Tolerabilities of antiretrovirals in paediatric HIV infection

Drug Safety

Volumn 25, Issue 14, 2002, Pages 973-991

  Avi Lemberg, Daniel ^a   Palasanthiran, Pamela ^a   Goode, Michele ^a   Ziegler, John B ^a  

^a SYDNEY CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABACAVIR; ANTACID AGENT; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; COTRIMOXAZOLE; DAPSONE; DELAVIRDINE; DIDANOSINE; EFAVIRENZ; INDINAVIR; ISONIAZID; KETOCONAZOLE; LAMIVUDINE; LOPINAVIR; MACROLIDE; METRONIDAZOLE; NARCOTIC AGENT; NELFINAVIR; NEVIRAPINE; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; PYRROLE; RITONAVIR; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE INHIBITOR; SAQUINAVIR; STAVUDINE; ZALCITABINE; ZIDOVUDINE;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ANOREXIA; ASTHENIA; ATROPHY; BACKACHE; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; BLEEDING; BLOOD TOXICITY; BODY BUILD; BRAIN MALFORMATION; BRAIN STEM; CARDIOMYOPATHY; CHILL; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CONSTIPATION; COUGHING; CRYSTALLURIA; CUSHINGOID SYNDROME; DIARRHEA; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DYSESTHESIA; DYSPNEA; ECTOPIC PREGNANCY; ENERGY; FACE EDEMA; FATIGUE; FATTY LIVER; FEVER; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; HEADACHE; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART DILATATION; HEART HYPERTROPHY; HEART VENTRICLE SEPTUM DEFECT; HEMATOMA; HEMATURIA; HEPATITIS; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HYPERAMYLASEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERCORTISOLISM; HYPERNATREMIA; HYPEROSMOLAR COMA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; HYPOGLYCEMIA; HYPOKALEMIA; HYPONATREMIA; HYPOTENSION; INCREASED APPETITE; INFANT MORTALITY; INGROWN NAIL; INSOMNIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS; KIDNEY COLIC; KIDNEY TUBULE; LACTIC ACIDOSIS; LIPID METABOLISM; LIPODYSTROPHY; LIVER TOXICITY; LIVER TUMOR; LUNG TUMOR; MACROCYTIC ANEMIA; MALAISE; METABOLIC DISORDER; MITOCHONDRION; MOUTH ULCER; MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASE; MYOPATHY; NAIL DISEASE; NAUSEA; NEPHROLITHIASIS; NERVOUSNESS; NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION DISORDER; NEUTROPENIA; PANCREAS FUNCTION; PANCREAS PSEUDOCYST; PANCREATITIS; PARESTHESIA; PARONYCHIA; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; PHARYNGITIS; PIGMENT EPITHELIUM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUADRIPLEGIA; RASH; REVIEW; SEIZURE; SIDE EFFECT; SOMNOLENCE; STEVENS JOHNSON SYNDROME; SWEATING; TASTE; THROMBOCYTE DYSFUNCTION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; URIC ACID BLOOD LEVEL; VERTIGO; VOMITING;

EID: 0036440028     PISSN: 01145916     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00002018-200225140-00001     Document Type: Review

References (99)

1. Epidemiological Slide Set [Online]. Available from URL: http://www.unaids.org/barcelona/presskit/epigraphics/epicore_june2002.htm [Accessed 2002 Aug 22]
2. de Martino M, Tovo PA, Balducci M, et al. Reduction in mortality with availability of antiretroviral therapy for children with perinatal HIV-1 infection. Italian Register for HIV Infection in Children and the Italian National AIDS Registry. JAMA 2000; 284: 190-7
3. Mueller BU. Antiviral chemotherapy. Curr Opin Pediatr 1997; 9: 178-83
4. Pizzo PA, Wilfert C. Antiretroviral therapy for infection due to human immunodeficiency virus in children. Clin Infect Dis 1994: 19 (1): 177-96
5. Shepp DH, Ramirez-Ronda C, Dall L, et al. A comparative trial of zidovudine administered every four versus every twelve hours for the treatment of advanced HIV disease. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1997; 15: 283-8
6. Stretcher BN, Pesce AJ, Murray JA, et al. Concentrations of phosphorylated zidovudine (ZDV) in patient leukocytes do not correlate with ZDV dose or plasma concentrations. Ther Drug Monit 1991; 13: 325-31
7. Olivero OA, Anderson LM, Diwan BA, et al. Transplacental effects of 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (AZT): Tumorigenicity in mice and genotoxicity in mice and monkeys. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89: 1602-8
8. Mueller BU, Kline MW, Pizzo PA. Antiretroviral treatment. In: Pizzo PA, Wilfert CM, editors. Pediatric AIDS: The Challenge of HIV Infection in Infants, Children and Adolescents. 3rd Ed. Baltimore (MA): William & Wilkins, 1998: 463-86
9. Newell ML, Gibb DM. A risk-benefit assessment of zidovudine in the prevention of perinatal HIV transmission. Drug Saf 1995; 12 (4): 274-82
10. McKinney Jr RE, Maha MA, Connor EM, et al. A multicenter trial of oral zidovudine in children with advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease. The Protocol 043 Study Group. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 1018-25
11. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. Department of Health and Human Services and the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Ann Intern Med 1998; 128 (12 Pt 2): 1079-100
12. McKinney Jr RE, Pizzo PA, Scott GB, et al. Safety and tolerance of intermittent intravenous and oral zidovudine therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected pediatric patients. Pediatric Zidovudine Phase I Study Group. J Pediatr 1990; 116 (4): 640-7
13. Pizzo PA. Treatment of human immunodeficiency virus-infected infants and young children with dideoxynucleosides. Am J Med 1990; 88 (5B): 16S-19S
14. Brady MT, McGrath N, Brouwers P, et al. Randomized study of the tolerance and efficacy of high- versus low-dose zidovudine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children with mild to moderate symptoms (AIDS Clinical Trials Group 128). Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group. J Infect Dis 1996; 173 (5): 1097-106
15. Palasanthiran P, Ziegler JB, Kemp AS, et al. Zidovudine (AZT) therapy in children with HIV infection: The Australian experience. J Paediatr Child Health 1990; 26 (5): 257-62
16. Bozzette SA, Forthal D, Sattler FR, et al. The tolerance for zidovudine plus thrice weekly or daily trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole with and without leucovorin for primary prophylaxis in advanced HIV disease. California Collaborative Treatment Group. Am J Med 1995; 98 (2): 177-82
17. Connor EM, Sperling RS, Gelber R, et al. Reduction of maternal-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treatment. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 1173-80
18. Walter EB, Drucker RP, McKinney RE, et al. Myopathy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children receiving long-term zidovudine therapy. J Pediatr 1991; 119 (1 Pt 1): 152-5
19. Lipshultz SE, Orav EJ, Sanders SP, et al. Cardiac structure and function in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection treated with zidovudine. N Engl J Med 1992; 327 (18): 1260-5
20. Domanski MJ, Sloas MM, Follmann DA, et al. Effect of zidovudine and didanosine treatment on heart function in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Pediatr 1995; 127 (1): 137-46
21. McKinney Jr RE. Antiviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus infection in children. Pediatr Clin North Am 1991; 38 (1): 133-51
22. Steinherz LJ. Cardiomyopathy related to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in children [letter; comment]. J Pediatr 1996; 128 (5 Pt 1): 721
23. Blanche S, Tardieu M, Rustin P, et al. Persistent mitochondrial dysfunction and perinatal exposure to antiretroviral nucleoside analogues. Lancet 1999; 354 (9184): 1084-9
24. Scalfaro P, Chesaux JJ, Buchwalder PA, et al. Severe transient neonatal lactic acidosis during prophylactic zidovudine treatment. Intensive Care Med 1998; 24 (3): 247-50
25. Mann M, Piazza-Hepp T, Koller E, et al. Unusual distributions of body fat in AIDS patients: A review of adverse events reported to the Food and Drug Administration. AIDS Patient Care STDS 1999; 13 (5): 287-95
26. Balis FM, Pizzo PA, Eddy J, et al. Pharmacokinetics of zidovudine administered intravenously and orally in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Pediatr 1989; 114: 880-4
27. Balis FM, Pizzo PA, Murphy RF, et al. The pharmacokinetics of zidovudine administered by continuous infusion in children. Ann Intern Med 1989; 110: 279-85
28. Yarchoan R, Mitsuya H, Myers CE, et al. Clinical pharmacology of 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (zidovudine) and related dideoxynucleosides [published erratum appears in N Engl J Med 1990 Jan 25; 322 (4): 280]. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 726-38
29. Tosti A, Gaddoni G, Fanti PA, et al. Longitudinal melanonychia induced by 3′-azidodeoxythymidine: Report of 9 cases. Dermatologica 1990; 180: 217-20
30. Russo F, Collantes C, Guerrero J. Severe paronychia due to zidovudine-induced neutropenia in a neonate. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999; 40 (2 Pt 2): 322-4
31. Kline MW, Van Dyke RB, Lindsey JC, et al. A randomized comparative trial of stavudine (d4T) versus zidovudine (ZDV, AZT) in children with human immunodeficiency vires infection. AIDS Clinical Trials Group 240 Team. Pediatrics 1998; 101 (2): 214-20
32. Merrill DP, Moonis M, Chou TC, et al. Lamivudine or stavudine in two- and three-drug combinations against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in vitro. J Infect Dis 1996; 173: 355-64
33. Kline MW, Dunkle LM, Church JA, et al. A phase I/II evaluation of stavudine (d4T) in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pediatrics 1995; 96: 247-52
34. Browne MJ, Mayer KH, Chafee SB, et al. 2′,3′-didehydro-3′-deoxythymidine (d4T) in patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex: A phase I trial. J Infect Dis 1993; 167: 21-9
35. Miller KD, Cameron M, Wood LV, et al. Lactic acidosis and hepatic steatosis associated with use of stavudine: Report of four cases. Ann Intern Med 2000; 133 (3): 192-6
36. Moore KH, Shaw S, Laurent AL, et al. Lamivudine/zidovudine as a combined formulation tablet: Bioequivalence compared with lamivudine and zidovudine administered concurrently and the effect of food on absorption. J Clin Pharmacol 1999; 39 (6): 593-605
37. Johnson MA, Moore KH, Yuen GJ, et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics of lamivudine [review]. Clin Pharmacokinet 1999; 36 (1): 41-66
38. Lewis LL, Venzon D, Church J, et al. Lamivudine in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection: A phase I/II study. The National Cancer Institute Pediatric Branch - Human Immunodeficiency Virus Working Group. J Infect Dis 1996; 174 (1): 16-25
39. Sokal EM, Roberts EA, Mieli-Vergani G, et al. A dose ranging study of the pharmacokinetics, safety, and preliminary efficacy of lamivudine in children and adolescents with chronic hepatitis B. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44 (3): 590-7
40. Horneff G, Adams O, Wahn V. Pilot study of zidovudine-lamivudine combination therapy in vertically HIV-infected antiretroviral-naive children. AIDS 1998; 12 (5): 489-94
41. Mueller BU, Butler KM, Stocker VL, et al. Clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation of long-term therapy with didanosine in children with HIV infection. Pediatrics 1994; 94 (5): 724-31
42. Perry CM, Noble S. Didanosine: An updated review of its use in HIV infection [review]. Drugs 1999; 58 (6): 1099-135
43. Balis FM, Pizzo PA, Butler KM, et al. Clinical pharmacology of 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. J Infect Dis 1992; 165: 99-104
44. Butler KM, Husson RN, Balis FM, et al. Dideoxyinosine in children with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 137-44
45. Blanche S, Calvez T, Rouzioux C, et al. Randomized study of two doses of didanosine in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Pediatr 1993; 122: 966-73
46. Levin TL, Berdon WE, Tang HB, et al. Dideoxyinosine-induced pancreatitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Pediatr Radiol 1997; 27 (2): 189-91
47. Butler KM, Venzon D, Henry N, et al. Pancreatitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children receiving dideoxyinosine. Pediatrics 1993; 91 (4): 747-51
48. Kahn E, Anderson VM, Greco MA, et al. Pancreatic disorders in pediatric acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Hum Pathol 1995; 26 (7): 765-70
49. Lacaille F, Ortigao MB, Debre M, et al. Hepatic toxicity associated with 2′-3′ dideoxyinosine in children with AIDS. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1995; 20 (3): 287-90
50. Whitcup SM, Butler KM, Caruso R, et al. Retinal toxicity in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children treated with 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine. Am J Ophthalmol 1992; 113 (1): 1-7
51. Whitcup SM, Butler KM, Pizzo PA, et al. Retinal lesions in children treated with dideoxyinosine. N Engl J Med 1992; 326 (18): 1226-7
52. Brouillette MJ, Chouinard G, Lalonde R. Didanosine-induced mania in HIV infection [letter; comment]. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151 (12): 1839-40
53. Lipsky JJ. Zalcitabine and didanosine [review]. Lancet 1993; 341 (8836): 30-2
54. Kline MW, Van Dyke RB, Lindsey JC, et al. Combination therapy with stavudine (d4T) plus didanosine (ddI) in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. The Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group 327 Team. Pediatrics 1999; 103 (5): e62
55. Chadwick EG, Nazareno LA, Nieuwenhuis TJ, et al. Phase I evaluation of zalcitabine administered to human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. J Infect Dis 1995; 172: 1475-9
56. Bakshi SS, Britto P, Capparelli E, et al. Evaluation of pharmacokinetics, safety, tolerance, and activity of combination of zalcitabine and zidovudine in stable, zidovudine-treated pediatric patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 190 Team. J Infect Dis 1997; 175 (5): 1039-50
57. Pizzo PA, Butler K, Balis F, et al. Dideoxycytidine alone and in an alternating schedule with zidovudine in children with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Pediatr 1990; 117: 799-808
58. Spector SA, Blanchard S, Wara DW, et al. Comparative trial of two dosages of zalcitabine in zidovudine-experienced children with advanced human immunodefciency virus disease. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997; 16: 623-6
59. Delta Trial. Delta: A randomised double-blind controlled trial comparing combinations of zidovudine plus didanosine or zalcitabine with zidovudine alone in HIV-infected individuals. Delta Coordinating Committee. [published erratum appears in Lancet 1996 Sep 21; 348 (9030): 834]. Lancet 1996; 348 (9023): 283-91
60. Kline MW, Blanchard S, Fletcher CV, et al. A phase I study of abacavir (1592U89) alone and in combination with other antiretroviral agents in infants and children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. AIDS Clinical Trials Group 330 Team [letter; comment]. Pediatrics 1999; 103 (4): e47
61. Hervey PS, Perry CM. Abacavir: A review of its clinical potential in patients with HIV infection [in process citation]. Drugs 2000 Aug; 60 (2): 447-79
62. Hughes W, McDowell JA, Shenep J, et al. Safety and single-dose pharmacokinetics of abacavir (1592U89) in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43: 609-15
63. Wang LH, Chittick GE, McDowell JA. Single-dose pharmacokinetics and safety of abacavir (1592U89), zidovudine, and lamivudine administered alone and in combination in adults with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43 (7): 1708-15
64. Saez-Llorens X, Nelson RP, Emmanuel P, et al. A randomized, double-blind study of triple nucleoside therapy of abacavir, lamivudine, and zidovudine versus lamivudine and zidovudine in previously treated human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children. The CNAA3006 Study Team. Pediatrics 2001 Jan; 107 (1): E4
65. Paediatric European Network for Treatment of AIDS (PENTA). Comparison of dual nucleoside-analogue reverse-transcriptase inhibitor regimens with and without nelfinavir in children with HIV-1 who have not previously been treated: The PENTA 5 randomised trial. Lancet 2002; 359 (9308): 733-40
66. Hetherington S, McGuirk S, Powell G, et al. Hypersensitivity reactions during therapy with the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor abacavir. Clin Ther 2001; 23 (10): 1603-14
67. Mirochnick M, Fenton T, Gagnier P, et al. Pharmacokinetics of nevirapine in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected pregnant women and their neonates. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 250 Team. J Infect Dis 1998; 178 (2): 368-74
68. Temesgen Z, Wright AJ. Antiretrovirals. Mayo Clin Proc 1999; 74: 1284-301
69. Luzuriaga K, Bryson Y, McSherry G, et al. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and activity of nevirapine in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children. J Infect Dis 1996; 174: 713-21
70. Musoke P, Guay LA, Bagenda D, et al. A phase I/III study of the safety and pharmacokinetics of nevirapine in HIV-1-infected pregnant Ugandan women and their neonates (HIVNET 006). AIDS 1999; 13 (4): 479-86
71. Pollard RB, Robinson P, Dransfield K. Safety profile of nevirapine, a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection [review]. Clin Ther 1998; 20 (6): 1071-92
72. Bardsley-Elliot A, Perry CM. Nevirapine: A review of its use in the prevention and treatment of paediatric HIV infection. Paediatr Drugs 2000 Sep-Oct; 2 (5): 373-407
73. Starr SE, Fletcher CV, Spector SA, et al. Combination therapy with efavirenz, nelfinavir, and nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group 382 Team. N Engl J Med 1999; 341 (25): 1874-81
74. Thuret I, Michel G, Chambost H, et al. Combination antiretroviral therapy including ritonavir in children infected with human immunodeficiency. AIDS 1999: 13 (1): 81-7
75. Melvin AJ, Mohan KM, Arcuino LA, et al. Clinical, virologic and immunologic responses of children with advanced human immunodeficiency virus type 1 disease treated with protease inhibitors. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997; 16: 968-74
76. Mueller BU, Nelson Jr RP, Sleasman J, et al. A phase I/II study of the protease inhibitor ritonavir in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pediatrics 1998; 101 (3 Pt 1): 335-43
77. Dumon C, Solas C, Thuret I, et al. Relationship between efficacy, tolerance, and plasma drug concentration of ritonavir in children with advanced HIV infection [in process citation]. Ther Drug Monit 2000 Aug; 22 (4): 402-8
78. Hsu A, Granneman GR, Cao G, et al. Pharmacokinetic interaction between ritonavir and indinavir in healthy volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42 (11): 2784-91
79. Rutstein RM, Feingold A, Meislich D, et al. Protease inhibitor therapy in children with perinatally acquired HIV infection. AIDS 1997; 11: F107-11
80. Periard D, Telenti A, Sudre P, et al. Atherogenic dyslipidemia in HIV-infected individuals treated with protease inhibitors. The Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Circulation 1999; 100 (7): 700-5
81. Hagerty SL, Ascher DP. Spontaneous bleeding associated with the use of the protease inhibitor ritonavir in a hemophiliac patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998; 17 (10): 929-30
82. Mueller BU, Sleasman J, Nelson Jr RP, et al. A phase I/II study of the protease inhibitor indinavir in children with HIV infection. Pediatrics 1998; 102 (1 Pt 1): 101-9
83. van Rossum AM, Niesters HG, Geelen SP, et al. Clinical and virologic response to combination treatment with indinavir, zidovudine, and lamivudine in children with human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection: A multicenter study in the Netherlands. On behalf of the Dutch Study Group for Children with HIV-1 infections. J Pediatr 2000 Jun; 136 (6): 780-8
84. Gatti G, Vigano' A, Sala N, et al. Indinavir pharmacokinetics and parmacodynamics in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44 (3): 752-5
85. Fletcher CV, Brundage RC, Remmel RP, et al. Pharmacologic characteristics of indinavir, didanosine, and stavudine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children receiving combination therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44 (4): 1029-34
86. Ascher DP, Lucy MD. Indinavir sulfate renal toxicity in a pediatric hemophiliac with HIV infection. Ann Pharmacother 1997; 31 (10): 1146-9
87. Gajewski LK, Grimone AJ, Melbourne KM, et al. Characterization of rash with indinavir in a national patient cohort. Ann Pharmacother 1999; 33 (1): 17-21
88. Babl FE, Regan AM, Pelton SI. Abnormal body-fat distribution in HIV-1-infected children on antiretrovirals [letter]. Lancet 1999; 353 (9160): 1243-4
89. Pollmann H, Richter H, Jurgens H, Platelet dysfunction as the cause of spontaneous bleeding in two haemophilic patients taking HIV protease inhibitors [letter]. Thromb Haemost 1998; 79 (6): 1213-4
90. Racoosin JA, Kessler CM. Bleeding episodes in HIV-positive patients taking HIV protease inhibitors: A case series. Haemophilia 1999; 5: 266-9
91. Sass JO, Jakob-Solder B. Heitger A, et al. Paronychia with pyogenic granuloma in a child treated with indinavir: The retinoid-mediated side effect theory revisited. Dermatology 2000; 200 (1): 40-2
92. Jarvis B, Faulds D. Nelfinavir: A review of its therapeutic efficacy in HIV infection [review]. Drugs 1998; 56 (1): 147-67
93. Krogstad P, Wiznia A, Luzuriaga K, et al. Treatment of human immunodeficiency virus 1-infected infants and children with the protease inhibitor nelfinavir mesylate. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 28 (5): 1109-18
94. Moyle GJ, Youle M, Higgs C, et al. Safety, pharmacokinetics, and antiretroviral activity of the potent, specific human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor nelfinavir: Results of a phase I/II trial and extended follow-up in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Clin Pharmacol 1998; 38 (8): 736-43
95. Funk MB, Linde R, Wintergerst U, et al. Preliminary experiences with triple therapy including nelfinavir and two reverse transcriptase inhibitors in previously untreated HIV-infected children. AIDS 1999; 13 (13): 1653-8
96. Fortuny C, Vicente MA, Medina MM, et al. Rash as side-effect of nelfinavir in children [letter]. AIDS 2000; 14 (3): 335-6
97. Arpadi SM, Cuff PA, Horlick M, et al. Visceral obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and hypercortisolism in a boy with perinatally acquired HIV infection receiving protease inhibitor-containing antiviral treatment [letter]. AIDS 1999; 13 (16): 2312-3
98. Hurst M, Faulds D, Lopinavir. Drugs 2000; 60 (6): 1371-9
99. Saez-Llorens X, Renz C, Deetz C, et al. Kaletra (lopinavir/ritonavir) in HIV-infected children at 48 weeks [abstract 680]. Abstracts from the 8th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; 2001 Feb 4-8, Chicago (IL)