Gene polymorphism and coronary risk factors in Indian population

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine

Volumn 40, Issue 10, 2002, Pages 975-985

  Ashavaid, Tester F ^a   Shalia, Kavita K ^a   Kondkar, Altaf A ^a   Todur, Seema P ^a   Nair, Kappiareth G ^a   Nair, Sunita R ^a  

^a P D HINDUJA NATIONAL HOSPITAL   (India)

Author keywords

Atherosclerosis; Coronary heart disease; Genes; India; Mutations; Polymorphism

Indexed keywords

5,10 METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE (FADH2); ANGIOTENSIN II ANTAGONIST; APOLIPOPROTEIN B100; APOLIPOPROTEIN C3; APOLIPOPROTEIN E; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CHOLESTEROL ESTER TRANSFER PROTEIN; CYSTATHIONINE BETA SYNTHASE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; HOMOCYSTEINE; LIPID; LIPOPROTEIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR; METHIONINE SYNTHASE; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

ALLELE; ARTERY THROMBOSIS; ASIAN; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORONARY RISK; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; GENE DELETION; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; HEART FAILURE; HUMAN; HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; INDIA; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; POPULATION RESEARCH; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; GENETICS; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM;

CORONARY DISEASE; HUMANS; INDIA; LIPOPROTEINS; POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 0036431219     PISSN: 14346621     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1515/CCLM.2002.171     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Danaraj TJ, Acker MS, Danaraj W, Ong WH, Yam TB. Ethnic differences in coronary heart disease in Singapore: an analysis of necroscopy. Am Heart J 1959; 58:516-26.
2. Enas EA, Yusuf S, Mehta JL. Prevalence of coronary artery disease in Asian Indians. Am J Cardiol 1992; 70:445-9.
3. Jha P, Enas EA, Yusuf S. Coronary artery disease in Asian Indians: prevalence and risk factors. Asian Am Pac Islander J Health 1993; 1:161-75.
4. Hughes K, Lunc KC, Yeo PPB. Cardiovascular diseases in Chinese, Malays and Indians in Singapore. I. Differences in mortality. J Epidemiol Community Health 1990; 44:24-8.
5. Mammi MVJ, Pavithran K, Rahiman A, Pisharody R, Sugsthan K. Acute myocardial infarction in North Kerala, a 20 year hospital based study. Indian Heart J 1991; 43:93-6.
6. Cargill M, Altshuler D, Ireland J, Sklar P, Ardlie K, Patil N, et al. Characterization of single-single nucleotide polymorphisms in coding regions of human genes. Nat Genet 1996; 22:231-8.
7. Goldstein JL, Hobbs HH, Brown MS. Familial hypercholesterolemia In: Scriver CR, Beaud AL, Sly WS, Valle B, editors. The metabolic basis of inherited diseases, 7th ed. New York: McGraw Hill. 1995; 2:1981-2047.
8. Hobbs HH, Brown MS, Goldstein JL. Molecular genetics of the LDL receptor gene in familial hypercholesterolemia. Hum Mutat 1992; 1:445-66.
9. Aalto-Setala K, Helve E, Kovanen PT, Kontula K. A Finnish type of low-density lipoprotein receptor gene mutation (FH-Helsinki) deletes exons encoding the carboxy-terminal part of the receptor creates an internalization-defective phenotype. J Clin Invest 1989; 84:498-505.
10. Leitersdorf E, Tobin EJ, Davignon J, Hobbs HH. Common low-density lipoprotein receptor mutations in French Canadian population. J Clin Invest 1990; 85:1014-23.
11. Meiner V, Landsberger D, Berkman N. A common Lithuanian mutation causing familial hypercholesterolemia in Ashkenazi Jews. Am J Hum Genet 1991; 49:443-9.
12. Leitersdorf E, van der Westhuyzen DR, Coetzee GA, Hobbs HH. Two common low-density lipoprotein receptor mutations cause familial hypercholesterolemia in Afrikaners. J Clin Invest 1989; 84:954-61.
13. Lehrman MA, Schneider WJ, Brown MS, Davis CG, Elhanmer A, Russell DW, et al. The Lebanese allele at the low-density lipoprotein receptor locus. J Biol Chem 1987; 262:401-10.
14. Ashavaid TF, Altaf AK, Nair KG. Molecular basis of familial hypercholesterolemia: an Indian experience. Indian J Clin Biochem 2000; 15:11-9.
15. Kotze MJ, Loubser O, Thiart R, Nico J, de Villiers P, Langenhoven E, et al. CpG hotspot mutations at the LDL receptor locus is a frequent cause of familial hypercholesterolemia among South African Indians. Clin Genet 1997; 51:394-8.
16. Ashavaid TF, Kondkar AA, Nair KG. Identification of two LDL receptor mutations causing familial hypercholesterolemia in Indian subjects. J Clin Lab Anal 2000; 14:293-8.
17. Ashavaid TF, Kondkar AA, Nair KG. Identification of two LDL receptor mutations causing familial hypercholesterolemia in Indian subjects by a simplified heteroduplex analysis. Clin Chem 2000; 46:1183-5.
18. Ashavaid TF, Altaf AK, Nair KG. Identification of LDLR gene defect in FH family from India using combined HDX-SSCP analysis. AACC Mol Pathol Division Newsletter 2001; 13:3-4.
19. Webb TC, Sun X-M, McCarthy SN, Neuwirth C, Thompson GR, Knight BL, et al. Characterization of mutations in the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor gene in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, and frequency of these mutations in FH patients in the United Kingdom. J Lipid Res 1996; 37:368-81.
20. Innerarity TL, Mahley RW, Weisgraber KH, Bersot TP, Krauss KM, Vega GL, et al. Familial defective apoB-100; a mutation of apolipoprotein B that causes hypercholesterolemia. J Lipid Res 1990; 31:1337-49.
21. Defesche JC, Pricker KL, Hayden MR, van der Ende BE, Kastelein JJP. Familial defective apolipoprotein B-100 is clinically indistinguishable from familial hypercholesterolemia. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153:2349-56.
22. Pullinger CR, Hennessy LK, Chatterton JE, Liu W, Love JA, Mendel CM, et al. Familial ligand-defective apolipoprotein B: identification of a new mutation that decreased LDL receptor binding affinity. J Clin Invest 1995; 95:1225-34.
23. Choong ML, Koay KL, Khoo KL, Khaw MC, Sethi SK. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis screening of familial defective apolipoprotein B-100 in a mixed Asian cohort: two cases of Arg 3500 to Trp mutation associated with a unique haplotype. Clin Chem 1997; 43:916-23.
24. Ashavaid TF, Altaf AK, Nair KG. Absence of apolipoprotein B-100 gene mutations in Indians with primary hypercholesterolemia. AACC Mol Pathol Division Newsletter 2001; 13:2-3.
25. Pan J-P, Chiung AW, Tai JJ, Wang S-P, Chang M-S. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of apolipoprotein B gene in Chinese population with coronary heart disease. Clin Chem 1995; 41:424-9.
26. Siest G, Pillot T, Regis-Bailly A, Leininger-Müller B, Steinmetz J, Galteau MM, et al. Apolipoprotein E: an important gene and protein to follow in laboratory medicine. Clin Chem 1995; 41:1068-86.
27. Davignon J, Gregg RE, Sing CF. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis 1988; 8:1-21.
28. Hallman DM, Boerwinkle E, Saha N, Sandholzer C, Menzel HJ, Csazar A, et al. The apolipoprotein E polymorphism: a comparison of allele frequencies and effects in nine populations. Am J Hum Genet 1991; 49:338-49.
29. Wilson PWF, Myers RH, Larson MG, Ordovas JM, Wolf PA, Schaefer EJ. Apolipoprotein E alleles, dyslipidemia and coronary heart disease. The Framingham Offspring Study. J Am Med Assoc 1994; 272:1666-71.
30. Ehnholm C, Lukka M, Kuusi T, Nikkila E, Utermann G. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism in the Finnish population: gene frequencies and relation to lipoprotein concentrations. J Lipid Res 1986; 27:227-35.
31. Eto M, Watanabe K, Ishii K. Reciprocal effects of the apolipoprotein E alleles (ε2 and ε4) on plasma lipid levels in normolipemic subjects. Clin Genet 1986; 29:477-84.
32. Venkataramana P, Reddy PC. Effects of apolipoprotein E polymorphism on the lipid and lipoprotein levels related to risk for cardiovascular disease [abstract]. ICMR Bulletin 1998; 28:66-7.
33. Ashavaid TF, Todur SP, Nair KG. Apolipoprotein E4 polymorphism as risk factor for coronary heart disease among Indian subjects. Indian J Clin Biochem 2002; 17:83-93.
34. Enas EA, Davidson MA, Garg A, Nair VM, Yusuf S. Prevalence of coronary heart disease and its risk factors in Asian Indian immigrants to the United States. International Symposium on Atherosclerosis 1991 Oct 6-11, Rosemont, IL, USA.
35. Fielding CJ, Havel RJ. Cholesterol ester transfer protein: friend or foe? [editorial]. J Clin Invest 1996; 97:2687-8.
36. Drayna D, Lawn R. Multiple RFLPs at the human cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) locus. Nucl Acids Res 1987; 11:4698.
37. Kuivenhoven JA, de Knijff P. JMA Boer, Smalheer HA, Botma Gert-Jan, Jaap C, et al. Heterogeneity at the CETP gene locus. Influence on plasma CETP concentration and HDL-cholesterol levels. Arterioscer Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17:560-8.
38. Kuivenhoven JA, Jukema JW, Zwinderman AH, de Knijff P, McPherson R, Bruschke AVG, et al. The role of a common variant of the cholesterol ester transfer protein gene in the progression of coronary atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med 1998; 338:86-93.
39. Ordovas JM, Cupples LA, Corella D, Otvos JD, Osgood D, Martinez A, et al. Association of cholesterol ester transfer protein-Taq1B polymorphism with variations in lipoprotein subclasses and coronary heart disease. The Framingham Heart Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20:1323-9.
40. Gudnason V, Kakko S, Nicaud V, Savolainen MJ, Kesaniemi YA, Thavanainen E, et al. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene effect on CETP activity and plasma high-density lipoprotein in European populations. The EARS group. Eur J Clin Invest 1999; 29:116-28.
41. Song GJ, Han GH, Chae JJ, Namkoong Y, Lee HK, Park YB, et al. The effect of the cholesterol ester transfer protein gene and environmental factors on the plasma high-density lipoprotein levels in the Korean population. Mol Cells 1997; 31:615-9.
42. Corella D, Saiz C, Guillen M, Portoles O, Mulet F, Gonzalez J, et al. Association of Taq1B polymorphism in the cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) gene with plasma lipid levels in a healthy Spanish population. Atherosclerosis 2000; 152:367-76.
43. Ashavaid TF, Shalia KK, Altaf AK, Raghvan R, Nair KG. Taq1B polymorphism of cholesterol ester transfer protein and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in Indian population. AACC Mol Pathol Division Newsletter, 2001; 13:2-3.
44. Mendis S, Shepherd J, Packard CJ, Gaffney D. Genetic variation in the cholesterol ester transfer protein and apolipoprotein A-1 genes and its relation to coronary heart disease in a Sri Lankan population. Atherosclerosis 1990; 83:21-7.
45. Karathanasis SK. Apolipoprotein multigene family: tandem organization of human apolipoprotein AI, CIII and AIV genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985; 82:6374-78.
46. Ito Y, Azrolan NO', Connell A, Wash A, Breslow JL. Hypertriglyceridemia as a result of human apolipoprotein CIII gene expression in transgenic mice. Science 1990; 249:790-3.
47. Chen M, Breslow JL, Li W, Leff T. Transcriptional regulation of the apoCIII gene by insulin in diabetic mice. Correlation with change in plasma triglyceride levels. J Lipid Res 1994; 35:1918-24.
48. Li WW, Dammerman MM, Smith JD, Metzger J, Breslow JL, Leff T. Common genetic variation in the promoter of the human apo CIII gene abolishes regulation by insulin and may contribute to hypertriglyceridemia. J Clin Invest 1995; 96:2601-5.
49. Shoulders CC, Harry PJ, Lagrost L, White SE, Shah NF, North JD, et al. Variation at the A1/CIII/AIV gene complex is associated with elevated plasma levels of apo CIII. Atherosclerosis 1991; 87:239-47.
50. Surguchov AP, Page GP, Smith L, Patsch W, Boerwinkel E. Polymorphic markers in apolipoprotein CIII gene flanking regions and hypertriglyceridemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996; 16:941-7.
51. Hegele RA, Connelly PW, Hanley AJG, Sun F, Harris SB, Zinman B. Common genomic variation in the apolipoprotein CIII promoter associated with variation in plasma lipoproteins. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17: 2753-8.
52. Waterworth DM, Talmud PJ, Bujac SR, Fisher RM, Miller GJ, Humphries SE. Contribution of apolipoprotein CIII gene variants to determination of triglyceride levels and interaction with smoking in middle-aged men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20:2663-9.
53. Miller M, Rhyne J, Khatta M, Parekh H, Zoller K. Prevalence of the apoC3 promoter polymorphisms T-455 C and C-482T in Asian Indians. Am J Cardiol 2001; 87:220-1.
54. Waterworth DM, Talmud PJ, Humphries SE, Wicks PD, Sagnella GA, Strazzullo P, et al. Variable effects of the APOC3-482C>T variant on insulin, glucose and triglyceride concentrations in different ethnic groups. Diabetologia 2001; 44:245-8.
55. Pfieffer MA, Braunwald E, Moye LA, Basta L, Brown EJ Junior, Cuddy TE, et al. Effect of captoril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1992; 327:669-77.
56. Yusuf S, Pepine CJ, Graces C, Pouleur H, Salem D, Kostis J, Effect of enalapril on myocardial infarction and unstable angina in patients with low ejection fractions. Lancet 1992; 340:1173-8.
57. Gokhale T, Unger T. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. In: Swales JD, editor. Textbook of hypertension. Oxford, London: Blackwell Scientific Publication 1994: 1115-27.
58. Burnier M, Warber B, Brunner HR. Renin inhibitors, angiotensin II antagonists and neural endopeptidase inhibitors. In: Swales JD, editor. Textbook of hypertension. Oxford, London: Blackwell Scientific Publication 1994:1128-41.
59. Cambien F, Poirier O, Lecerf L, Evans A, Cambou Jean-Pierre P, Arveiler D, et al. Deletion polymorphism in the gene for angiotensin-converting enzyme is a potent risk factor for myocardial infarction. Nature 1992; 359:641-4.
60. Rigat B, Hubert C, Alhenc-Gelas F, Cambien F, Corvol P, Soubrier F. An insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene accounting for half the variance of serum enzyme levels. J Clin Invest 1990; 86:1343-6.
61. Ashavaid TF, Shalia KK, Nair KG, Dalal JJ. Genes of renin angiotensin system and coronary heart disease. Ind J Clin Biochem 2000; 15:1-10.
62. Joseph A, Nair KG, Ashavaid TF. Angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism in coronary artery disease: the Indian scenario. Clin Chem Lab Med 1998; 36:621-4.
63. Ashavaid TF, Shalia KK, Nair KG, Dalai JJ. ACE and AT1R gene polymorphism and hypertension in Indian population. J Clin Lab Anal 2000; 14:230-7.
64. Saha N, Talmud PJ, Tay JS, Humphries SE, Basair J. Lack of association of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion polymorphism with CAD in two Asian population. Clin Genet 1996; 50:121-5.
65. Nakai K, Itoh C, Miura Y, Hotta K, Musha T, Itoh T. Deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin-I converting enzyme gene is associated with serum ACE concentration and increased risk for coronary artery disease in the Japanese. Circulation 1994; 90:2199-202.
66. Bonnardeaux A, Davies E, Jeunemaitre X, Fery I, Charru A, Clauser E. Angiotensin II type I receptor gene polymorphisms in human essential hypertension. Hypertension 1994; 24:63-9.
67. Tiret L, Bonnardeaux A, Poirier O, Ricard S, Marques-Vidal P, Evans A, et al. Synergistic effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin II type I receptor gene polymorphisms on risk of myocardial infarction. Lancet 1994; 344:910-3.
68. Nair KG, Ashavaid TF, Shalia KK, Dalal JJ. Angiotensin II type I receptor A/C1166 gene polymorphism and coronary artery disease [abstract]. Ind Heart J 1999; 51:601.
69. Fernadez-Arcas N, Dieguez-Lucena JL, Munoz-Moran E, Ruiz-Galdon M, Espinosa-Caliani S, Aranda-Lara P, et al. The genotype interactions of methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase and renin angiotensin system genes are associated with myocardial infarction. Atherosclerosis 1999; 145:293-300.
70. Gainer JV, Hunley TE, Kon V, Nadeau JH, Muldowney JA 3rd, Brown NJ. Angiotensin II type I receptor polymorphism in African Americans lower frequency of the C1166 variant. Biochem and Mol Biol Int 1997; 43:227-31.
71. Jeunemaitre X, Florent S, Kotelevtser YV, Liffon RP, Williams CS, Charu A, et al. Molecular basis of human hypertension: role of angiotensinogen. Cell 1992; 71:169-80.
72. Ashavaid TF, Shalia KK, Nair KG, Dalal JJ. M23T and T174M variants of angiotensinogen gene, coronary heart disease and hypertension in Indian population [abstract]. Clin Chem 2001; 47:2081.
73. Morise T, Takeuchi Y, Takeda R. Rapid detection and prevalence of the variants of the angiotensinogen gene in patients with essential hypertension. J Intern Med 1995; 237:175-80.
74. Ichihara S, Yokota M, Fujimura T, Kato S, Hirayama H, Tsunekawa A, et al. Lack of association between variants of the angiotensinogen gene and the risk of coronary artery disease in middle aged Japanese men. Am Heart J 1997; 134:260-5.
75. Niu T, Chen C, Yang J, Wang B, Wang Z, Schork N, et al. Blood pressure and theT174M and M235T polymorphisms of the angiotensinogen gene. Ann Epidemiol 1999; 9:245-53.
76. Bloem LJ, Manatunga AK, Tewksbury DA, Pratt JH. The serum angiotensinogen concentration and variants of the angiotensinogen gene in white and black children. J Clin Inv 1995; 95:948-53.
77. Winkelmann BR, Russ AP, Nauck M, Klein B, Bohm BO, Maier, et al. Angiotensinogen M235T polymorphism is associated with plasma angiotensinogen and cardiovascular disease. Am Heart J 1999; 137:698-705.
78. Rutledge DR, Browe CS, Kubilis PS, Ross EA. Analysis of two variants of the angiotensinogen gene in essential hypertensive African-Americans. Am J Hypertens 1994; 7:651-4.
79. Rodriguez-Perez Jose C, Rodriguez-Esparragon F, Hernandez-Perera O, Aranzazu RN, Losada A, Medina A, et al. Association of angiotensinogen M235T and A(-6)G gene polymorphisms with coronary heart disease with independence of essential hypertension: The PROCAGENE Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 37:1536-42.
80. McCully KS. Vascular pathology of homocysteinemia: implications for the pahogenesis of arteriosclerosis. Am J Pathol 1969; 56:111-28.
81. Wilcken DEL, Wilcken B. The pathogenesis of coronary artery disease. a possible role for methionine metabolism. J Clin Invest 1976; 37:1079-82.
82. Nygard O, Nordehaug JD, Refusm H, Veiand PM, Farstad M, Vollet SE. Plasma homocysteine levels and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 1997; 337:230-6.
83. Murphy-Chutorian DR, Wexman MP, Grieco AJ, Heininger JA, Glassman E, Gaull GE, et al. Methionine intolerance: a possible risk factor for coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985; 6:725-30.
84. Nair KG, Nair SR, Ashavaid TF, Dalal JJ, Eghlim FF. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene mutation and hyperhomocysteinemia as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in the Indian population. J Assoc Phys Ind 2002; 50:9-15.
85. Nair KG, Ashavaid TF, Nair SR, Eghlim FF. The genetic basis of hyperhomocysteinemia. Ind Heart J 2000; 52: Suppl:16-7.
86. Kang SS, Wong P, Susmano A, Sora J, Norusis M, Ruggie N. Thermolabile methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase an inherited risk factor for coronary artery disease. Am J Hum Genet 1991; 48:536-45.
87. Frosst P, Blom HJ, Milos R Goyette P, Sheppard CA, Matthews RG, et al. A candidate genetic risk factor for vascular disease, a common mutation in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. Nat Genet 1995; 10:111-3.
88. Boers GHJ, Smals AGH, Trijbels FJM, Bakkeren JAJM, Schoonderwalt HC, Kleijer WJ, et al. Heterozygosity for homocysteinuria in premature peripheral and cerebral occlusive arterial disease. N Engl J Med 1985; 313:709-15.
89. Botto LD, Yang Q. 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and congenital anomalies: A HuGE review. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 151:862-77.
90. Klujitmans LAJ, Kastelein JJP, Lindermans J, Boers GH, Heil SG, Bruschke AVG, et al. Thermolabile methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase in coronary artery disease. Circulation 1997; 96:2573-7.
91. Morita H, Taguchi J, Kurihara H, Kitaoka M, Kaneda H, Kurihara Y, et al. Genetic polymorphism of 5,10-methylenetetrahyrofolate reductase (MTHFR) as a risk factor for coronary artery disease. Circulation 1997; 95:2032-6.
92. Lievers KJ, Boers GH, Verhoef P, den Heijer M, Kluijtmans LA, van der Put NM, et al. A second common variant in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene and its relationship to MTHFR enzyme activity, homocysteine and cardiovascular disease risk. J Mol Med 2001; 79:522-8.
93. Hanson NQ, Aras O, Yang F, Tsai MY. C677T and A1298C polymorphisms of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene: incidence and effect of combined genotypes on plasma fasting and post methionine load homocysteine in vascular disease. Clin Chem 2001; 47:661-6.
94. Mudd SH, Skovby F, Levy HL, Pettigrew KID, Wilcken B, Pyeritz RE, et al. The natural history of homocystinuria due to cystathionine β-synthase deficiency. Am J Hum Genetics 1985; 37:1-31.
95. Tsai MY. Bignell M, Schwichtenberg K, Hanson NQ. High prevalence of a mutation in the cystathionine beta synthase gene. Am J Hum Genet 1996; 59:1262-7.
96. Folsom AR, Nieto FJ, McGoven PG, Tsai MY, Malinow MR, Eckfeldt JH, et al. Prospective study of coronary heart disease incidence in relation to fasting total homocysteine related genetic polymorphism and B vitamins: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Circulation 1998; 98:204-10.
97. Wang XL, Cai H, Cranney G, Wilkken DEL. The frequency of a common mutation of the methionine synthase gene in the Australian population and its relation to smoking and coronary artery disease. J Cardiovasc Risk 1998; 5:289-95.
98. Morita H, Kurihara H, Sugiyama T, Hamada C, Kurihara Y, Shinoto T, et al. Polymorphism of the methionine synthase gene, association with homocysteine metabolism and late-onset of vascular disease in the Japanese population. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19:298-302.
99. Tsai MY, Welge BG, Hanson NQ, Bignell MK, Vessey J, Schwichtenberg KK, et al. Genetic causes of mild hyperhomocysteinemia in patients with premature occlusive coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 1999; 143:163-70.
100. Tsai MY, Bignell M, Yang F, Welge BG, Graham KJ, Hanson NQ. Polygenic influence on plasma homocysteine: association of two prevalent mutations, the 844ins68 of cystathionine β synthase and A2756G of methionine synthase and lowered plasma homocysteine levels. Atherosclerosis 2000; 149:133-7.