1996;19(10 Suppl):S202-5.
52. Nieto FJ, Young TB, Lind BK, et al. Association of sleep-disordered breathing, sleep apnea, and hypertension in a large community-based study. Sleep Heart Health Study. JAMA 2000;283:1829-36.
53. Suzuki AI, Otsuka K, Guilleminault C. Long term nasal continuous positive airway pressure administration can normalize hypertension in obstructive deep apnea patients. Sleep 1993;16:545-9.
54. Dimsdale JE, Loredo JS, Profant J. Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on blood pressure: a placebo trial. Hypertension 2000;35(1 Pt 1):144-7.
55. Faccenda JF, Mackay TW, Boon NA, Douglas NJ. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of continuous positive airway pressure on blood pressure in the sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:344-8.
56. Akashiba T, Minemura H, Yamamoto H, Kosaka N, Saito O, Horie T. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure changes blood pressure "non-dippers" to "dippers" in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 1999;22:849-53.
57. Guilleminault C, Connolly SJ, Winkle RA. Cardiac arrhythmia and conduction disturbances during sleep in 400 patients with sleep apnea syndrome. Am J Cardiol 1983;52:490-4.
58. Koehler U, Fus E, Grimm W, et al. Heart block in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea: pathogenetic factors and effects of treatment. Eur Respir J 1998; 11:434-39.
59. Grimm W, Hoffmann J, Kohler U, et al. Invasive electrophysiological evaluation of patients with sleep apnoea-associated ventricular asystole - methods and preliminary results. J Sleep Res 1995;4(Suppl 1):160-5.
60. Grimm W, Hoffmann J, Menz, V, et al. Electrophysiologic evaluation of sinus node function and atrioventricular conduction in patients with prolonged ventricular asystole during obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Cardiol 1996;77:1310-4.
61. Koehler U, Wetzig T, Peter JH, Ploch T, Schafer PH, Stellwaag M. Morbiditat und Letalitat bei Schlafapnoe und nachtlichen Bradyarrhythmien [Morbidity and mortality in sleep apnea and nocturnal bradyarrhythmia]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1994;119:1187-93.
62. Zwillich C, Devlin T, White D, Douglas N, Weil J, Martin R. Bradycardia during sleep apnea. Characteristics and mechanism. J Clin Invest 1982;69: 1286-92.
63. Flemons WW, Remmers JE, Gillis AM. Sleep apnea and cardiac arrhythmias. Is there a relationship? Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;148:618-21.
64. Downey R 3rd, Perkin RM, MacQuarrie J. Upper airway resistance syndrome: sick, symptomatic but underrecognized. Sleep 1993;16:620-3.
65. Shepard JW Jr, Garrison MW, Grither DA, Dolan GE. Relationship of ventricular ectopy to oxyhemoglobin desaturation in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 1985;88:335-440.
66. Hoddes E, Dement WC, Zarcone V. The development and use of the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS). Psychophysiology 1972;9:150.
67. Johns MW. A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Sleep 1991;14:540-5.
68. Olsen KD, Suh KW, Staats BA. Surgically correctable causes of sleep apnea syndrome. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1981;89:726-31.
69. Katsantonis GP, Maas CS, Walsh JK. The predictive efficacy of the Muller maneuver in uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. Laryngoscope 1989;99(7 Pt 1):67-80.
70. Sher AE, Thorpy MJ, Shprintzen RJ, Spielman AJ, Burack B, McGregor PA. Predictive value of Muller maneuver in selection of patients for uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. Laryngoscope 1985;95:1483-7.
71. Khawaja IT, Phillips BA. Obstructive sleep apnea: diagnosis and treatment. Hosp Med 1998;vol:33-40.
72. Redline S, Young T. Epidemiology and natural history of obstructive sleep apnea. Ear Nose Throat J 1993;729:20-1, 24-6.
73. Ferber R, Millman R, Coppola M, et al. Portable recording in the assessment of obstructive sleep apnea. ASDA standards of practice. Sleep 1994;17:378-92.
74. Chervin RD, Murman DL, Malow BA, Totten V. Cost-utility of three approaches to the diagnosis of sleep apnea: polysomnography, home testing, and empirical therapy. Ann Intern Med 1999;130:496-505.
75. Henderson JH 2nd, Strollo PJ Jr. Medical management of obstructive sleep apnea. Prog Cardiovasc Disc 1999;41:377-86.
76. Mosso A. Periodische Athnumg und Luxus-Athmung. Arch Anat Physiol 1886:37.
77. Carrera M, Barbe F, Sauleda J, Thomas M, Gomez C, Agusti AG. Patients with obstructive sleep apnea exhibit genioglossus dysfunction that is normalized after treatment with continuous positive airway pressure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;159:1960-6.
78. Tousignant P, Cosio MG, Levy RD, Groome PA. Quality adjusted life years added by treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 1994;17:52-60.
79. Clark GT, Blumenfeld I, Yoffe N, Peled F, Lavie P. A crossover study comparing the efficacy of continuous positive airway pressure with anterior mandibular positioning devices on patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 1996;109:1478-83.
80. Ferguson KA, Ono T, Lowe AA, Keenan SP, Fleetham JA. A randomized crossover study of an oral appliance vs nasal-continuous positive airway pressure in the treatment of mild-moderate obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 1996;109:1269-75.
81. D'Ambrosio C, Bowman T, Mohsenin V. Quality of life in patients with sleep apnea: effects of nasal continuous positive airway pressure - a prospective study. Chest 1999;115:123-9.
82. Sullivan CE, Grunstein RR. Continuous positive airway pressure in sleep-disordered breathing. In Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC, editors. Principles and practice of sleep medicine. Philadelphia: W B Saunders, 1994:694-705.
83. Krieger J. Long-term compliance with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in obstructive sleep apnea patients and nonapneic snorers. Sleep 1992;15(6 Suppl):S42-6.
84. Brander PE, Soirinsuo M, Lohela P. Nasopharyngeal symptoms in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Effect of nasal CPAP treatment. Respiration 1999;66:128-35.
85. Schimdt-Nowara W, Lowe A, Wiegand L, Cartwright R, Perez-Guerra F, Menn S. Oral appliances for the treatment of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea: a review. Sleep 1995;18:501-10.
86. Larsson LH, Carlsson-Nordlander B, Svanborg E. Four-year follow-up after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty in 50 unselected patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Laryngoscope 1994;104(11 Pt 1):1362-8.
87. Krespi YT, Keidar A. Laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty for the treatment of snoring. Operative techniques in otolaryngology. Head Neck Surg 1994:5.
88. Woodson BT, Fujita S. Clinical experience of lingualplasty as part of the treatment of severe obstructive sleep apnea. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1992; 107:40-8.
89. Sher AE. The role of maxillomandibular surgery for treating obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 1996; 19(9 Suppl):S88-9.
90. Partinen M, Jamieson A, Guilleminault C. Long-term outcome for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients. Mortality. Chest 1988;94:1200-04.
91. He J, Kryger MH, Zorick FJ, Conway W, Roth T. Mortality and apnea index in obstructive sleep apnea. Experience in 385 male patients. Chest 1988;94:9-14.
92. Gregoratos G, Cheitlin MD, Conill A, et al. ACC/ AHA guidelines for implantation of cardiac pacemakers and antiarrhythmia devices: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Pacemaker Implantation). J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:1175-209.
93. Stegman SS, Burroughs JM, Henthorn RW. Asymptomatic bradyarrhythmias as a marker for sleep apnea: appropriate recognition and treatment may reduce the need for pacemaker therapy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1996;19:899-904.
94. Becker HF, Koehler U, Stammnitz A, Peter JH. Heart block in patients with sleep apnoea. Thorax 1998;53(Suppl 3):S29-32.
95. Ogata N, Takatori H, Kamijima J, Tatsumi K, Kuriyama T. [A case of Pickwickian syndrome treated by implantation of a cardiac permanent pacemaker]. Kokyu To Junkan 1989;37:791-5.