Accelerating invasion rate in a highly invaded estuary

Science

Volumn 279, Issue 5350, 1998, Pages 555-558

  Cohen, Andrew N ^a   Carlton, James T ^b  

^a SAN FRANCISCO ESTUARY INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b Williams Mystic   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL INVASION; DISTURBANCE; ESTUARINE ECOSYSTEM; HUMAN IMPACT;

ARTICLE; ECOSYSTEM; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ESTUARY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SPECIES DIFFERENTIATION;

USA, CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO BAY;

CELLULAR ORGANISMS;

EID: 0032559206     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.279.5350.555     Document Type: Article

References (68)

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2. L. Walford and R. Wicklund, FAO Fisheries Tech. Pap. 121 (1973); R. L. Welcomme, FAO Fisheries Tech. Pap. 213 (1981); W. R. Courtenay Jr., D. A. Hensley, J. N. Taylor, J. A. McCann, in The Zoogeography of North American Fishes, C. H. Hocutt and E. O. Wiley, Eds. (Wiley, New York, 1986), pp. 675-698; J. T. Carlton, Conserv. Biol. 3, 265 (1989).
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13. Two species met this latter criterion, both deliberately introduced: the signal crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus, and the muskrat, Ondatra zibethicus.
14. J. T. Carlton, Ecology 77, 1653 (1996).
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18. H. W. Graham and H. Gay, Ecology 26, 375 (1945); F. P. Filice, Wasmann J. Biol. 16, 159 (1959); F. A. Aldrich, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 113, 21 (1961); M. T. Vassallo, Veliger 11, 223 (1969); Madrone Associates, The Natural Resources of Napa Marsh (California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, CA, 1977); F. H. Nichols, in Ecology of Marine Benthos, B. C. Coull, Ed. (Univ. of South Carolina Press, Columbia, SC, 1977), pp. 339-357; C. A. Siegfried, M. E. Kopache, A. W. Knight, Estuaries 3, 296 (1980); F. H. Nichols and J. K. Thompson, Hydrobiologia 129, 121 (1985); Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 24, 83 (1985); C. Markmann, Tech. Rep. 12 (Interagency Ecological Studies Program for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary, California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento, CA, 1986); B. Herbold and P. B. Moyle, Biological Rep. 85(7.22) (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, 1989); L. Meng, P. B. Moyle, B. Herbold, Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 123, 498 (1994); Z. Hymanson, D. Mayer, J. Steinbeck, Tech. Rep. 38 (Interagency Ecological Program for the San Francisco Bay/Delta Estuary, California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento, CA, 1994); L. Hess and D. Baty, unpublished data.
19. H. W. Graham and H. Gay, Ecology 26, 375 (1945); F. P. Filice, Wasmann J. Biol. 16, 159 (1959); F. A. Aldrich, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 113, 21 (1961); M. T. Vassallo, Veliger 11, 223 (1969); Madrone Associates, The Natural Resources of Napa Marsh (California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, CA, 1977); F. H. Nichols, in Ecology of Marine Benthos, B. C. Coull, Ed. (Univ. of South Carolina Press, Columbia, SC, 1977), pp. 339-357; C. A. Siegfried, M. E. Kopache, A. W. Knight, Estuaries 3, 296 (1980); F. H. Nichols and J. K. Thompson, Hydrobiologia 129, 121 (1985); Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 24, 83 (1985); C. Markmann, Tech. Rep. 12 (Interagency Ecological Studies Program for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary, California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento, CA, 1986); B. Herbold and P. B. Moyle, Biological Rep. 85(7.22) (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, 1989); L. Meng, P. B. Moyle, B. Herbold, Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 123, 498 (1994); Z. Hymanson, D. Mayer, J. Steinbeck, Tech. Rep. 38 (Interagency Ecological Program for the San Francisco Bay/Delta Estuary, California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento, CA, 1994); L. Hess and D. Baty, unpublished data.
20. H. W. Graham and H. Gay, Ecology 26, 375 (1945); F. P. Filice, Wasmann J. Biol. 16, 159 (1959); F. A. Aldrich, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 113, 21 (1961); M. T. Vassallo, Veliger 11, 223 (1969); Madrone Associates, The Natural Resources of Napa Marsh (California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, CA, 1977); F. H. Nichols, in Ecology of Marine Benthos, B. C. Coull, Ed. (Univ. of South Carolina Press, Columbia, SC, 1977), pp. 339-357; C. A. Siegfried, M. E. Kopache, A. W. Knight, Estuaries 3, 296 (1980); F. H. Nichols and J. K. Thompson, Hydrobiologia 129, 121 (1985); Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 24, 83 (1985); C. Markmann, Tech. Rep. 12 (Interagency Ecological Studies Program for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary, California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento, CA, 1986); B. Herbold and P. B. Moyle, Biological Rep. 85(7.22) (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, 1989); L. Meng, P. B. Moyle, B. Herbold, Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 123, 498 (1994); Z. Hymanson, D. Mayer, J. Steinbeck, Tech. Rep. 38 (Interagency Ecological Program for the San Francisco Bay/Delta Estuary, California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento, CA, 1994); L. Hess and D. Baty, unpublished data.
21. H. W. Graham and H. Gay, Ecology 26, 375 (1945); F. P. Filice, Wasmann J. Biol. 16, 159 (1959); F. A. Aldrich, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 113, 21 (1961); M. T. Vassallo, Veliger 11, 223 (1969); Madrone Associates, The Natural Resources of Napa Marsh (California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, CA, 1977); F. H. Nichols, in Ecology of Marine Benthos, B. C. Coull, Ed. (Univ. of South Carolina Press, Columbia, SC, 1977), pp. 339-357; C. A. Siegfried, M. E. Kopache, A. W. Knight, Estuaries 3, 296 (1980); F. H. Nichols and J. K. Thompson, Hydrobiologia 129, 121 (1985); Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 24, 83 (1985); C. Markmann, Tech. Rep. 12 (Interagency Ecological Studies Program for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary, California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento, CA, 1986); B. Herbold and P. B. Moyle, Biological Rep. 85(7.22) (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, 1989); L. Meng, P. B. Moyle, B. Herbold, Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 123, 498 (1994); Z. Hymanson, D. Mayer, J. Steinbeck, Tech. Rep. 38 (Interagency Ecological Program for the San Francisco Bay/Delta Estuary, California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento, CA, 1994); L. Hess and D. Baty, unpublished data.
22. H. W. Graham and H. Gay, Ecology 26, 375 (1945); F. P. Filice, Wasmann J. Biol. 16, 159 (1959); F. A. Aldrich, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 113, 21 (1961); M. T. Vassallo, Veliger 11, 223 (1969); Madrone Associates, The Natural Resources of Napa Marsh (California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, CA, 1977); F. H. Nichols, in Ecology of Marine Benthos, B. C. Coull, Ed. (Univ. of South Carolina Press, Columbia, SC, 1977), pp. 339-357; C. A. Siegfried, M. E. Kopache, A. W. Knight, Estuaries 3, 296 (1980); F. H. Nichols and J. K. Thompson, Hydrobiologia 129, 121 (1985); Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 24, 83 (1985); C. Markmann, Tech. Rep. 12 (Interagency Ecological Studies Program for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary, California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento, CA, 1986); B. Herbold and P. B. Moyle, Biological Rep. 85(7.22) (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, 1989); L. Meng, P. B. Moyle, B. Herbold, Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 123, 498 (1994); Z. Hymanson, D. Mayer, J. Steinbeck, Tech. Rep. 38 (Interagency Ecological Program for the San Francisco Bay/Delta Estuary, California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento, CA, 1994); L. Hess and D. Baty, unpublished data.
23. H. W. Graham and H. Gay, Ecology 26, 375 (1945); F. P. Filice, Wasmann J. Biol. 16, 159 (1959); F. A. Aldrich, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 113, 21 (1961); M. T. Vassallo, Veliger 11, 223 (1969); Madrone Associates, The Natural Resources of Napa Marsh (California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, CA, 1977); F. H. Nichols, in Ecology of Marine Benthos, B. C. Coull, Ed. (Univ. of South Carolina Press, Columbia, SC, 1977), pp. 339-357; C. A. Siegfried, M. E. Kopache, A. W. Knight, Estuaries 3, 296 (1980); F. H. Nichols and J. K. Thompson, Hydrobiologia 129, 121 (1985); Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 24, 83 (1985); C. Markmann, Tech. Rep. 12 (Interagency Ecological Studies Program for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary, California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento, CA, 1986); B. Herbold and P. B. Moyle, Biological Rep. 85(7.22) (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, 1989); L. Meng, P. B. Moyle, B. Herbold, Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 123, 498 (1994); Z. Hymanson, D. Mayer, J. Steinbeck, Tech. Rep. 38 (Interagency Ecological Program for the San Francisco Bay/Delta Estuary, California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento, CA, 1994); L. Hess and D. Baty, unpublished data.
24. H. W. Graham and H. Gay, Ecology 26, 375 (1945); F. P. Filice, Wasmann J. Biol. 16, 159 (1959); F. A. Aldrich, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 113, 21 (1961); M. T. Vassallo, Veliger 11, 223 (1969); Madrone Associates, The Natural Resources of Napa Marsh (California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, CA, 1977); F. H. Nichols, in Ecology of Marine Benthos, B. C. Coull, Ed. (Univ. of South Carolina Press, Columbia, SC, 1977), pp. 339-357; C. A. Siegfried, M. E. Kopache, A. W. Knight, Estuaries 3, 296 (1980); F. H. Nichols and J. K. Thompson, Hydrobiologia 129, 121 (1985); Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 24, 83 (1985); C. Markmann, Tech. Rep. 12 (Interagency Ecological Studies Program for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary, California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento, CA, 1986); B. Herbold and P. B. Moyle, Biological Rep. 85(7.22) (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, 1989); L. Meng, P. B. Moyle, B. Herbold, Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 123, 498 (1994); Z. Hymanson, D. Mayer, J. Steinbeck, Tech. Rep. 38 (Interagency Ecological Program for the San Francisco Bay/Delta Estuary, California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento, CA, 1994); L. Hess and D. Baty, unpublished data.
25. H. W. Graham and H. Gay, Ecology 26, 375 (1945); F. P. Filice, Wasmann J. Biol. 16, 159 (1959); F. A. Aldrich, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 113, 21 (1961); M. T. Vassallo, Veliger 11, 223 (1969); Madrone Associates, The Natural Resources of Napa Marsh (California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, CA, 1977); F. H. Nichols, in Ecology of Marine Benthos, B. C. Coull, Ed. (Univ. of South Carolina Press, Columbia, SC, 1977), pp. 339-357; C. A. Siegfried, M. E. Kopache, A. W. Knight, Estuaries 3, 296 (1980); F. H. Nichols and J. K. Thompson, Hydrobiologia 129, 121 (1985); Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 24, 83 (1985); C. Markmann, Tech. Rep. 12 (Interagency Ecological Studies Program for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary, California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento, CA, 1986); B. Herbold and P. B. Moyle, Biological Rep. 85(7.22) (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, 1989); L. Meng, P. B. Moyle, B. Herbold, Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 123, 498 (1994); Z. Hymanson, D. Mayer, J. Steinbeck, Tech. Rep. 38 (Interagency Ecological Program for the San Francisco Bay/Delta Estuary, California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento, CA, 1994); L. Hess and D. Baty, unpublished data.
26. H. W. Graham and H. Gay, Ecology 26, 375 (1945); F. P. Filice, Wasmann J. Biol. 16, 159 (1959); F. A. Aldrich, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 113, 21 (1961); M. T. Vassallo, Veliger 11, 223 (1969); Madrone Associates, The Natural Resources of Napa Marsh (California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, CA, 1977); F. H. Nichols, in Ecology of Marine Benthos, B. C. Coull, Ed. (Univ. of South Carolina Press, Columbia, SC, 1977), pp. 339-357; C. A. Siegfried, M. E. Kopache, A. W. Knight, Estuaries 3, 296 (1980); F. H. Nichols and J. K. Thompson, Hydrobiologia 129, 121 (1985); Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 24, 83 (1985); C. Markmann, Tech. Rep. 12 (Interagency Ecological Studies Program for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary, California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento, CA, 1986); B. Herbold and P. B. Moyle, Biological Rep. 85(7.22) (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, 1989); L. Meng, P. B. Moyle, B. Herbold, Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 123, 498 (1994); Z. Hymanson, D. Mayer, J. Steinbeck, Tech. Rep. 38 (Interagency Ecological Program for the San Francisco Bay/Delta Estuary, California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento, CA, 1994); L. Hess and D. Baty, unpublished data.
27. H. W. Graham and H. Gay, Ecology 26, 375 (1945); F. P. Filice, Wasmann J. Biol. 16, 159 (1959); F. A. Aldrich, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 113, 21 (1961); M. T. Vassallo, Veliger 11, 223 (1969); Madrone Associates, The Natural Resources of Napa Marsh (California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, CA, 1977); F. H. Nichols, in Ecology of Marine Benthos, B. C. Coull, Ed. (Univ. of South Carolina Press, Columbia, SC, 1977), pp. 339-357; C. A. Siegfried, M. E. Kopache, A. W. Knight, Estuaries 3, 296 (1980); F. H. Nichols and J. K. Thompson, Hydrobiologia 129, 121 (1985); Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 24, 83 (1985); C. Markmann, Tech. Rep. 12 (Interagency Ecological Studies Program for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary, California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento, CA, 1986); B. Herbold and P. B. Moyle, Biological Rep. 85(7.22) (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, 1989); L. Meng, P. B. Moyle, B. Herbold, Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 123, 498 (1994); Z. Hymanson, D. Mayer, J. Steinbeck, Tech. Rep. 38 (Interagency Ecological Program for the San Francisco Bay/Delta Estuary, California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento, CA, 1994); L. Hess and D. Baty, unpublished data.
28. H. W. Graham and H. Gay, Ecology 26, 375 (1945); F. P. Filice, Wasmann J. Biol. 16, 159 (1959); F. A. Aldrich, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 113, 21 (1961); M. T. Vassallo, Veliger 11, 223 (1969); Madrone Associates, The Natural Resources of Napa Marsh (California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, CA, 1977); F. H. Nichols, in Ecology of Marine Benthos, B. C. Coull, Ed. (Univ. of South Carolina Press, Columbia, SC, 1977), pp. 339-357; C. A. Siegfried, M. E. Kopache, A. W. Knight, Estuaries 3, 296 (1980); F. H. Nichols and J. K. Thompson, Hydrobiologia 129, 121 (1985); Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 24, 83 (1985); C. Markmann, Tech. Rep. 12 (Interagency Ecological Studies Program for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary, California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento, CA, 1986); B. Herbold and P. B. Moyle, Biological Rep. 85(7.22) (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, 1989); L. Meng, P. B. Moyle, B. Herbold, Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 123, 498 (1994); Z. Hymanson, D. Mayer, J. Steinbeck, Tech. Rep. 38 (Interagency Ecological Program for the San Francisco Bay/Delta Estuary, California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento, CA, 1994); L. Hess and D. Baty, unpublished data.
29. H. W. Graham and H. Gay, Ecology 26, 375 (1945); F. P. Filice, Wasmann J. Biol. 16, 159 (1959); F. A. Aldrich, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 113, 21 (1961); M. T. Vassallo, Veliger 11, 223 (1969); Madrone Associates, The Natural Resources of Napa Marsh (California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, CA, 1977); F. H. Nichols, in Ecology of Marine Benthos, B. C. Coull, Ed. (Univ. of South Carolina Press, Columbia, SC, 1977), pp. 339-357; C. A. Siegfried, M. E. Kopache, A. W. Knight, Estuaries 3, 296 (1980); F. H. Nichols and J. K. Thompson, Hydrobiologia 129, 121 (1985); Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 24, 83 (1985); C. Markmann, Tech. Rep. 12 (Interagency Ecological Studies Program for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary, California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento, CA, 1986); B. Herbold and P. B. Moyle, Biological Rep. 85(7.22) (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, 1989); L. Meng, P. B. Moyle, B. Herbold, Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 123, 498 (1994); Z. Hymanson, D. Mayer, J. Steinbeck, Tech. Rep. 38 (Interagency Ecological Program for the San Francisco Bay/Delta Estuary, California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento, CA, 1994); L. Hess and D. Baty, unpublished data.
30. A. H. Arthington and D. S. Mitchell, in Ecology of Biological Invasions, R. H. Groves and J. J. Burdon, Eds. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1986), pp. 34-53; M. N. Bruton and J. van As, in The Ecology and Management of Biological Invasions in Southern Africa, I. A. W. MacDonald, F. J. Kruger, A. A. Ferrar, Eds. (Oxford Univ. Press, Cape Town, 1986), pp. 47-62; P. A. Hutchings, J. T. Van der Velde, S. J. Keable, Occas. Rep. Aust. Mus. Sydney no. 3 (1987), p. 1; D. A. Pollard and P. A. Hutchings, Asian Fish. Sci. (Manila) 3, 205 (1990); ibid., p. 223; A. H. Arthington, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48 (suppl. 1), 33 (1991); E. L. Mills, J. H. Leach, J. T. Carlton, C. L. Secor, J. Great Lakes Res. 19, 1 (1993); K. Jansson, Rep. 4357 (Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Stockholm, 1994); C. F. Boudouresque, in Introduced Species in European Coastal Waters, C. F. Boudouresque, F. Briand, C. Nolan, Eds. (European Commission, Luxembourg, 1994), pp. 8-27; D. M. Furlani, Tech. Rep. 5 (Division of Fisheries, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Hobart, Australia, 1996); J. A. McCann, L. N. Arkin, J. D. Williams, Nonindigenous Aquatic and Selected Terrestrial Species of Florida (National Biological Service, Gainesville, FL, 1996); N. C. Eno, Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosystems 6, 215 (1996); M. Waldichuk, P. Lambert, B. Smiley, in Biodiversity in British Columbia: Our Changing Environment, L. Harding and E. McCullum, Eds. (Environment Canada, Ministry of Supply and Services, Ottawa, Ontario, 1996), pp. 220-223; E. L. Mills, D. L. Strayer, M. D. Scheuerell, J. T. Carlton, Estuaries 19, 814 (1996); J. T. Carlton and M. H. Ruckelshaus, in Strangers in Paradise: Impact and Management of Non-Indigenous Species in Florida, D. Simberloff, D. C. Schmitz, T. C. Brown, Eds. (Island, Washington, DC, 1997), pp. 187-201; Y. Zaitsev and V. Mamaev, Marine Biological Diversity in the Black Sea (United Nations, New York, 1997).
31. A. H. Arthington and D. S. Mitchell, in Ecology of Biological Invasions, R. H. Groves and J. J. Burdon, Eds. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1986), pp. 34-53; M. N. Bruton and J. van As, in The Ecology and Management of Biological Invasions in Southern Africa, I. A. W. MacDonald, F. J. Kruger, A. A. Ferrar, Eds. (Oxford Univ. Press, Cape Town, 1986), pp. 47-62; P. A. Hutchings, J. T. Van der Velde, S. J. Keable, Occas. Rep. Aust. Mus. Sydney no. 3 (1987), p. 1; D. A. Pollard and P. A. Hutchings, Asian Fish. Sci. (Manila) 3, 205 (1990); ibid., p. 223; A. H. Arthington, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48 (suppl. 1), 33 (1991); E. L. Mills, J. H. Leach, J. T. Carlton, C. L. Secor, J. Great Lakes Res. 19, 1 (1993); K. Jansson, Rep. 4357 (Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Stockholm, 1994); C. F. Boudouresque, in Introduced Species in European Coastal Waters, C. F. Boudouresque, F. Briand, C. Nolan, Eds. (European Commission, Luxembourg, 1994), pp. 8-27; D. M. Furlani, Tech. Rep. 5 (Division of Fisheries, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Hobart, Australia, 1996); J. A. McCann, L. N. Arkin, J. D. Williams, Nonindigenous Aquatic and Selected Terrestrial Species of Florida (National Biological Service, Gainesville, FL, 1996); N. C. Eno, Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosystems 6, 215 (1996); M. Waldichuk, P. Lambert, B. Smiley, in Biodiversity in British Columbia: Our Changing Environment, L. Harding and E. McCullum, Eds. (Environment Canada, Ministry of Supply and Services, Ottawa, Ontario, 1996), pp. 220-223; E. L. Mills, D. L. Strayer, M. D. Scheuerell, J. T. Carlton, Estuaries 19, 814 (1996); J. T. Carlton and M. H. Ruckelshaus, in Strangers in Paradise: Impact and Management of Non-Indigenous Species in Florida, D. Simberloff, D. C. Schmitz, T. C. Brown, Eds. (Island, Washington, DC, 1997), pp. 187-201; Y. Zaitsev and V. Mamaev, Marine Biological Diversity in the Black Sea (United Nations, New York, 1997).
32. A. H. Arthington and D. S. Mitchell, in Ecology of Biological Invasions, R. H. Groves and J. J. Burdon, Eds. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1986), pp. 34-53; M. N. Bruton and J. van As, in The Ecology and Management of Biological Invasions in Southern Africa, I. A. W. MacDonald, F. J. Kruger, A. A. Ferrar, Eds. (Oxford Univ. Press, Cape Town, 1986), pp. 47-62; P. A. Hutchings, J. T. Van der Velde, S. J. Keable, Occas. Rep. Aust. Mus. Sydney no. 3 (1987), p. 1; D. A. Pollard and P. A. Hutchings, Asian Fish. Sci. (Manila) 3, 205 (1990); ibid., p. 223; A. H. Arthington, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48 (suppl. 1), 33 (1991); E. L. Mills, J. H. Leach, J. T. Carlton, C. L. Secor, J. Great Lakes Res. 19, 1 (1993); K. Jansson, Rep. 4357 (Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Stockholm, 1994); C. F. Boudouresque, in Introduced Species in European Coastal Waters, C. F. Boudouresque, F. Briand, C. Nolan, Eds. (European Commission, Luxembourg, 1994), pp. 8-27; D. M. Furlani, Tech. Rep. 5 (Division of Fisheries, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Hobart, Australia, 1996); J. A. McCann, L. N. Arkin, J. D. Williams, Nonindigenous Aquatic and Selected Terrestrial Species of Florida (National Biological Service, Gainesville, FL, 1996); N. C. Eno, Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosystems 6, 215 (1996); M. Waldichuk, P. Lambert, B. Smiley, in Biodiversity in British Columbia: Our Changing Environment, L. Harding and E. McCullum, Eds. (Environment Canada, Ministry of Supply and Services, Ottawa, Ontario, 1996), pp. 220-223; E. L. Mills, D. L. Strayer, M. D. Scheuerell, J. T. Carlton, Estuaries 19, 814 (1996); J. T. Carlton and M. H. Ruckelshaus, in Strangers in Paradise: Impact and Management of Non-Indigenous Species in Florida, D. Simberloff, D. C. Schmitz, T. C. Brown, Eds. (Island, Washington, DC, 1997), pp. 187-201; Y. Zaitsev and V. Mamaev, Marine Biological Diversity in the Black Sea (United Nations, New York, 1997).
33. A. H. Arthington and D. S. Mitchell, in Ecology of Biological Invasions, R. H. Groves and J. J. Burdon, Eds. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1986), pp. 34-53; M. N. Bruton and J. van As, in The Ecology and Management of Biological Invasions in Southern Africa, I. A. W. MacDonald, F. J. Kruger, A. A. Ferrar, Eds. (Oxford Univ. Press, Cape Town, 1986), pp. 47-62; P. A. Hutchings, J. T. Van der Velde, S. J. Keable, Occas. Rep. Aust. Mus. Sydney no. 3 (1987), p. 1; D. A. Pollard and P. A. Hutchings, Asian Fish. Sci. (Manila) 3, 205 (1990); ibid., p. 223; A. H. Arthington, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48 (suppl. 1), 33 (1991); E. L. Mills, J. H. Leach, J. T. Carlton, C. L. Secor, J. Great Lakes Res. 19, 1 (1993); K. Jansson, Rep. 4357 (Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Stockholm, 1994); C. F. Boudouresque, in Introduced Species in European Coastal Waters, C. F. Boudouresque, F. Briand, C. Nolan, Eds. (European Commission, Luxembourg, 1994), pp. 8-27; D. M. Furlani, Tech. Rep. 5 (Division of Fisheries, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Hobart, Australia, 1996); J. A. McCann, L. N. Arkin, J. D. Williams, Nonindigenous Aquatic and Selected Terrestrial Species of Florida (National Biological Service, Gainesville, FL, 1996); N. C. Eno, Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosystems 6, 215 (1996); M. Waldichuk, P. Lambert, B. Smiley, in Biodiversity in British Columbia: Our Changing Environment, L. Harding and E. McCullum, Eds. (Environment Canada, Ministry of Supply and Services, Ottawa, Ontario, 1996), pp. 220-223; E. L. Mills, D. L. Strayer, M. D. Scheuerell, J. T. Carlton, Estuaries 19, 814 (1996); J. T. Carlton and M. H. Ruckelshaus, in Strangers in Paradise: Impact and Management of Non-Indigenous Species in Florida, D. Simberloff, D. C. Schmitz, T. C. Brown, Eds. (Island, Washington, DC, 1997), pp. 187-201; Y. Zaitsev and V. Mamaev, Marine Biological Diversity in the Black Sea (United Nations, New York, 1997).
34. A. H. Arthington and D. S. Mitchell, in Ecology of Biological Invasions, R. H. Groves and J. J. Burdon, Eds. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1986), pp. 34-53; M. N. Bruton and J. van As, in The Ecology and Management of Biological Invasions in Southern Africa, I. A. W. MacDonald, F. J. Kruger, A. A. Ferrar, Eds. (Oxford Univ. Press, Cape Town, 1986), pp. 47-62; P. A. Hutchings, J. T. Van der Velde, S. J. Keable, Occas. Rep. Aust. Mus. Sydney no. 3 (1987), p. 1; D. A. Pollard and P. A. Hutchings, Asian Fish. Sci. (Manila) 3, 205 (1990); ibid., p. 223; A. H. Arthington, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48 (suppl. 1), 33 (1991); E. L. Mills, J. H. Leach, J. T. Carlton, C. L. Secor, J. Great Lakes Res. 19, 1 (1993); K. Jansson, Rep. 4357 (Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Stockholm, 1994); C. F. Boudouresque, in Introduced Species in European Coastal Waters, C. F. Boudouresque, F. Briand, C. Nolan, Eds. (European Commission, Luxembourg, 1994), pp. 8-27; D. M. Furlani, Tech. Rep. 5 (Division of Fisheries, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Hobart, Australia, 1996); J. A. McCann, L. N. Arkin, J. D. Williams, Nonindigenous Aquatic and Selected Terrestrial Species of Florida (National Biological Service, Gainesville, FL, 1996); N. C. Eno, Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosystems 6, 215 (1996); M. Waldichuk, P. Lambert, B. Smiley, in Biodiversity in British Columbia: Our Changing Environment, L. Harding and E. McCullum, Eds. (Environment Canada, Ministry of Supply and Services, Ottawa, Ontario, 1996), pp. 220-223; E. L. Mills, D. L. Strayer, M. D. Scheuerell, J. T. Carlton, Estuaries 19, 814 (1996); J. T. Carlton and M. H. Ruckelshaus, in Strangers in Paradise: Impact and Management of Non-Indigenous Species in Florida, D. Simberloff, D. C. Schmitz, T. C. Brown, Eds. (Island, Washington, DC, 1997), pp. 187-201; Y. Zaitsev and V. Mamaev, Marine Biological Diversity in the Black Sea (United Nations, New York, 1997).
35. A. H. Arthington and D. S. Mitchell, in Ecology of Biological Invasions, R. H. Groves and J. J. Burdon, Eds. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1986), pp. 34-53; M. N. Bruton and J. van As, in The Ecology and Management of Biological Invasions in Southern Africa, I. A. W. MacDonald, F. J. Kruger, A. A. Ferrar, Eds. (Oxford Univ. Press, Cape Town, 1986), pp. 47-62; P. A. Hutchings, J. T. Van der Velde, S. J. Keable, Occas. Rep. Aust. Mus. Sydney no. 3 (1987), p. 1; D. A. Pollard and P. A. Hutchings, Asian Fish. Sci. (Manila) 3, 205 (1990); ibid., p. 223; A. H. Arthington, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48 (suppl. 1), 33 (1991); E. L. Mills, J. H. Leach, J. T. Carlton, C. L. Secor, J. Great Lakes Res. 19, 1 (1993); K. Jansson, Rep. 4357 (Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Stockholm, 1994); C. F. Boudouresque, in Introduced Species in European Coastal Waters, C. F. Boudouresque, F. Briand, C. Nolan, Eds. (European Commission, Luxembourg, 1994), pp. 8-27; D. M. Furlani, Tech. Rep. 5 (Division of Fisheries, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Hobart, Australia, 1996); J. A. McCann, L. N. Arkin, J. D. Williams, Nonindigenous Aquatic and Selected Terrestrial Species of Florida (National Biological Service, Gainesville, FL, 1996); N. C. Eno, Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosystems 6, 215 (1996); M. Waldichuk, P. Lambert, B. Smiley, in Biodiversity in British Columbia: Our Changing Environment, L. Harding and E. McCullum, Eds. (Environment Canada, Ministry of Supply and Services, Ottawa, Ontario, 1996), pp. 220-223; E. L. Mills, D. L. Strayer, M. D. Scheuerell, J. T. Carlton, Estuaries 19, 814 (1996); J. T. Carlton and M. H. Ruckelshaus, in Strangers in Paradise: Impact and Management of Non-Indigenous Species in Florida, D. Simberloff, D. C. Schmitz, T. C. Brown, Eds. (Island, Washington, DC, 1997), pp. 187-201; Y. Zaitsev and V. Mamaev, Marine Biological Diversity in the Black Sea (United Nations, New York, 1997).
36. A. H. Arthington and D. S. Mitchell, in Ecology of Biological Invasions, R. H. Groves and J. J. Burdon, Eds. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1986), pp. 34-53; M. N. Bruton and J. van As, in The Ecology and Management of Biological Invasions in Southern Africa, I. A. W. MacDonald, F. J. Kruger, A. A. Ferrar, Eds. (Oxford Univ. Press, Cape Town, 1986), pp. 47-62; P. A. Hutchings, J. T. Van der Velde, S. J. Keable, Occas. Rep. Aust. Mus. Sydney no. 3 (1987), p. 1; D. A. Pollard and P. A. Hutchings, Asian Fish. Sci. (Manila) 3, 205 (1990); ibid., p. 223; A. H. Arthington, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48 (suppl. 1), 33 (1991); E. L. Mills, J. H. Leach, J. T. Carlton, C. L. Secor, J. Great Lakes Res. 19, 1 (1993); K. Jansson, Rep. 4357 (Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Stockholm, 1994); C. F. Boudouresque, in Introduced Species in European Coastal Waters, C. F. Boudouresque, F. Briand, C. Nolan, Eds. (European Commission, Luxembourg, 1994), pp. 8-27; D. M. Furlani, Tech. Rep. 5 (Division of Fisheries, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Hobart, Australia, 1996); J. A. McCann, L. N. Arkin, J. D. Williams, Nonindigenous Aquatic and Selected Terrestrial Species of Florida (National Biological Service, Gainesville, FL, 1996); N. C. Eno, Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosystems 6, 215 (1996); M. Waldichuk, P. Lambert, B. Smiley, in Biodiversity in British Columbia: Our Changing Environment, L. Harding and E. McCullum, Eds. (Environment Canada, Ministry of Supply and Services, Ottawa, Ontario, 1996), pp. 220-223; E. L. Mills, D. L. Strayer, M. D. Scheuerell, J. T. Carlton, Estuaries 19, 814 (1996); J. T. Carlton and M. H. Ruckelshaus, in Strangers in Paradise: Impact and Management of Non-Indigenous Species in Florida, D. Simberloff, D. C. Schmitz, T. C. Brown, Eds. (Island, Washington, DC, 1997), pp. 187-201; Y. Zaitsev and V. Mamaev, Marine Biological Diversity in the Black Sea (United Nations, New York, 1997).
37. A. H. Arthington and D. S. Mitchell, in Ecology of Biological Invasions, R. H. Groves and J. J. Burdon, Eds. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1986), pp. 34-53; M. N. Bruton and J. van As, in The Ecology and Management of Biological Invasions in Southern Africa, I. A. W. MacDonald, F. J. Kruger, A. A. Ferrar, Eds. (Oxford Univ. Press, Cape Town, 1986), pp. 47-62; P. A. Hutchings, J. T. Van der Velde, S. J. Keable, Occas. Rep. Aust. Mus. Sydney no. 3 (1987), p. 1; D. A. Pollard and P. A. Hutchings, Asian Fish. Sci. (Manila) 3, 205 (1990); ibid., p. 223; A. H. Arthington, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48 (suppl. 1), 33 (1991); E. L. Mills, J. H. Leach, J. T. Carlton, C. L. Secor, J. Great Lakes Res. 19, 1 (1993); K. Jansson, Rep. 4357 (Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Stockholm, 1994); C. F. Boudouresque, in Introduced Species in European Coastal Waters, C. F. Boudouresque, F. Briand, C. Nolan, Eds. (European Commission, Luxembourg, 1994), pp. 8-27; D. M. Furlani, Tech. Rep. 5 (Division of Fisheries, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Hobart, Australia, 1996); J. A. McCann, L. N. Arkin, J. D. Williams, Nonindigenous Aquatic and Selected Terrestrial Species of Florida (National Biological Service, Gainesville, FL, 1996); N. C. Eno, Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosystems 6, 215 (1996); M. Waldichuk, P. Lambert, B. Smiley, in Biodiversity in British Columbia: Our Changing Environment, L. Harding and E. McCullum, Eds. (Environment Canada, Ministry of Supply and Services, Ottawa, Ontario, 1996), pp. 220-223; E. L. Mills, D. L. Strayer, M. D. Scheuerell, J. T. Carlton, Estuaries 19, 814 (1996); J. T. Carlton and M. H. Ruckelshaus, in Strangers in Paradise: Impact and Management of Non-Indigenous Species in Florida, D. Simberloff, D. C. Schmitz, T. C. Brown, Eds. (Island, Washington, DC, 1997), pp. 187-201; Y. Zaitsev and V. Mamaev, Marine Biological Diversity in the Black Sea (United Nations, New York, 1997).
38. A. H. Arthington and D. S. Mitchell, in Ecology of Biological Invasions, R. H. Groves and J. J. Burdon, Eds. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1986), pp. 34-53; M. N. Bruton and J. van As, in The Ecology and Management of Biological Invasions in Southern Africa, I. A. W. MacDonald, F. J. Kruger, A. A. Ferrar, Eds. (Oxford Univ. Press, Cape Town, 1986), pp. 47-62; P. A. Hutchings, J. T. Van der Velde, S. J. Keable, Occas. Rep. Aust. Mus. Sydney no. 3 (1987), p. 1; D. A. Pollard and P. A. Hutchings, Asian Fish. Sci. (Manila) 3, 205 (1990); ibid., p. 223; A. H. Arthington, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48 (suppl. 1), 33 (1991); E. L. Mills, J. H. Leach, J. T. Carlton, C. L. Secor, J. Great Lakes Res. 19, 1 (1993); K. Jansson, Rep. 4357 (Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Stockholm, 1994); C. F. Boudouresque, in Introduced Species in European Coastal Waters, C. F. Boudouresque, F. Briand, C. Nolan, Eds. (European Commission, Luxembourg, 1994), pp. 8-27; D. M. Furlani, Tech. Rep. 5 (Division of Fisheries, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Hobart, Australia, 1996); J. A. McCann, L. N. Arkin, J. D. Williams, Nonindigenous Aquatic and Selected Terrestrial Species of Florida (National Biological Service, Gainesville, FL, 1996); N. C. Eno, Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosystems 6, 215 (1996); M. Waldichuk, P. Lambert, B. Smiley, in Biodiversity in British Columbia: Our Changing Environment, L. Harding and E. McCullum, Eds. (Environment Canada, Ministry of Supply and Services, Ottawa, Ontario, 1996), pp. 220-223; E. L. Mills, D. L. Strayer, M. D. Scheuerell, J. T. Carlton, Estuaries 19, 814 (1996); J. T. Carlton and M. H. Ruckelshaus, in Strangers in Paradise: Impact and Management of Non-Indigenous Species in Florida, D. Simberloff, D. C. Schmitz, T. C. Brown, Eds. (Island, Washington, DC, 1997), pp. 187-201; Y. Zaitsev and V. Mamaev, Marine Biological Diversity in the Black Sea (United Nations, New York, 1997).
39. A. H. Arthington and D. S. Mitchell, in Ecology of Biological Invasions, R. H. Groves and J. J. Burdon, Eds. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1986), pp. 34-53; M. N. Bruton and J. van As, in The Ecology and Management of Biological Invasions in Southern Africa, I. A. W. MacDonald, F. J. Kruger, A. A. Ferrar, Eds. (Oxford Univ. Press, Cape Town, 1986), pp. 47-62; P. A. Hutchings, J. T. Van der Velde, S. J. Keable, Occas. Rep. Aust. Mus. Sydney no. 3 (1987), p. 1; D. A. Pollard and P. A. Hutchings, Asian Fish. Sci. (Manila) 3, 205 (1990); ibid., p. 223; A. H. Arthington, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48 (suppl. 1), 33 (1991); E. L. Mills, J. H. Leach, J. T. Carlton, C. L. Secor, J. Great Lakes Res. 19, 1 (1993); K. Jansson, Rep. 4357 (Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Stockholm, 1994); C. F. Boudouresque, in Introduced Species in European Coastal Waters, C. F. Boudouresque, F. Briand, C. Nolan, Eds. (European Commission, Luxembourg, 1994), pp. 8-27; D. M. Furlani, Tech. Rep. 5 (Division of Fisheries, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Hobart, Australia, 1996); J. A. McCann, L. N. Arkin, J. D. Williams, Nonindigenous Aquatic and Selected Terrestrial Species of Florida (National Biological Service, Gainesville, FL, 1996); N. C. Eno, Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosystems 6, 215 (1996); M. Waldichuk, P. Lambert, B. Smiley, in Biodiversity in British Columbia: Our Changing Environment, L. Harding and E. McCullum, Eds. (Environment Canada, Ministry of Supply and Services, Ottawa, Ontario, 1996), pp. 220-223; E. L. Mills, D. L. Strayer, M. D. Scheuerell, J. T. Carlton, Estuaries 19, 814 (1996); J. T. Carlton and M. H. Ruckelshaus, in Strangers in Paradise: Impact and Management of Non-Indigenous Species in Florida, D. Simberloff, D. C. Schmitz, T. C. Brown, Eds. (Island, Washington, DC, 1997), pp. 187-201; Y. Zaitsev and V. Mamaev, Marine Biological Diversity in the Black Sea (United Nations, New York, 1997).
40. A. H. Arthington and D. S. Mitchell, in Ecology of Biological Invasions, R. H. Groves and J. J. Burdon, Eds. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1986), pp. 34-53; M. N. Bruton and J. van As, in The Ecology and Management of Biological Invasions in Southern Africa, I. A. W. MacDonald, F. J. Kruger, A. A. Ferrar, Eds. (Oxford Univ. Press, Cape Town, 1986), pp. 47-62; P. A. Hutchings, J. T. Van der Velde, S. J. Keable, Occas. Rep. Aust. Mus. Sydney no. 3 (1987), p. 1; D. A. Pollard and P. A. Hutchings, Asian Fish. Sci. (Manila) 3, 205 (1990); ibid., p. 223; A. H. Arthington, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48 (suppl. 1), 33 (1991); E. L. Mills, J. H. Leach, J. T. Carlton, C. L. Secor, J. Great Lakes Res. 19, 1 (1993); K. Jansson, Rep. 4357 (Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Stockholm, 1994); C. F. Boudouresque, in Introduced Species in European Coastal Waters, C. F. Boudouresque, F. Briand, C. Nolan, Eds. (European Commission, Luxembourg, 1994), pp. 8-27; D. M. Furlani, Tech. Rep. 5 (Division of Fisheries, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Hobart, Australia, 1996); J. A. McCann, L. N. Arkin, J. D. Williams, Nonindigenous Aquatic and Selected Terrestrial Species of Florida (National Biological Service, Gainesville, FL, 1996); N. C. Eno, Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosystems 6, 215 (1996); M. Waldichuk, P. Lambert, B. Smiley, in Biodiversity in British Columbia: Our Changing Environment, L. Harding and E. McCullum, Eds. (Environment Canada, Ministry of Supply and Services, Ottawa, Ontario, 1996), pp. 220-223; E. L. Mills, D. L. Strayer, M. D. Scheuerell, J. T. Carlton, Estuaries 19, 814 (1996); J. T. Carlton and M. H. Ruckelshaus, in Strangers in Paradise: Impact and Management of Non-Indigenous Species in Florida, D. Simberloff, D. C. Schmitz, T. C. Brown, Eds. (Island, Washington, DC, 1997), pp. 187-201; Y. Zaitsev and V. Mamaev, Marine Biological Diversity in the Black Sea (United Nations, New York, 1997).
41. A. H. Arthington and D. S. Mitchell, in Ecology of Biological Invasions, R. H. Groves and J. J. Burdon, Eds. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1986), pp. 34-53; M. N. Bruton and J. van As, in The Ecology and Management of Biological Invasions in Southern Africa, I. A. W. MacDonald, F. J. Kruger, A. A. Ferrar, Eds. (Oxford Univ. Press, Cape Town, 1986), pp. 47-62; P. A. Hutchings, J. T. Van der Velde, S. J. Keable, Occas. Rep. Aust. Mus. Sydney no. 3 (1987), p. 1; D. A. Pollard and P. A. Hutchings, Asian Fish. Sci. (Manila) 3, 205 (1990); ibid., p. 223; A. H. Arthington, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48 (suppl. 1), 33 (1991); E. L. Mills, J. H. Leach, J. T. Carlton, C. L. Secor, J. Great Lakes Res. 19, 1 (1993); K. Jansson, Rep. 4357 (Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Stockholm, 1994); C. F. Boudouresque, in Introduced Species in European Coastal Waters, C. F. Boudouresque, F. Briand, C. Nolan, Eds. (European Commission, Luxembourg, 1994), pp. 8-27; D. M. Furlani, Tech. Rep. 5 (Division of Fisheries, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Hobart, Australia, 1996); J. A. McCann, L. N. Arkin, J. D. Williams, Nonindigenous Aquatic and Selected Terrestrial Species of Florida (National Biological Service, Gainesville, FL, 1996); N. C. Eno, Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosystems 6, 215 (1996); M. Waldichuk, P. Lambert, B. Smiley, in Biodiversity in British Columbia: Our Changing Environment, L. Harding and E. McCullum, Eds. (Environment Canada, Ministry of Supply and Services, Ottawa, Ontario, 1996), pp. 220-223; E. L. Mills, D. L. Strayer, M. D. Scheuerell, J. T. Carlton, Estuaries 19, 814 (1996); J. T. Carlton and M. H. Ruckelshaus, in Strangers in Paradise: Impact and Management of Non-Indigenous Species in Florida, D. Simberloff, D. C. Schmitz, T. C. Brown, Eds. (Island, Washington, DC, 1997), pp. 187-201; Y. Zaitsev and V. Mamaev, Marine Biological Diversity in the Black Sea (United Nations, New York, 1997).
42. A. H. Arthington and D. S. Mitchell, in Ecology of Biological Invasions, R. H. Groves and J. J. Burdon, Eds. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1986), pp. 34-53; M. N. Bruton and J. van As, in The Ecology and Management of Biological Invasions in Southern Africa, I. A. W. MacDonald, F. J. Kruger, A. A. Ferrar, Eds. (Oxford Univ. Press, Cape Town, 1986), pp. 47-62; P. A. Hutchings, J. T. Van der Velde, S. J. Keable, Occas. Rep. Aust. Mus. Sydney no. 3 (1987), p. 1; D. A. Pollard and P. A. Hutchings, Asian Fish. Sci. (Manila) 3, 205 (1990); ibid., p. 223; A. H. Arthington, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48 (suppl. 1), 33 (1991); E. L. Mills, J. H. Leach, J. T. Carlton, C. L. Secor, J. Great Lakes Res. 19, 1 (1993); K. Jansson, Rep. 4357 (Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Stockholm, 1994); C. F. Boudouresque, in Introduced Species in European Coastal Waters, C. F. Boudouresque, F. Briand, C. Nolan, Eds. (European Commission, Luxembourg, 1994), pp. 8-27; D. M. Furlani, Tech. Rep. 5 (Division of Fisheries, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Hobart, Australia, 1996); J. A. McCann, L. N. Arkin, J. D. Williams, Nonindigenous Aquatic and Selected Terrestrial Species of Florida (National Biological Service, Gainesville, FL, 1996); N. C. Eno, Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosystems 6, 215 (1996); M. Waldichuk, P. Lambert, B. Smiley, in Biodiversity in British Columbia: Our Changing Environment, L. Harding and E. McCullum, Eds. (Environment Canada, Ministry of Supply and Services, Ottawa, Ontario, 1996), pp. 220-223; E. L. Mills, D. L. Strayer, M. D. Scheuerell, J. T. Carlton, Estuaries 19, 814 (1996); J. T. Carlton and M. H. Ruckelshaus, in Strangers in Paradise: Impact and Management of Non-Indigenous Species in Florida, D. Simberloff, D. C. Schmitz, T. C. Brown, Eds. (Island, Washington, DC, 1997), pp. 187-201; Y. Zaitsev and V. Mamaev, Marine Biological Diversity in the Black Sea (United Nations, New York, 1997).
43. A. H. Arthington and D. S. Mitchell, in Ecology of Biological Invasions, R. H. Groves and J. J. Burdon, Eds. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1986), pp. 34-53; M. N. Bruton and J. van As, in The Ecology and Management of Biological Invasions in Southern Africa, I. A. W. MacDonald, F. J. Kruger, A. A. Ferrar, Eds. (Oxford Univ. Press, Cape Town, 1986), pp. 47-62; P. A. Hutchings, J. T. Van der Velde, S. J. Keable, Occas. Rep. Aust. Mus. Sydney no. 3 (1987), p. 1; D. A. Pollard and P. A. Hutchings, Asian Fish. Sci. (Manila) 3, 205 (1990); ibid., p. 223; A. H. Arthington, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48 (suppl. 1), 33 (1991); E. L. Mills, J. H. Leach, J. T. Carlton, C. L. Secor, J. Great Lakes Res. 19, 1 (1993); K. Jansson, Rep. 4357 (Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Stockholm, 1994); C. F. Boudouresque, in Introduced Species in European Coastal Waters, C. F. Boudouresque, F. Briand, C. Nolan, Eds. (European Commission, Luxembourg, 1994), pp. 8-27; D. M. Furlani, Tech. Rep. 5 (Division of Fisheries, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Hobart, Australia, 1996); J. A. McCann, L. N. Arkin, J. D. Williams, Nonindigenous Aquatic and Selected Terrestrial Species of Florida (National Biological Service, Gainesville, FL, 1996); N. C. Eno, Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosystems 6, 215 (1996); M. Waldichuk, P. Lambert, B. Smiley, in Biodiversity in British Columbia: Our Changing Environment, L. Harding and E. McCullum, Eds. (Environment Canada, Ministry of Supply and Services, Ottawa, Ontario, 1996), pp. 220-223; E. L. Mills, D. L. Strayer, M. D. Scheuerell, J. T. Carlton, Estuaries 19, 814 (1996); J. T. Carlton and M. H. Ruckelshaus, in Strangers in Paradise: Impact and Management of Non-Indigenous Species in Florida, D. Simberloff, D. C. Schmitz, T. C. Brown, Eds. (Island, Washington, DC, 1997), pp. 187-201; Y. Zaitsev and V. Mamaev, Marine Biological Diversity in the Black Sea (United Nations, New York, 1997).
44. A. H. Arthington and D. S. Mitchell, in Ecology of Biological Invasions, R. H. Groves and J. J. Burdon, Eds. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1986), pp. 34-53; M. N. Bruton and J. van As, in The Ecology and Management of Biological Invasions in Southern Africa, I. A. W. MacDonald, F. J. Kruger, A. A. Ferrar, Eds. (Oxford Univ. Press, Cape Town, 1986), pp. 47-62; P. A. Hutchings, J. T. Van der Velde, S. J. Keable, Occas. Rep. Aust. Mus. Sydney no. 3 (1987), p. 1; D. A. Pollard and P. A. Hutchings, Asian Fish. Sci. (Manila) 3, 205 (1990); ibid., p. 223; A. H. Arthington, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48 (suppl. 1), 33 (1991); E. L. Mills, J. H. Leach, J. T. Carlton, C. L. Secor, J. Great Lakes Res. 19, 1 (1993); K. Jansson, Rep. 4357 (Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Stockholm, 1994); C. F. Boudouresque, in Introduced Species in European Coastal Waters, C. F. Boudouresque, F. Briand, C. Nolan, Eds. (European Commission, Luxembourg, 1994), pp. 8-27; D. M. Furlani, Tech. Rep. 5 (Division of Fisheries, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Hobart, Australia, 1996); J. A. McCann, L. N. Arkin, J. D. Williams, Nonindigenous Aquatic and Selected Terrestrial Species of Florida (National Biological Service, Gainesville, FL, 1996); N. C. Eno, Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosystems 6, 215 (1996); M. Waldichuk, P. Lambert, B. Smiley, in Biodiversity in British Columbia: Our Changing Environment, L. Harding and E. McCullum, Eds. (Environment Canada, Ministry of Supply and Services, Ottawa, Ontario, 1996), pp. 220-223; E. L. Mills, D. L. Strayer, M. D. Scheuerell, J. T. Carlton, Estuaries 19, 814 (1996); J. T. Carlton and M. H. Ruckelshaus, in Strangers in Paradise: Impact and Management of Non-Indigenous Species in Florida, D. Simberloff, D. C. Schmitz, T. C. Brown, Eds. (Island, Washington, DC, 1997), pp. 187-201; Y. Zaitsev and V. Mamaev, Marine Biological Diversity in the Black Sea (United Nations, New York, 1997).
45. A. H. Arthington and D. S. Mitchell, in Ecology of Biological Invasions, R. H. Groves and J. J. Burdon, Eds. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1986), pp. 34-53; M. N. Bruton and J. van As, in The Ecology and Management of Biological Invasions in Southern Africa, I. A. W. MacDonald, F. J. Kruger, A. A. Ferrar, Eds. (Oxford Univ. Press, Cape Town, 1986), pp. 47-62; P. A. Hutchings, J. T. Van der Velde, S. J. Keable, Occas. Rep. Aust. Mus. Sydney no. 3 (1987), p. 1; D. A. Pollard and P. A. Hutchings, Asian Fish. Sci. (Manila) 3, 205 (1990); ibid., p. 223; A. H. Arthington, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48 (suppl. 1), 33 (1991); E. L. Mills, J. H. Leach, J. T. Carlton, C. L. Secor, J. Great Lakes Res. 19, 1 (1993); K. Jansson, Rep. 4357 (Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Stockholm, 1994); C. F. Boudouresque, in Introduced Species in European Coastal Waters, C. F. Boudouresque, F. Briand, C. Nolan, Eds. (European Commission, Luxembourg, 1994), pp. 8-27; D. M. Furlani, Tech. Rep. 5 (Division of Fisheries, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Hobart, Australia, 1996); J. A. McCann, L. N. Arkin, J. D. Williams, Nonindigenous Aquatic and Selected Terrestrial Species of Florida (National Biological Service, Gainesville, FL, 1996); N. C. Eno, Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosystems 6, 215 (1996); M. Waldichuk, P. Lambert, B. Smiley, in Biodiversity in British Columbia: Our Changing Environment, L. Harding and E. McCullum, Eds. (Environment Canada, Ministry of Supply and Services, Ottawa, Ontario, 1996), pp. 220-223; E. L. Mills, D. L. Strayer, M. D. Scheuerell, J. T. Carlton, Estuaries 19, 814 (1996); J. T. Carlton and M. H. Ruckelshaus, in Strangers in Paradise: Impact and Management of Non-Indigenous Species in Florida, D. Simberloff, D. C. Schmitz, T. C. Brown, Eds. (Island, Washington, DC, 1997), pp. 187-201; Y. Zaitsev and V. Mamaev, Marine Biological Diversity in the Black Sea (United Nations, New York, 1997).
46. The level of taxonomic resolution in these studies varies considerably, permitting only general comparisons. We do not count human-created aquatic systems in this comparison, such as California's Salton Sea. In addition, there has been little work on invasions in tropical shallow-water ecosystems, where high species-level diversity combined with relatively less comprehensive taxonomic study, numerous species complexes, and a reported tropicopolitan fauna may mask a high level of biological invasion.
47. L. L. Jones, Proc. Sixth Pac. Sci. Cong. 3, 485 (1940); J. W. Hedgpeth, in Between Pacific Tides, E. F. Ricketts, J. Calvin, J. W. Hedgpeth, Eds. (Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, CA, ed. 4, 1968), pp. 231-233; P. B. Moyle, in Ecology of Biological Invasions of North America and Hawaii, H. A. Mooney and J. A. Drake, Eds. (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1986), pp. 27-43. Similar arguments have been made regarding the youth and invasibility of the Baltic, Black, and eastern Mediterranean seas [see references in (4)].
48. L. L. Jones, Proc. Sixth Pac. Sci. Cong. 3, 485 (1940); J. W. Hedgpeth, in Between Pacific Tides, E. F. Ricketts, J. Calvin, J. W. Hedgpeth, Eds. (Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, CA, ed. 4, 1968), pp. 231-233; P. B. Moyle, in Ecology of Biological Invasions of North America and Hawaii, H. A. Mooney and J. A. Drake, Eds. (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1986), pp. 27-43. Similar arguments have been made regarding the youth and invasibility of the Baltic, Black, and eastern Mediterranean seas [see references in (4)].
49. L. L. Jones, Proc. Sixth Pac. Sci. Cong. 3, 485 (1940); J. W. Hedgpeth, in Between Pacific Tides, E. F. Ricketts, J. Calvin, J. W. Hedgpeth, Eds. (Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, CA, ed. 4, 1968), pp. 231-233; P. B. Moyle, in Ecology of Biological Invasions of North America and Hawaii, H. A. Mooney and J. A. Drake, Eds. (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1986), pp. 27-43. Similar arguments have been made regarding the youth and invasibility of the Baltic, Black, and eastern Mediterranean seas [see references in (4)].
50. E. Mayr, in The Genetics of Colonizing Species, H. G. Baker and G. L. Stebbins, Eds. (Academic Press, New York, 1965); L. L. Loope and D. Mueller-Dombois, in Biological Invasions: A Global Perspective, J. A. Drake et al., Eds. (Wiley, Chichester, UK, 1989), pp. 257-280; S. L. Pimm, ibid., pp. 351-367; T. J. Case, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 9610 (1990); M. P. Moulton, Am. Nat. 141, 105 (1993); R. K. Brooke, J. L. Lockwood, M. P. Moulton, Oecologia 103, 337 (1995).
51. E. Mayr, in The Genetics of Colonizing Species, H. G. Baker and G. L. Stebbins, Eds. (Academic Press, New York, 1965); L. L. Loope and D. Mueller-Dombois, in Biological Invasions: A Global Perspective, J. A. Drake et al., Eds. (Wiley, Chichester, UK, 1989), pp. 257-280; S. L. Pimm, ibid., pp. 351-367; T. J. Case, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 9610 (1990); M. P. Moulton, Am. Nat. 141, 105 (1993); R. K. Brooke, J. L. Lockwood, M. P. Moulton, Oecologia 103, 337 (1995).
52. E. Mayr, in The Genetics of Colonizing Species, H. G. Baker and G. L. Stebbins, Eds. (Academic Press, New York, 1965); L. L. Loope and D. Mueller-Dombois, in Biological Invasions: A Global Perspective, J. A. Drake et al., Eds. (Wiley, Chichester, UK, 1989), pp. 257-280; S. L. Pimm, ibid., pp. 351-367; T. J. Case, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 9610 (1990); M. P. Moulton, Am. Nat. 141, 105 (1993); R. K. Brooke, J. L. Lockwood, M. P. Moulton, Oecologia 103, 337 (1995).
53. E. Mayr, in The Genetics of Colonizing Species, H. G. Baker and G. L. Stebbins, Eds. (Academic Press, New York, 1965); L. L. Loope and D. Mueller-Dombois, in Biological Invasions: A Global Perspective, J. A. Drake et al., Eds. (Wiley, Chichester, UK, 1989), pp. 257-280; S. L. Pimm, ibid., pp. 351-367; T. J. Case, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 9610 (1990); M. P. Moulton, Am. Nat. 141, 105 (1993); R. K. Brooke, J. L. Lockwood, M. P. Moulton, Oecologia 103, 337 (1995).
54. E. Mayr, in The Genetics of Colonizing Species, H. G. Baker and G. L. Stebbins, Eds. (Academic Press, New York, 1965); L. L. Loope and D. Mueller-Dombois, in Biological Invasions: A Global Perspective, J. A. Drake et al., Eds. (Wiley, Chichester, UK, 1989), pp. 257-280; S. L. Pimm, ibid., pp. 351-367; T. J. Case, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 9610 (1990); M. P. Moulton, Am. Nat. 141, 105 (1993); R. K. Brooke, J. L. Lockwood, M. P. Moulton, Oecologia 103, 337 (1995).
55. E. Mayr, in The Genetics of Colonizing Species, H. G. Baker and G. L. Stebbins, Eds. (Academic Press, New York, 1965); L. L. Loope and D. Mueller-Dombois, in Biological Invasions: A Global Perspective, J. A. Drake et al., Eds. (Wiley, Chichester, UK, 1989), pp. 257-280; S. L. Pimm, ibid., pp. 351-367; T. J. Case, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 9610 (1990); M. P. Moulton, Am. Nat. 141, 105 (1993); R. K. Brooke, J. L. Lockwood, M. P. Moulton, Oecologia 103, 337 (1995).
56. D. Simberloff and W. Boeklin, Am. Nat. 138, 300 (1991); D. M. Lodge, Trends Ecol. Evol. 8, 133 (1993); D. Simberloff, in Ecology of Biological Invasions of North America and Hawaii, H. A. Mooney and J. A. Drake, Eds. (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1986) pp. 3-26; Pac. Sci. 49, 87 (1995); P. B. Moyle and T. Light, Ecology 77, 1666 (1996); R. P. Duncan, Am. Nat. 149, 903 (1997).
57. D. Simberloff and W. Boeklin, Am. Nat. 138, 300 (1991); D. M. Lodge, Trends Ecol. Evol. 8, 133 (1993); D. Simberloff, in Ecology of Biological Invasions of North America and Hawaii, H. A. Mooney and J. A. Drake, Eds. (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1986) pp. 3-26; Pac. Sci. 49, 87 (1995); P. B. Moyle and T. Light, Ecology 77, 1666 (1996); R. P. Duncan, Am. Nat. 149, 903 (1997).
58. D. Simberloff and W. Boeklin, Am. Nat. 138, 300 (1991); D. M. Lodge, Trends Ecol. Evol. 8, 133 (1993); D. Simberloff, in Ecology of Biological Invasions of North America and Hawaii, H. A. Mooney and J. A. Drake, Eds. (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1986) pp. 3-26; Pac. Sci. 49, 87 (1995); P. B. Moyle and T. Light, Ecology 77, 1666 (1996); R. P. Duncan, Am. Nat. 149, 903 (1997).
59. D. Simberloff and W. Boeklin, Am. Nat. 138, 300 (1991); D. M. Lodge, Trends Ecol. Evol. 8, 133 (1993); D. Simberloff, in Ecology of Biological Invasions of North America and Hawaii, H. A. Mooney and J. A. Drake, Eds. (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1986) pp. 3-26; Pac. Sci. 49, 87 (1995); P. B. Moyle and T. Light, Ecology 77, 1666 (1996); R. P. Duncan, Am. Nat. 149, 903 (1997).
60. D. Simberloff and W. Boeklin, Am. Nat. 138, 300 (1991); D. M. Lodge, Trends Ecol. Evol. 8, 133 (1993); D. Simberloff, in Ecology of Biological Invasions of North America and Hawaii, H. A. Mooney and J. A. Drake, Eds. (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1986) pp. 3-26; Pac. Sci. 49, 87 (1995); P. B. Moyle and T. Light, Ecology 77, 1666 (1996); R. P. Duncan, Am. Nat. 149, 903 (1997).
61. D. Simberloff and W. Boeklin, Am. Nat. 138, 300 (1991); D. M. Lodge, Trends Ecol. Evol. 8, 133 (1993); D. Simberloff, in Ecology of Biological Invasions of North America and Hawaii, H. A. Mooney and J. A. Drake, Eds. (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1986) pp. 3-26; Pac. Sci. 49, 87 (1995); P. B. Moyle and T. Light, Ecology 77, 1666 (1996); R. P. Duncan, Am. Nat. 149, 903 (1997).
62. It has been suggested that explosive invasions by striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and shad (Alosa sapidissima) in the 1870s and 1880s and by an Asian clam (Potamocorbula amurensis) in 1986-87 were facilitated by the removal of their competitors by major floods in, respectively, 1861-62 and 1985-86 [J. W. Hedgpeth, in (6), pp. 9-29; F. H. Nichols, J. K. Thompson, L. E. Schemel, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 66, 95 (1990)].
63. J. T. Carlton, thesis, University of California, Davis (1979); P. B. Moyle, Biol. Conserv. 9, 101 (1976).
64. J. T. Carlton, thesis, University of California, Davis (1979); P. B. Moyle, Biol. Conserv. 9, 101 (1976).
65. R. A. Leidy and P. L. Fiedler, Biol. Conserv. 33, 247 (1985). However, at least one study has found more stable habitats to be more successfully invaded [R. W. Hall and L. E. Ehler, Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am. 25, 280 (1979)].
66. R. A. Leidy and P. L. Fiedler, Biol. Conserv. 33, 247 (1985). However, at least one study has found more stable habitats to be more successfully invaded [R. W. Hall and L. E. Ehler, Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am. 25, 280 (1979)].
67. G. E. P. Box and G. M. Jenkins, Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and Control (Holden-Day, New York, 1976).
68. We thank C. Parmesan for performing the time series analysis of the rate of invasion; J. Harte, W. Berry, R. Norgaard, and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments; and the Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, for providing an inspiring workplace for the senior author. Supported by grants from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Sea Grant College Program, Connecticut Sea Grant (NOAA Grant NA36RG0467), the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service San Francisco Bay Program, and a Switzer Foundation Environmental Leadership Grant provided through the San Francisco Foundation.