The effects of obesity, smoking, and drinking on medical problems and costs

Health Affairs

Volumn 21, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 245-253

  Sturm, Roland ^a,b  

^a RAND   (United States)

^b UCLA/RAND   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ALCOHOLISM; ARTICLE; CHRONIC DISEASE; ECONOMICS; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH SERVICE; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; MIDDLE AGED; OBESITY; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTOR; SICKNESS IMPACT PROFILE; SMOKING; STATISTICS; TIME; UNITED STATES; UTILIZATION REVIEW;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ALCOHOLISM; CHRONIC DISEASE; HEALTH CARE COSTS; HEALTH SERVICES; HEALTH STATUS INDICATORS; HUMANS; MIDDLE AGED; OBESITY; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTORS; SICKNESS IMPACT PROFILE; SMOKING; TIME; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0036512243     PISSN: 02782715     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.21.2.245     Document Type: Article

References (17)

1. National Center for Health Statistics, Health, United States, 2000 (Hyattsville, Md.: NCHS, 2000), Table 69; K.M. Flegal et al., "Overweight and Obesity in the United States: Prevalence and Trends, 1960-1994," International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 22, no. 1 (1998): 39-47; and A.L. Mokdad et al., "The Spread of the Obesity Epidemic in the United States, 1991-1998," Journal of the American Medical Association 282, no. 16 (1999): 1519-1522.
2. National Center for Health Statistics, Health, United States, 2000 (Hyattsville, Md.: NCHS, 2000), Table 69; K.M. Flegal et al., "Overweight and Obesity in the United States: Prevalence and Trends, 1960-1994," International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 22, no. 1 (1998): 39-47; and A.L. Mokdad et al., "The Spread of the Obesity Epidemic in the United States, 1991-1998," Journal of the American Medical Association 282, no. 16 (1999): 1519-1522.
3. National Center for Health Statistics, Health, United States, 2000 (Hyattsville, Md.: NCHS, 2000), Table 69; K.M. Flegal et al., "Overweight and Obesity in the United States: Prevalence and Trends, 1960-1994," International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 22, no. 1 (1998): 39-47; and A.L. Mokdad et al., "The Spread of the Obesity Epidemic in the United States, 1991-1998," Journal of the American Medical Association 282, no. 16 (1999): 1519-1522.
4. See, for example, A.E. Field et al., "Impact of Overweight on the Risk of Developing Common Chronic Diseases during a Ten-Year Period," Archives of Internal Medicine 161, no. 13 (2001): 1581-1586; National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity, "Overweight, Obesity, and Health Risk," Archives of Internal Medicine 160, no. 7 (2000): 898-904; World Health Organization, Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic, Report of a WHO Consultation, Geneva, 3-5 June 1997 (Geneva: WHO, 1998); A. Must et al., "The Disease Burden Associated with Overweight and Obesity," Journal of the American Medical Association 282, no. 16 (1999): 1523-1529; F.X. Pi-Sunyer, "Medical Hazards of Obesity," Annals of Internal Medicine 119, no. 7, part 2 (1993): 655-660; E.E. Calle et al., "Body-Mass Index and Mortality in a Prospective Cohort of U.S. Adults," New England Journal of Medicine 341, no. 15 (1999): 1097-1105; and T.A. Hillier and K.L. Pedula, "Characteristics of an Adult Population with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes: The Relation of Obesity and Age of Onset," Diabetes Care 24, no. 9 (2001): 1522-1527.
5. See, for example, A.E. Field et al., "Impact of Overweight on the Risk of Developing Common Chronic Diseases during a Ten-Year Period," Archives of Internal Medicine 161, no. 13 (2001): 1581-1586; National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity, "Overweight, Obesity, and Health Risk," Archives of Internal Medicine 160, no. 7 (2000): 898-904; World Health Organization, Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic, Report of a WHO Consultation, Geneva, 3-5 June 1997 (Geneva: WHO, 1998); A. Must et al., "The Disease Burden Associated with Overweight and Obesity," Journal of the American Medical Association 282, no. 16 (1999): 1523-1529; F.X. Pi-Sunyer, "Medical Hazards of Obesity," Annals of Internal Medicine 119, no. 7, part 2 (1993): 655-660; E.E. Calle et al., "Body-Mass Index and Mortality in a Prospective Cohort of U.S. Adults," New England Journal of Medicine 341, no. 15 (1999): 1097-1105; and T.A. Hillier and K.L. Pedula, "Characteristics of an Adult Population with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes: The Relation of Obesity and Age of Onset," Diabetes Care 24, no. 9 (2001): 1522-1527.
6. See, for example, A.E. Field et al., "Impact of Overweight on the Risk of Developing Common Chronic Diseases during a Ten-Year Period," Archives of Internal Medicine 161, no. 13 (2001): 1581-1586; National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity, "Overweight, Obesity, and Health Risk," Archives of Internal Medicine 160, no. 7 (2000): 898-904; World Health Organization, Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic, Report of a WHO Consultation, Geneva, 3-5 June 1997 (Geneva: WHO, 1998); A. Must et al., "The Disease Burden Associated with Overweight and Obesity," Journal of the American Medical Association 282, no. 16 (1999): 1523-1529; F.X. Pi-Sunyer, "Medical Hazards of Obesity," Annals of Internal Medicine 119, no. 7, part 2 (1993): 655-660; E.E. Calle et al., "Body-Mass Index and Mortality in a Prospective Cohort of U.S. Adults," New England Journal of Medicine 341, no. 15 (1999): 1097-1105; and T.A. Hillier and K.L. Pedula, "Characteristics of an Adult Population with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes: The Relation of Obesity and Age of Onset," Diabetes Care 24, no. 9 (2001): 1522-1527.
7. See, for example, A.E. Field et al., "Impact of Overweight on the Risk of Developing Common Chronic Diseases during a Ten-Year Period," Archives of Internal Medicine 161, no. 13 (2001): 1581-1586; National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity, "Overweight, Obesity, and Health Risk," Archives of Internal Medicine 160, no. 7 (2000): 898-904; World Health Organization, Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic, Report of a WHO Consultation, Geneva, 3-5 June 1997 (Geneva: WHO, 1998); A. Must et al., "The Disease Burden Associated with Overweight and Obesity," Journal of the American Medical Association 282, no. 16 (1999): 1523-1529; F.X. Pi-Sunyer, "Medical Hazards of Obesity," Annals of Internal Medicine 119, no. 7, part 2 (1993): 655-660; E.E. Calle et al., "Body-Mass Index and Mortality in a Prospective Cohort of U.S. Adults," New England Journal of Medicine 341, no. 15 (1999): 1097-1105; and T.A. Hillier and K.L. Pedula, "Characteristics of an Adult Population with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes: The Relation of Obesity and Age of Onset," Diabetes Care 24, no. 9 (2001): 1522-1527.
8. See, for example, A.E. Field et al., "Impact of Overweight on the Risk of Developing Common Chronic Diseases during a Ten-Year Period," Archives of Internal Medicine 161, no. 13 (2001): 1581-1586; National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity, "Overweight, Obesity, and Health Risk," Archives of Internal Medicine 160, no. 7 (2000): 898-904; World Health Organization, Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic, Report of a WHO Consultation, Geneva, 3-5 June 1997 (Geneva: WHO, 1998); A. Must et al., "The Disease Burden Associated with Overweight and Obesity," Journal of the American Medical Association 282, no. 16 (1999): 1523-1529; F.X. Pi-Sunyer, "Medical Hazards of Obesity," Annals of Internal Medicine 119, no. 7, part 2 (1993): 655-660; E.E. Calle et al., "Body-Mass Index and Mortality in a Prospective Cohort of U.S. Adults," New England Journal of Medicine 341, no. 15 (1999): 1097-1105; and T.A. Hillier and K.L. Pedula, "Characteristics of an Adult Population with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes: The Relation of Obesity and Age of Onset," Diabetes Care 24, no. 9 (2001): 1522-1527.
9. See, for example, A.E. Field et al., "Impact of Overweight on the Risk of Developing Common Chronic Diseases during a Ten-Year Period," Archives of Internal Medicine 161, no. 13 (2001): 1581-1586; National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity, "Overweight, Obesity, and Health Risk," Archives of Internal Medicine 160, no. 7 (2000): 898-904; World Health Organization, Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic, Report of a WHO Consultation, Geneva, 3-5 June 1997 (Geneva: WHO, 1998); A. Must et al., "The Disease Burden Associated with Overweight and Obesity," Journal of the American Medical Association 282, no. 16 (1999): 1523-1529; F.X. Pi-Sunyer, "Medical Hazards of Obesity," Annals of Internal Medicine 119, no. 7, part 2 (1993): 655-660; E.E. Calle et al., "Body-Mass Index and Mortality in a Prospective Cohort of U.S. Adults," New England Journal of Medicine 341, no. 15 (1999): 1097-1105; and T.A. Hillier and K.L. Pedula, "Characteristics of an Adult Population with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes: The Relation of Obesity and Age of Onset," Diabetes Care 24, no. 9 (2001): 1522-1527.
10. See, for example, A.E. Field et al., "Impact of Overweight on the Risk of Developing Common Chronic Diseases during a Ten-Year Period," Archives of Internal Medicine 161, no. 13 (2001): 1581-1586; National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity, "Overweight, Obesity, and Health Risk," Archives of Internal Medicine 160, no. 7 (2000): 898-904; World Health Organization, Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic, Report of a WHO Consultation, Geneva, 3-5 June 1997 (Geneva: WHO, 1998); A. Must et al., "The Disease Burden Associated with Overweight and Obesity," Journal of the American Medical Association 282, no. 16 (1999): 1523-1529; F.X. Pi-Sunyer, "Medical Hazards of Obesity," Annals of Internal Medicine 119, no. 7, part 2 (1993): 655-660; E.E. Calle et al., "Body-Mass Index and Mortality in a Prospective Cohort of U.S. Adults," New England Journal of Medicine 341, no. 15 (1999): 1097-1105; and T.A. Hillier and K.L. Pedula, "Characteristics of an Adult Population with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes: The Relation of Obesity and Age of Onset," Diabetes Care 24, no. 9 (2001): 1522-1527.
11. See R.G. Wilkinson, Unhealthy Societies: The Affliction of Inequality (London: Routledge, 1996); G.A. Kaplan et al., "Income Inequality and Mortality in the United States: Analysis of Mortality and Potential Pathways," British Medical Journal 312, no. 7037 (1996): 99-1003; B.P. Kennedy et al., "Income Distribution, Socioeconomic Status, and Self-Rated Health in the United States," British Medical Journal 317, no. 7163 (1998): 917-921; and M.J. Soobader and F.B. LeClere, "Aggregation and the Measurement of Income Inequality: Effects on Morbidity," Social Science and Medicine 48, no. 6 (1999): 733-744.
12. See R.G. Wilkinson, Unhealthy Societies: The Affliction of Inequality (London: Routledge, 1996); G.A. Kaplan et al., "Income Inequality and Mortality in the United States: Analysis of Mortality and Potential Pathways," British Medical Journal 312, no. 7037 (1996): 99-1003; B.P. Kennedy et al., "Income Distribution, Socioeconomic Status, and Self-Rated Health in the United States," British Medical Journal 317, no. 7163 (1998): 917-921; and M.J. Soobader and F.B. LeClere, "Aggregation and the Measurement of Income Inequality: Effects on Morbidity," Social Science and Medicine 48, no. 6 (1999): 733-744.
13. See R.G. Wilkinson, Unhealthy Societies: The Affliction of Inequality (London: Routledge, 1996); G.A. Kaplan et al., "Income Inequality and Mortality in the United States: Analysis of Mortality and Potential Pathways," British Medical Journal 312, no. 7037 (1996): 99-1003; B.P. Kennedy et al., "Income Distribution, Socioeconomic Status, and Self-Rated Health in the United States," British Medical Journal 317, no. 7163 (1998): 917-921; and M.J. Soobader and F.B. LeClere, "Aggregation and the Measurement of Income Inequality: Effects on Morbidity," Social Science and Medicine 48, no. 6 (1999): 733-744.
14. See R.G. Wilkinson, Unhealthy Societies: The Affliction of Inequality (London: Routledge, 1996); G.A. Kaplan et al., "Income Inequality and Mortality in the United States: Analysis of Mortality and Potential Pathways," British Medical Journal 312, no. 7037 (1996): 99-1003; B.P. Kennedy et al., "Income Distribution, Socioeconomic Status, and Self-Rated Health in the United States," British Medical Journal 317, no. 7163 (1998): 917-921; and M.J. Soobader and F.B. LeClere, "Aggregation and the Measurement of Income Inequality: Effects on Morbidity," Social Science and Medicine 48, no. 6 (1999): 733-744.
15. R. Sturm and C.R. Gresenz, "Relations of Income Inequality and Family Income to Chronic Medical Conditions and Mental Health Disorders: National Survey," British Medical Journal 324, no. 7328 (2002): 20; J.M Mellor and J. Milyo, "Re-examining the Evidence of an Ecological Association between Income Inequality and Health," Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 26, no. 3 (2001): 487-522; and J.M. Mellor and J. Milyo, "Income Inequality and Health Status in the United States: Evidence from the Current Population Survey," Journal of Human Resources (forthcoming).
16. R. Sturm and C.R. Gresenz, "Relations of Income Inequality and Family Income to Chronic Medical Conditions and Mental Health Disorders: National Survey," British Medical Journal 324, no. 7328 (2002): 20; J.M Mellor and J. Milyo, "Re-examining the Evidence of an Ecological Association between Income Inequality and Health," Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 26, no. 3 (2001): 487-522; and J.M. Mellor and J. Milyo, "Income Inequality and Health Status in the United States: Evidence from the Current Population Survey," Journal of Human Resources (forthcoming).
17. R. Sturm and C.R. Gresenz, "Relations of Income Inequality and Family Income to Chronic Medical Conditions and Mental Health Disorders: National Survey," British Medical Journal 324, no. 7328 (2002): 20; J.M Mellor and J. Milyo, "Re-examining the Evidence of an Ecological Association between Income Inequality and Health," Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 26, no. 3 (2001): 487-522; and J.M. Mellor and J. Milyo, "Income Inequality and Health Status in the United States: Evidence from the Current Population Survey," Journal of Human Resources (forthcoming).