Patterns of motor disability in very preterm children

Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 241-248

  Bracewell, Melanie ^a   Marlow, Neil ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^b QUEEN S MEDICAL CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cerebral palsy; Motor development; Prematurity

Indexed keywords

ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN INJURY; BRAIN MATURATION; CEREBRAL PALSY; COGNITION; DYSTONIA; HUMAN; MOTONEURON; MOTOR DEVELOPMENT; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; NEWBORN INTENSIVE CARE; PREMATURITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

AGE FACTORS; CEREBRAL PALSY; CHILD; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; INFANT, PREMATURE; INFANT, VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; MALE; MOTOR SKILLS DISORDERS;

EID: 0036456413     PISSN: 10804013     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/mrdd.10049     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Accardo PJ. 1982. Freud on diplegia. Commentary and translation. Am J Dis Child 136: 452-6.
2. Amiel-Tison C, Grenier A. 1986. Neurological Assessment in the First Year of Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3. Anonymous. 1990. Enhancing the outcomes of low-birthweight, premature infants. A multisite, randomized trial. The Infant Health and Development Program. J Am Med Assoc 263: 3035-42.
4. Anonymous. 1991. The Victorian Infant Collaborative Study Group: Improvement of outcome for infants of birth weight under 1000g. Arch Dis Child 66: 765-769.
5. Anonymous. 1995. The Victorian Infant Collaborative Study Group: Neurosensory outcome at 5 years and extremely low birthweight. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 73: 143-146.
6. Anonymous. 1998. A randomised trial of parental support for families with very preterm children. Arch Dis Child 79: F4-11.
7. Astbury J, Orgill AA, et al. 1990. Neurodevelopmental outcome, growth and health of extremely low-birthweight survivors: How soon can we tell? Dev Med Child Neurol 32: 582-9.
8. Barrington KJ. 2001. The adverse neuro-developmental effects of postnatal steroids in the preterm infant: A systematic review of RCTs. BMC Pediatr 1: 1.
9. Bhushan V, Paneth N, et al. 1994. Impact of improved survival of very low birth weight infants on recent secular trends in the prevalence of cerebral palsy. Pediatrics 93: 152-3.
10. Blair E, Stanley F. 1990. Intrauterine growth and spastic cerebral palsy. I. Association with birth weight for gestational age. Am J Obstet Gynecol 162: 229-37.
11. Bos A F, Martijn A, et al. 1998. Qualitative assessment of general movements in high-risk preterm infants with chronic lung disease requiring dexamethasone therapy. J Pediatr 132: 300-6.
12. Botting N, Powls A, et al. 1997. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders and other psychiatric outcomes in very low birthweight children at 12 years. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 38: 931-41.
13. Botting N, Powls A, et al. 1998. Cognitive and educational outcome of very-low-birthweight children in early adolescence. Dev Med Child Neurol 40: 652-60.
14. Brooks-Gunn J, McCarton CM, et al. 1994. Early intervention in low-birthweight premature infants. Results through age 5 years from the Infant Health and Development Program. J Am Med Assoc 272: 1257-62.
15. Cooke RW. 1999. Trends in incidence of cranial ultrasound lesions and cerebral palsy in very low birthweight infants 1982-93. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 80: F115-7.
16. Cooke RW, Abernethy LJ. 1999. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging and school performance in very low birth weight infants in adolescence. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 81: F116-21.
17. Costeloe K, Gibson AT, et al. 2000. The EPICure Study: Outcomes to discharge from hospital for infants born at the threshold of viability. Pediatrics 106: 659-671.
18. Crowley P. 2000. Prophylactic corticosteroids for preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Oxford, Update Software: CD000065.
19. de Groot L, Hopkins B, et al. 1995. Muscle power, sitting unsupported and trunk rotation in preterm infants. Early Hum Dev 43: 37-46.
20. de Groot L, de Groot CJ, et al. 1997a. An instrument to measure independent walking: Are there differences between preterm and full-term infants? J Child Neurol 12: 37-41.
21. de Groot L, Hopkins B, et al. 1997b. Motor asymmetries in preterm infants at 18 weeks corrected age and outcomes at I year. Early Hum Dev 48: 35-46.
22. De Vries LS, Regev R, et al. 1988. Ultrasound evolution and later outcome of infants with periventricular densities. Early Hum Dev 16: 225-33.
23. Downs JA, Edwards AD, et al. 1991. Effect of intervention on development of hip posture in very preterm babies. Arch Dis Child 66: 797-801.
24. Doyle LW. 2001. Outcome at 5 years of age of children 23 to 27 weeks' gestation: Refining the prognosis. Pediatrics 108: 134-41.
25. Doyle LW, Casalaz D, et al. 2001. Outcome at 14 years of extremely low birthweight infants: A regional study. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 85: 159-164.
26. Drillien CM. 1972. Abnormal neurologic signs in the first year of life in low-birthweight infants: Possible prognostic significance. Dev Med Child Neurol 14: 575-84.
27. Drillien CM. 1980. Low-birthweight Children at Early School-age: A Longitudinal Study. Develop Med Child Neurol. 22: 26-47.
28. Dunin-Wasowicz D, Rowecka-Trzebicka K, et al. 2000. Risk factors for cerebral palsy in very low-birthweight infants in the 1980s and 1990s. J Child Neurol 15: 417-20.
29. El-Metwally D, Vohr B, et al. 2000. Survival and neonatal morbidity at the limits of viability in the mid 1990s: 22 to 25 weeks. J Pediatr 137: 616-22.
30. Emsley HC, Wardle SP, et al. 1998. Increased survival and deteriorating developmental outcome in 23 to 25 week old gestation infants, 1990-4 compared with 1984-9. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 78: F99-104.
31. Ferrari F, Cioni G, et al. 1990. Qualitative changes of general movements in preterm infants with brain lesions. Early Hum Dev 23: 193-231.
32. Finnstrom O, Olausson PO, et al. 1998. Neurosensory outcome and growth at three years in extremely low birthweight infants: Follow-up results from the Swedish national prospective study. Acta Paediatr 87: 1055-60.
33. Forfar JO, Hume R, et al. 1994. Low birthweight: A 10-year outcome study of the continuum of reproductive casualty. Dev Med Child Neurol 36: 1037-48.
34. Gray PH, Burns YR, O'Callaghan MJ, et al. 1995. Neurodevelopmental outcome of preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Archives of Disease in Childhood 73:F128-134.
35. Gray PH, Jones P, et al. 2001. Maternal antecedents for cerebral palsy in extremely preterm babies: A case-control study. Dev Med Child Neurol 43: 580-585.
36. Grether JK, Nelson KB. 2000. Possible decrease in the prevalence of cerebral palsy in premature infants. Journal of Pediatrics 136:133 (letter).
37. Hack M, Fanaroff AA. 2000. Outcomes of children of extremely low birthweight and gestational age in the 1990s. Semin Neonatol 5: 89-106.
38. Hadders-Algra M. 1996. The assessment of General Movements is a valuable technique for the detection of brain dysfunation in young infants. A review. Acta Paediatr Suppl 416: 39-43.
39. Hadders-Algra M. 1999. Quality of general movements in infancy is related to neurological dysfunction, ADHD, and aggressive behaviour. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 41: 381-391.
40. Hadders-Algra M, Brogren E, et al. 1999. Periventricular leucomalacia and preterm birth have different detrimental effects on postural adjustments. Brain 122: 727-40.
41. Hagberg B, Hagberg H, Beckung E, et al. 2001. Changing panorama of cerebral palsy in Sweden VIII. Prevalence and origin in the birth year period 1991-94. Acta Paediatrica 90:271-277.
42. Halliday HL, Ehrenkrantz RA. 2001a. Delayed (>3 weeks) postnatal use of corticosteroids for preventing chronic lung disease in preterm infants. The Cochrane Library. Oxford: Update Software.
43. Halliday HL, Ehrenkrantz RA. 2001b. Early postnatal (<96 hours) corticosteroids for preventing chronic lung disease in preterm infants. The Cochrane Library. Oxford: Update Software.
44. Henderson S, Sugden D. 1992. Movement Assessment Battery for Children. London: Psychological Corporation.
45. Huppi PS, Murphy B, et al. 2001. Microstructural brain development after perinatal cerebral white matter injury assessed by diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. Pediatrics 107: 455-60.
46. Illsley R, Mitchell RG. 1984. Low Birthweight: A Medical, Psychological and Social Study. London: John Wiley.
47. Jacobs SE, O'Brien K, et al. 2000. Outcome of infants 23-26 weeks' gestation pre and post surfactant. Acta Paediatr 89: 959-65.
48. Johnson A. 1995. Disability and perinatal care. Pediatrics 95: 272-4.
49. Jongmans M, Henderson S, et al. 1993. Duration of periventricular densities in preterm infants and neurological outcome at 6 years of age. Arch Dis Child 69: 9-13.
50. Jongmans M, Mercuri E, et al. 1997. Minor neurological signs and perceptual-motor difficulties in prematurely born children. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 76: F9-14.
51. Kenyon SL, Taylor DJ, et al. 2001. Broad-spectrum antibiotics for preterm, prelabour rupture of fetal membranes: The ORACLE I randomised trial. ORACLE Collaborative Group. Lancet 357: 979-88.
52. Khadilkar V, Tudehope D, et al. 1993. The long-term neurodevelopmental outcome for very low birthweight (VLBW) infants with 'dystonic' signs at 4 months of age. Journal of Paediatrics & Child Health 29: 415-7.
53. Largo RH, Graf S, et al. 1990. Predicting developmental outcome at school age from infant tests of normal, at-risk and retarded infants. Dev Med Child Neurol 32: 30-45.
54. Lefebvre F, Bard H, et al. 1988. Outcome at school age of children with birthweights of 1000 grams or less. Dev Med Child Neurol 30: 170-80.
55. Lefebvre F, Glorieux J, et al. 1996. Neonatal survival and disability rate at age 18 months for infants born between 23 and 28 weeks of gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 174: 833-8.
56. Levene M, Dowling S, et al. 1992. Impaired motor function (clumsiness) in 5 year old children: Correlation with neonatal ultrasound scans. Arch Dis Child 67: 687-90.
57. Lunsing NJ, Hadders-Algra M, et al. 1992. Minor neurological dysfunction from birth to 12 years. I: Increase during late school age. Dev Med Child Neurol 34: 339-403.
58. Marlow ES, Hunt LP, et al. 2000. Sensorineural hearing loss and prematurity. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 82: F141-4.
59. Marlow N, D'Souza SW, et al. 1987. Neurodevelopmental outcome in babies weighing less than 2001 g at birth. BMJ Clinical Research Ed. 294: 1582-6.
60. Marlow N, Roberts BL, et al. 1989a. Laterality and Prematurity. Arch Dis Child 64: 1713-1716.
61. Marlow N, Roberts BL, et al. 1989b. Motor skills in extremely low birthweight children at the age of 6 years. Arch Dis Child 64: 839-837.
62. Marlow N, Roberts BL, et al. 1993. Outcome at 8 years for children with birthweights of 1250g or less. Arch Dis Child 68:286-290.
63. McCormick MC, McCarton C, et al. 1993. Early educational intervention for very low birth weight infants: Results from the Infant Health and Development Program. J Pediatr 123: 527-33.
64. McMenamin JB, Shackelford GD, et al. 1984. Outcome of neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage with periventricular echodense lesions. Ann Neurol 15: 285-90.
65. Nelson KB, Ellenberg JH. 1982. Children who outgrew' cerebral palsy. Pediatrics 69: 529-36.
66. O'Callaghan MJ, Tudehope DI, et al. 1987. Handedness in children with birthweights below 1000 g. Lancet 1: 1155.
67. Olsen P. 1997. Magnetic resonance imaging of periventricular leucomalacia and its clinical correlation in children. Ann Neurol 41: 754-61.
68. O'Shea TM, Klinepeter KL, et al. 1997. Survival and developmental disability in infants with birth weights of 501 to 800 grams, born between 1979 and 1994. Pediatrics 100: 982-6.
69. Pallas Alonso CR, de La Cruz Bertolo J, et al. 2000. Cerebral palsy and age of sitting and walking in children weighing less than 1,500 g at birth. An Esp Pediatr 53: 48-52.
70. Pederson SJ, S., Markestad T. 2000. Early motor development of premature infants with birthweight less than 2000 grams. Acta Paediatr 89: 1456-61.
71. Pharoah PO, Platt MJ, et al. 1996. The changing epidemiology of cerebral palsy. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 75: F169-73.
72. Piecuch RE, Leonard CH, et al. 1997a. Outcome of infants born at 24-26 weeks' gestation: II. Neurodevelopmental outcome. Obstet Gynecol 90: 809-14.
73. Piecuch RE, Leonard CH, et al. 1997b. Outcome of extremely low birth weight infants (500-999grams) over a 12-year period. Pediatrics 100: 633-39.
74. Powls A. 1998. MD Thesis. University of Liverpool.
75. Powls A, Botting N, et al. 1995. Motor skills at 12-13 years of age in very low birthweight children. Arch Dis Child 72:F62-66.
76. Powls A, Botting N, et al. 1996. Handedness in very-low-birthweight (VLBW) children at 12 years of age: Relation to perinatal and outcome variables. Dev Med Child Neurol 38: 594-602.
77. Prechtl HF. 1990. Qualitative changes of spontaneous movements in fetus and pretenn infant are a marker of neurological dysfunction. Early Hum Dev 23: 151-8.
78. Robertson CMT, Etches PC, Goldson E, Kyle JM. 1992a. Eight year school performance, neurodevelopment and growth outcome of neonates with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: A comparative study. Pediatrics 89:365-372.
79. Robertson CM, Hrynchyshyn GJ, et al. 1992b. Population-based study of the incidence, complexity, and severity of neurologic disability among survivors weighing 500 through 1250 grams at birth: A comparison of two birth cohorts. Pediatrics 90: 750-5.
80. Rogers B, Msall M, et al. 1994. Cystic periventricular leucomalacia and type of cerebral palsy in preterm infants. J Pediatr 125: S1-8.
81. Ross G, Lipper EG, et al. 1987. Hand preference of four-year-old children: Its relationship to premature birth and neurodevelopmental outcome. Dev Med Child Neurol 29: 615-22.
82. Roth SC, Baudin J, et al. 1993. Relation between ultrasound appearence of the brain of very preterm infants and neurodevelopmental impairment. Dev Med Child Neurol 35: 755-68.
83. Salokorpi T, Rautio T, et al. 2001. Neurological development up to the age of four years of extremely low birthweight infants born in Southern Finland in 1991-94. Acta Paediatr 90: 218-21.
84. Sauve RS, Robertson C, et al. 1998. Before viability: A geographically based outcome study of infants weighing 500 grams or less at birth. Pediatrics 101: 438-445.
85. Sommerfelt K, Pedersen SJ, et al. 1996. Transient dystonia in non-handicapped low-birthweight infants and later neurodevelopment. Acta Paediatr 85: 1445-9.
86. Soorani-Lunsing, RJ, Hadders-Algra M, et al. 1994. Neurobehavioural relationships after the onset of puberty. Dev Med Child Neurol 36: 334-43.
87. Stewart AL, Rifkin L, et al. 1999. Brain structure and neurocognitive and behavioural function in adolescents who were born very preterm. Lancet 353: 1653-7.
88. Stott DH, Moyes FA, et al. 1984. Henderson revision of the Stott-Moyes-Henderson Test of Motor Impairment. Ontario: Brook Educational Publishing Ltd.
89. Touwen, B. 1984. Examination of the child with minor neurological dysfunction. Clinics in Developmental Medicine.
90. Valkama AM, Paakko EL, et al. 2000. Magnetic resonance imaging at term and neuromotor outcome in preterm infants. Acta Paediatr 89: 348-55.
91. Vohr BR, Wright LL, et al. 2000. Neurodevelopmental and functional outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network, 1993-1994. Pediatrics 105: 1216-26.
92. Volpe JJ. 2001. Neurobiology of periventricular leukomalacia in the premature infant. Pediatr Res 50: 553-62.
93. Volpe JJ, Herscovitch P, et al. 1983. Positron emission tomography in the newborn: Extensive impairment of regional cerebral blood flow with intraventricular hemorrhage and hemorrhagic intracerebral involvement. Pediatrics 72: 589-601.
94. Walfisch A, Hallak M, et al. 2001. Multiple courses of antenatal steroids: Risks and benefits. Obstetrics & Gynecology 98: 491-7.
95. Walker EM, Patel NB. 1987. Mortality and morbidity in infants born between 20 and 28 weeks gestation. Br J Obstet and Gynaec 94: 670-674.
96. Weisglas-Kuperus N, Baerts W, et al. 1994. Minor neurological dysfunction and quality of movement in relation to neonatal cerebral damage and subsequent development. Dev Med Child Neurol 36: 727-35.
97. Wheater M, Rennie JM. 2000. Perinatal infection is an important risk factor for cerebral palsy in very-low-birthweight infants. Dev Med Child Neurol 42: 847-8.
98. Whyte HE, Fitzhardinge PM, et al. 1993. Extreme immaturity: Outcome of 568 pregnancies of 23-26 weeks' gestation. Obstet Gynecol 82: 1-7.
99. Wood NS, Marlow N, et al. 2000. Neurologic and developmental disability after extremely preterm birth. N Engl J Med 343: 378-84.
100. Wu YW, Colford JM. 2000. Chorioamnionitis as a risk factor for cerebral palsy: A meta-analysis. J Am Med Assoc 284: 1417-1424.