The significance of magnesium in cardiovascular disease;Die bedeutung von magnesium bei kardiovaskulären erkrankungen

Journal fur Kardiologie

Volumn 9, Issue 9, 2002, Pages 389-395

  Stühlinger, H Georg ^a  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENT; MAGNESIUM; POTASSIUM;

ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK; BRADYCARDIA; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; DIGITALIS INTOXICATION; EXTRASYSTOLE; FLUSHING; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART VENTRICLE FIBRILLATION; HEART VENTRICLE TACHYCARDIA; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; KIDNEY FAILURE; MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY; MUSCLE HYPOTONIA; MYASTHENIA; PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD; REVIEW; SHOCK; SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; TORSADE DES POINTES;

EID: 0036419333     PISSN: 10240098     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (91)

1. Boyd LJ, Scherf D. Magnesium sulfate in paroxysmal tachycardia. Am J Med Sci 1943; 206: 43-8.
2. Szekely P. The action of magnesium on the heart. Br Heart J 1946; 8: 115-24.
3. Zwillinger L. Über die magnesiumwirkung auf das herz. Klin Wochenschr 1935; 14: 1429-33.
4. DiCarlo LA Jr, Morady F, de Buitleir M, Krol RB, Schurig L, Annesley TM. Effects of magnesium sulfate on cardiac conduction and refractoriness in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986; 7: 1356-62.
5. Kulick DL, Hong R, Ryzen E, Rude RK, Rubin JN, Elkayam U, Rahimtoola SH, Bhandari AK. Electrophysiologic effects of intravenous magnesium in patients with normal conduction systems and no clinical evidence of significant cardiac disease. Am Heart J 1988; 115: 367-73.
6. Stark G, Stark U, Tritthart HA. Modulation of cardiac impulse generation and conduction by nifedipine and verapamil analyzed by a refined surface ECG technique in Langendorff perfused guinea pig hearts. Basic Res Cardiol 1988; 83: 202-12.
7. Askar AO, Mustafa SJ. Role of magnesium for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Magnesium 2000; 2: 17-25.
8. Rasmussen HS, Larsen OG, Meier K, Larsen J. Hemodynamic effects of intravenously administered magnesium on patients with ischemic heart disease. Clin Cardiol 1988; 11: 824-8.
9. Shechter M, Kaplinsky E, Rabinowitz B. The rationale of magnesium supplementation in acute myocardial infarction. A review of the literature. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152: 2189-96.
10. Rosolova H, Mayer D Jr, Reaven G. Effect of variations in plasma magnesium concentration on resistance to insulin-mediated glucose disposal in nondiabetic subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 3783-5.
11. Shechter M, Sharir M, Labrador MJ, Forrester J, Silver B, Bairey Merz CN. Oral magnesium therapy improves endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 2000; 102: 2353-8.
12. Shechter M, Bairey Merz CN, Stuehlinger HG, Sharir M, Matezki S, Pachinger O, Slany J. Dral magnesium supplementation improves exercise duration and quality of life in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 37: 149.
13. Ryzen E, Wagers PW, Singer FR, Rude RK. Magnesium deficiency in a medical ICU population. Crit Care Med 1985; 13: 19-21.
14. Wong ET, Rude RK, Singer FR, Shaw ST Jr. A high prevalence of hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia in hospitalized patients. Am J Clin Pathol 1983; 79: 348-52.
15. Perticone F, Adinolfi L, Bonaduce D. Efficacy of magnesium sulfate in the treatment of torsade de pointes. Am Heart J 1986; 112: 847-9.
16. Smith WM, Gallagher JJ. "Les torsades de pointes": An unusual ventricular arrhythmia. Ann Intern Med 1980; 93: 578-84.
17. Soffer J, Dreifus LS, Michelson EL. Polymorphous ventricular tachycardia associated with normal and long Q-T intervals. Am J Cardiol 1982; 49: 2021-9.
18. Kaseda S, Gilmour RF Jr, Zipes DP. Depressant effect of magnesium on early afterdepolarizations and triggered activity induced by cesium, quinidine, and 4-aminopyridine in canine cardiac Purkinje fibers. Am Heart J 1989; 118: 458-66.
19. Tzivoni D, Banai S, Schuger C, Benhorin J, Keren A, Gottlieb S, Stern S. Treatment of torsade de pointes with magnesium sulfate. Circulation 1988; 77: 392-7.
20. Tzivoni D, Keren A, Cohen AM, Loebel H, Zahavi I, Chenzbraun A, Stern S. Magnesium therapy for torsades de pointes. Am J Cardiol 1984; 53: 528-30.
21. Arnold DJ. Intravenous magnesium for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Aust N Z J Med 2000; 30: 54-60.
22. Luderitz B, Manz M. The value of magnesium in intensive care medicine. Z Kardiol 1994; 83 (Suppl 6): 121-6.
23. Stuehlinger HG, Kiss K, Smetana R. Significance of magnesium in cardiac arrhythmias. Wien Med Wochenschr 2000; 150: 330-4.
24. Stuehlinger HG. The wider use of magnesium. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 713-4.
25. Zehender M. Magnesium as an anti-arrhythmic therapy principle in supraventricutar and ventricular cardiac arrhythmias. Z Kardiol 1996; 85 (Suppl 6): 135-45.
26. Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Part 6: Advanced cardiovascular life support: Section 5: Pharmacology I: Agents for arrhythmias. The American Heart Association in collaboration with the International Liaison Committee on Re-suscitation. Circulation 2000; 102: 1112-28.
27. Iseri LT, Allen BJ, Ginkel ML, Brodsky MA. Ionic biology and ionic medicine in cardiac arrhythmias with particular reference to magnesium. Am Heart J 1992; 123: 1404-9.
28. Tzivoni D, Keren A. Suppression of ventricular arrhythmias by magnesium. Am J Cardiol 1990; 65: 1397-9.
29. Ghani MF, Smith JR. The effectiveness of magnesium chloride in the treatment of ventricular tachyarrhythmias due to digitalis intoxication. Am Heart J 1974; 88: 621-6.
30. Cohen L, Kitzes R. Magnesium sulfate and digitalis-toxic arrhythmias. JAMA 1983; 249: 2808-10.
31. French JH, Thomas RG, Siskind AP, Brodsky M, Iseri LT. Magnesium therapy in massive digoxin intoxication. Ann Emerg Med 1984; 13: 562-6.
32. Keren A, Tzivoni D. Magnesium therapy in ventricular arrhythmias. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1990; 13: 937-45.
33. Kinlay S, Buckley NA. Magnesium sulfate in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias due to digoxin toxicity. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1995; 33: 55-9.
34. Iseri LT, Fairshter RD, Hardemann JL, Brodsky MA. Magnesium and potassium therapy in multifocal atrial tachycardia. Am Heart J 1985; 110: 789-94.
35. Iseri LT. Magnesium and cardiac arrhythmias. Magnesium 1986; 5: 111-26.
36. England MR, Gordon G, Salem M, Chernow B. Magnesium administration and dysrhythmias after cardiac surgery. A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial. JAMA 1992; 268: 2395-402.
37. Jensen BM, Alstrup P, Klitgard NA. Magnesium substitution and postoperative arrhythmias in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Scand Cardiovasc J 1997; 31: 265-9.
38. Parikka H, Toivonen L, Verkkala K, Jarvinen A. Nieminen MS. Ventricular arrhythmia suppression by magnesium treatment after coronary artery bypass surgery. Int J Angiol 1999; 8: 165-70.
39. Speziale G, Ruvolo G, Fattouch K, Macrina F. Tonelli E, Donnetti M, Marino B. Arrhythmia prophylaxis after coronary artery bypass grafting: Regimens of magnesium sulfate administration. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000; 48: 22-6.
40. Mletzko R, Jung W, Manz M, Kamradt T, Vogel F, Luderitz B. Arrhythmogenic effect of flecainide-treatment with i.v. magnesium. Z Kardiol 1989; 78: 602-6.
41. Knudsen K, Abrahamsson J. Magnesium sulphate in the treatment of ventricular fibrillation in amitriptyline poisoning. Eur Heart J 1997; 18: 881 -2.
42. Krahenbuhl S, Sauter B, Kupferschmidt H, Krause M, Wyss PA, Meier PJ. Case report: Reversible QT prolongation with torsades de pointes in a patient with pimozide intoxication. Am J Med Sci 1995; 309: 315-6.
43. Rao KA, Adlakha A, Verma-Ansil B, Meloy TD, Stanton MS. Torsades de pointes ventricular tachycardia associated with overdose of astemizole. Mayo Clin Proc 1994; 69: 589-93.
44. Baraka A, Ayoub C, Kawkabani N: Magnesium therapy for refractory ventricular fibrillation. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2000; 14: 196-9.
45. Tobey RC, Birnbaum GA, Allegra JR, Horowitz MS, Plosay JJ III. Successful resuscitation and neurologic recovery from refractory ventricular fibrillation after magnesium sulfate administration. Ann Emerg Med 1992; 21: 92-6.
46. Allen BJ, Brodsky MA, Capparelli EV, Luckett CR, Iseri LT. Magnesium sulfate therapy for sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol 1989; 64: 1202-4.
47. Brooks R, McGovern BA, Brussel T. Limited effectiveness of magnesium infusions for suppressing inducible sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. Circulation 1992; 2: 659.
48. Hilton TC, Fredman C, Holt DJ, Bjerregaard P, Ira GH Jr, Janosik DL. Electrophysiologic and antiarrhythmic effects of magnesium in patients with inducible ventricular tachyarrhythmia. Clin Cardiol 1992; 15: 176-80.
49. North NE, Crandall BG, Halperin BD, Kron J, McAnulty JH. A double blind randomized trial of magnesium sulfate for ventricular tachycardia. Circulation 1993; 88: 2401.
50. Manz M, Jung W, Tebbenjohanns J, Pfeiffer D, May F, Lüderitz B. Magnesium: Einfluβ einer hochdosierten intravenösen applikation auf monomorphe ventrikuläre tachykardien. Z Kardiol 1994; 83: 124.
51. Wesley RC Jr, Haines DE, Lerman BB, DiMarco JP, Crampton RS. Effect of intravenous magnesium sulfate on supraventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol 1989; 63: 1129-31.
52. Sager PT, Widerhorn J, Petersen R, Leon C, Ryzen E, Rude R, Rahimtoola SH, Bhandari AK. Prospective evaluation of parenteral magnesium sulfate in the treatment of patients with reentrant AV supraventricular tachycardia. Am Heart J 1990; 119: 308-16.
53. Viskin S, Belhassen B, Sheps D, Laniado S. Clinical and electrophysiologic effects of magnesium sulfate on paroxysmal supraven-tricular tachycardia and comparison with adenosine triphosphate. Am J Cardiol 1992; 70: 879-85.
54. Fazekas T, Scherlag BJ, Vos M, Wellens HJ, Lazzara R. Magnesium and the heart: Antiarrhythmic therapy with magnesium. Clin Cardiol 1993; 16: 768-74.
55. Zehender M, Meinertz T. Just H. Magnesium deficiency and magnesium substitution. Effect on ventricular cardiac arrhythmias of various etiology. Herz 1997; 22 (Suppl 1): 56-62.
56. Gottlieb SS, Baruch L, Kukin ML, Bernstein JL, Fisher ML, Packer M. Prognostic importance of the serum magnesium concentration in patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990; 16: 827-31.
57. Gottlieb SS, Fisher ML, Krichten C, Patten RD, Pressel MD, Brackett J. Is oral magnesium replacement antiarrhythmic in patients with congestive heart failure? J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 21: 366A.
58. Gottlieb SS, Fisher ML, Pressel MD, Patten RD, Weinberg M, Greenberg N. Effects of intravenous magnesium sulfate on arrhythmias in patients with congestive heart failure. Am Heart J 1993; 125: 1645-50.
59. Eichhorn EJ, Tandon PK, DiBianco R, Timmis GC, Fenster PE, Shannon J, Packer M. Clinical and prognostic significance of serum magnesium concentration in patients with severe chronic congestive heart failure: The PROMISE Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 21: 634-40.
60. Ceremuzynski L, Gebalska J, Wolk R, Makowska E. Hypomagnesemia in heart failure with ventricular arrhythmias. Beneficial effects of magnesium supplementation. J Intern Med 2000; 247: 78-86.
61. Sueta CA, Clarke SW, Dunlap SH, Jensen L, Blauwet MB, Koch G, Patterson JH, Adams KF Jr. Effect of acute magnesium administration on the frequency of ventricular arrhythmia in patients with heart failure. Circulation 1994; 89: 660-6.
62. Dyckner T, Wester PO. Potassium/magnesium depletion in patients with cardiovascular disease. Am J Med 1987; 82: 11-17.
63. Dyckner T, Wester PO. Ventricular extrasystoles and intracellular electrolytes before and after potassium and magnesium infusions in patients on diuretic treatment. Am Heart J 1979; 97: 12-8.
64. DeCarli C, Sprouse G, LaRosa JC. Serum magnesium levels in symptomatic atrial fibrillation and their relation to rhythm control by intravenous digoxin. Am J Cardiol 1986; 57: 956-9.
65. Brodsky MA, Orlov MV, Capparelli EV, Allen BJ, Iseri LT, Ginkel M, Orlov YS. Magnesium therapy in new-onset atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 1994; 73: 1227-9.
66. Gullestad L, Birkeland K, Molstad P, Hoyer MM, Vanberg P, Kjekshus J. The effect of magnesium versus verapamil on supraventricular arrhythmias. Clin Cardiol 1993; 16: 429-34.
67. Moran JL, Gallagher J, Peake SL, Cunningham ON, Salagaras M, Leppard P. Parenteral magnesium sulfate versus amiodarone in the therapy of atrial tachyarrhythmias: A prospective, randomized study. Crit Care Med 1995; 23: 1816-24.
68. Hays JV, Gilman JK, Rubal BJ. Effect of magnesium sulfate on ventricular rate control in atrial fibrillation. Ann Emerg Med 1994; 24: 61-4.
69. Craddock L, Miller B, Clifton G, Krumbach B, Pluss W. Resuscitation from prolonged cardiac arrest with high-dose intravenous magnesium sulfate. J Emerg Med 1991; 9: 469-76.
70. Fatovich DM, Prentice DA, Dobb GJ. Magnesium in cardiac arrest (the magic trial). Resuscitation 1997; 35: 237-41.
71. Thel MC, Armstrong AL, McNulty SE, Califf RM, O'Connor CM. Randomised trial of magnesium in in-hospital cardiac arrest. Duke Internal Medicine Housestaff. Lancet 1997: 350: 1272-6.
72. Toivonen LK, Leinonen H, Limited effect of magnesium sulphate on torsades de pointes ventricular tachycardia. Int J Cardiol 1986; 12: 260-2.
73. Holzgartner H, Maier E, Vierling W. High-dosage oral magnesium therapy in arrhythmias. Results of an observational study in 1.160 patients with arrhythmia. Fortschr Med 1990; 108: 539-42.
74. Lewis RV, Tregaskis B, McLay J, Service E, McDevitt DG. Oral magnesium reduces ventricular ectopy in digitalised patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1990; 38: 107-10.
75. Feyertag J, Laimer H, Herglotz P, Douglas T, Böttcher E, Ekmekcioglu C, Marktl W. Die wirkung einer oralen magnesiumsupplementation auf ventrikuläre arrhythmien und parameter des magnesiumstoffwechsels. Mag Bull 1995: 17: 86-90.
76. Zehender M, Meinertz T, Faber T. Caspary A, Jeron A, Bremm K, Just H. Antiarrhythmic effects of increasing the daily intake of magnesium and potassium in patients with frequent ventricular arrhythmias. Magnesium in Cardiac Arrhythmias (MAGICA) Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 29: 1028-34.
77. Frick M, Darpo B, Ostergren J, Rosenqvist M. The effect of oral magnesium, alone or as an adjuvant to sotalol, after cardioversion in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2000; 21: 1177-85.
78. Anderson TW, Neri LC, Schreiber GB, Talbot FD, Zdrojewski A. Letter: Ischemic heart disease, water hardness and myocardial magnesium. Can Med Assoc J 1975; 113: 199-203.
79. Chipperfield B, Chipperfield JR. Heartmuscle magnesium, potassium, and zinc concentrations after sudden death from heart-disease. Lancet 1973; 2: 293-6.
80. Lichton IJ. Dietary intake levels and requirements of Mg and Ca for different segments of the US population. Magnesium 1989; 8: 117-23.
81. Peterson DR, Thompson DJ, Nam JM. Water hardness, arteriosclerotic heart disease and sudden death. Am J Epidemiol 1970; 92: 90-3.
82. Shaper AG. Soft water, heart attacks, and stroke. JAMA 1974; 230: 130-1.
83. Johnson CJ, Peterson DR, Smith EK. Myocardial tissue concentrations of magnesium and potassium in men dying suddenly from ischemic heart disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1979; 32: 967-70.
84. Liao F, Folsom AR, Brancati FL. Is low magnesium concentration a risk factor for coronary heart disease? The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Am Heart J 1998; 136: 480-90.
85. Shechter M, Merz CN, Rude RK, Paul Labrador MJ, Meisel SR, Shah PK, Kaul S. Low intracellular magnesium levels promote platelet-dependent thrombosis in patients with coronary artery disease. Am Heart J 2000; 140: 212-8.
86. Shechter M, Merz CN, Paul-Labrador M, Meisel SR, Rude RK, Molloy MD, Dwyer JH, Shah PK, Kaul S. Oral magnesium supplementation inhibits platelet-dependent thrombosis in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1999; 84: 152-6.
87. Shechter M, Paul-Labrador MJ, Rude RK, Bairey Merz CN. Intracellular magnesium predicts functional capacity in patients with coronary artery disease. Cardiology 1998; 90: 168-72.
88. French JK, Hyde TA, Patel H, Amos DJ, McLaughlin SC, Webber BJ, White HD. Survival 12 years after randomization to streptokinase: The influence of thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow at three to four weeks. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 34: 62-9.
89. Shechter M, Kaplinsky E, Rabinowitz B. Review of clinical evidence - Is there a role for supplemental magnesium in acute myocardial infarction in high-risk populations (patients ineligible for thrombolysis and the elderly)? Coron Artery Dis 1996; 7: 352-8.
90. Iseri LT, French JH: Magnesium: Nature's physiologic calcium blocker. Am Heart J 1984; 108: 188-93.
91. Paolisso G, Scheen A, D'Onofrio F, Lefebvre P. Magnesium and glucose homeostasis. Diabetologia 1990; 33: 511-4.