CAG repeat length in the androgen receptor gene and gonadotrophin suppression influence the effectiveness of hormonal male contraception

Clinical Endocrinology

Volumn 57, Issue 5, 2002, Pages 647-655

  Eckardstein, Sigrid V ^a   Schmidt, Anja ^a   Kamischke, Axel ^a   Simoni, Manuela ^a   Gromoll, Jörg ^a   Nieschlag, Eberhard ^a  

^a INST OF REPRO MED OF THE UNIV   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANDROGEN; ANDROGEN RECEPTOR; FOLLITROPIN; GONADOTROPIN; LEVONORGESTREL; LUTEINIZING HORMONE; MALE CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; METHYLESTRENOLONE; NORETHISTERONE ACETATE; NORETHISTERONE ENANTATE; TESTOSTERONE; TESTOSTERONE UNDECANOATE;

ADULT; ARTICLE; AZOOSPERMIA; CAUCASIAN; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; FOLLITROPIN BLOOD LEVEL; GENE SEQUENCE; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION; HUMAN; LUTEINIZING HORMONE BLOOD LEVEL; MALE; MULTICENTER STUDY; NORMAL HUMAN; POLYMORPHIC LOCUS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SPERMATOGENESIS; SPERMATOZOON DENSITY;

ADULT; CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION; CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE; CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL, HORMONAL; DEPRESSION, CHEMICAL; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR ALPHA; GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY; HUMANS; MALE; ODDS RATIO; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC; RECEPTORS, ANDROGEN; RECEPTORS, ESTROGEN; RECEPTORS, FSH; REPETITIVE SEQUENCES, NUCLEIC ACID; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SPERM COUNT; SPERMATOGENESIS; STATISTICS, NONPARAMETRIC;

EID: 0036419178     PISSN: 03000664     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2002.01652.x     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Anderson, R.A., Wallace, A.M. & Wu, F.C. (1997) Comparison between testosterone enanthate-induced azoospermia and oligozoospermia in a male contraceptive study. III. Localization of higher 5 alpha-reductase activity to the reproductive tract in oligozoospermic men administered supraphysiological doses of testosterone. Journal of Andrology, 18, 366-371.
2. Behre, H.M., Baus, S., Kliesch, S., Keck, C., Simoni, M. & Nieschlag, E. (1995) Potential of testosterone buciclate for male contraception: Endocrine differences between responders and non-responders. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 80, 2394-2403.
3. Behre, H.M., Yeung, C.H., Holstein, A.F., Weinbauer, G.F., Gassner, P. & Nieschlag, E. (2000) Diagnosis of infertility and hypogonadism. In Andrology: Male Reproductive Health and Dysfunction (eds E. Nieschlag & H. M. Behre), pp. 89-124, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin, New York.
4. Büchter, D., von Eckardstein, S., von Eckardstein, A., Kamischke, A., Simoni, M., Behre, H.M. & Nieschlag, E. (1999) Clinical trial of transdermal testosterone and oral levonorgestrel for male contraception. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 84, 1244-1249.
5. von Eckardstein, S., Nieschlag, E., Croxatto, H., Noe, G., Brache, V., Alvarez, F., Moo-Young, A. & Sundaram, K. (2001a) 7α-methyl-19-nortestosterone (MENT™) implants for male contraception: A dose-finding study. Abstract. VIIth International Congress of Andrology, Montreal, Canada, 2001. Journal of Andrology, 22S, 116.
6. von Eckardstein, S., Syska, A., Gromoll, J., Kamischke, A., Simoni, M. & Nieschlag, E. (2001b) Inverse correlation between sperm concentration and number of androgen receptor CAG repeats in normal men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 86, 2585-2590.
7. Edwards, A., Hammond, H.A., Jin, L., Caskey, C.T. & Chakraborty, R. (1992) Genetic variation at five trimeric and tetrameric tandem repeat loci in four human population groups. Genomics, 12, 241-253.
8. El-Hefnawy, T. & Huhtaniemi, I. (1999) Progesterone and testicular function. Ageing Male, 2, 240-245.
9. Evans, W.E. & Relling, M.V. (1999) Pharmacogenomics: Translating functional genomics into rational therapeutics. Science, 286, 487-491.
10. Handelsman, D.J., Conway, A.J., Howe, C.J., Turner, L. & Mackey, M.A. (1996) Establishing the minimum effective dose and additive effects of depot progestin in suppression of human spermatogenesis by a testosterone depot. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 81, 4113-4121.
11. Handelsman, D.J., Farley, T.M., Peregoudov, A. & Waites, G.M. (1995) Factors in nonuniform induction of azoospermia by testosterone enanthate in normal men. WHO Task Force on Methods for the regulation of Male Fertility. Fertility and Sterility, 63, 125-133.
12. Hiort, O., Holterhus, P.M., Horter, T., Schulze, W., Kremke, B., Bals-Pratsch, M., Sinnecker, G.H.G. & Kruse, K. (2000) Significance of mutations in the androgen receptor gene in males with idiopathic infertility. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 85, 2810-2815.
13. Johnson, L., Barnard, J.J., Rodriguez, L., Smith, E.C., Swerdloff, R.S., Wang, X.H. & Wang, C. (1998) Ethnic differences in testicular structure and spermatogenic potential may predispose testes of Asian men to a heightened sensitivity to steroidal contraceptives. Journal of Andrology, 19, 348-357.
14. Kamischke, A., Heuermann, T., Krüger, K., von Eckardstein, S. & Nieschlag, E. (2002) Injectable testosterone undecanoate (TU) with oral or injectable norethisterone (NET) preparations for male contraception. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 87, 530-539.
15. Kamischke, A., Plöger, D., Venherm, S., von Eckardstein, S., von Eckardstein, A. & Nieschlag, E. (2000) Intramuscular testosterone undecanoate with or without oral levonorgestrel: A randomized placebo controlled clinical trial for male contraception. Clinical Endocrinology, 53, 43-52.
16. Kamischke, A., Venherm, S., Plöger, D., von Eckardstein, S. & Nieschlag, E. (2001) Intramuscular testosterone undecanoate and norethisterone enanthate in a clinical trial for male contraception. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 86, 303-309.
17. Martin, C.W., Riley, S.C., Everington, D., Groome, N.P., Riemersma, R.A., Baird, D.T. & Anderson, R.A. (2000) Dose-finding study of oral desogestrel with testosterone pellets for suppression of the pituitary testicular axis. Human Reproduction, 15, 1515-1524.
18. Nieschlag, E. & Behre, H.M. (1996) Hormonal male contraception: Suppression of spermatogenesis with GnRH antagonists and testosterone. In Treatment with GnRH Antagonists: Controversies and Perspectives (eds M. Filicori & C. Flamingi), pp. 243-248. Parthenon Press, London.
19. O'Donnell, L., Narula, A., Balourdos, G., Gu, Y.Q., Wreford, N.G., Robertson, D.M., Bremner, W.J. & McLachlan, R.I. (2001) Impairment of spermatogonial development and spermiation after testosterone-induced gonadotropin suppression in adult monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 86, 1814-1822.
20. Perez Mayorga, M.J., Gromoll, J., Behre, H.M., Gassner, C., Nieschlag, E. & Simoni, M. (2000) Ovarian response to FSH stimulation depends on FSH receptor genotype. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 85, 3365-3369.
21. Quigley, C.A. (1998) The androgen receptor: Physiology and pathophysiology. In Testosterone: Action, Deficiency, Substitution (eds E. Nieschlag & H. M. Behre), pp. 33-106, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin, New York.
22. Roodi, N., Bailey, L.R., Kao, W.Y., Verrier, C.S., Yee, C.J., Dupont, W.D. & Parl, F.F. (1995) Estrogen receptor gene analysis in estrogen receptor-positive and receptor-negative primary breast cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 87, 446-452.
23. Sar, M., Lubahn, D.B., French, F.S. & Wilson, E.M. (1990) Immunohistochemical localization of the androgen receptor in rat and human tissues. Endocrinology, 127, 3180-3186.
24. Shimohata, T., Nakajima, T., Yamada, M., Uchida, C., Onodera, O., Naruse, S., Kimura, T., Koide, R., Nozaki, K., Sano, Y., Ishiguro, H., Sakoe, K., Ooshima, T., Sato, A., Ikeuchi, T., Oyake, M., Sato, T., Aoyagi, Y., Hozumi, I., Nagatsu, T., Takiyama, Y., Nishizawa, M., Goto, J., Kanazawa, I., Davidson, I., Tanese, N., Takahashi, H. & Tsuji, S. (2000) Expanded polyglutamine stretches interact with TAFII130, interfering with CREB-dependent transcription. Nature Genetics, 26, 29-36.
25. Vermeulen, A., Verdonck, L. & Kaufman, J.M. (1999) A critical evaluation of simple methods for the estimation of free testosterone in serum. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 84, 3666-3672.
26. Wallace, A.M., Gow, S.M. & Wu, F.C. (1993) Testosterone enanthate-induced azoospermia and oligozoospermia in a male contraceptive study. I: Plasma luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, testosterone, estradiol and inhibin concentrations. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 77, 290-293.
27. Wang, C., Berman, N.G., Der Veldhuis, J.D.T., McDonald, V., Steiner, B. & Swerdloff, R.S. (1998) Graded testosterone infusions distinguish gonadotropin negative-feedback responsiveness in Asian and white men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 83, 870-876.
28. Weinbauer, G.F. & Nieschlag, E. (1996) The Leydig cell and male contraception. In The Leydig Cell (eds A. H. Payne, M. P. Hardy & C. D. Russell), pp. 630-662. Cache River Press, Clearwater.
29. WHO (1992) WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination of Human Semen and Sperm-Cervical Mucus Interaction, 4th Edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
30. WHO Task Force on Methods for the regulation of Male Fertility (1990) Contraceptive efficacy of testosterone induced azoospermia in normal men. Lancet, 336, 955-959.
31. WHO Task Force on Methods for the regulation of Male Fertility (1996) Contraceptive efficacy of testosterone induced azoospermia and oligozoospermia in normal men. Fertility and Sterility, 65, 821-829.
32. Yu, B. & Handelsman, D.J. (2001) Pharmacogenetic polymorphisms of the androgen receptor and metabolism and susceptibility to hormone-induced azoospermia. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 86, 4406-4411.
33. Zhang, G.Y., Gu, Y.Q., Wang, X.H., Cui, Y.G. & Bremner, W.J. (1999) A clinical trial of injectable testosterone undecanoate as a potential male contraceptive in normal Chinese men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 84, 3642-3647.
34. Zhengwei, Y., Wreford, N.G., Royce, P., de Kretser, D.M. & McLachlan, R.I. (1998) The stereological evaluation of human spermatogenesis after suppression by testosterone treatment: Heterogeneous pattern of spermatogenic impairment. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 83, 1284-1291.