The derbyshire general infirmary and the derby philosophers: The application of industrial architecture and technology to medical institutions in early-nineteenth-century England

Medical History

Volumn 46, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 65-92

  Elliott, Paul ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARCHITECTURE; ARTICLE; GENERAL HOSPITAL; HISTORY; HOSPITAL DESIGN; TECHNOLOGY; UNITED KINGDOM;

ARCHITECTURE; ENGLAND; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HOSPITAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION; HOSPITALS, GENERAL; TECHNOLOGY;

EID: 0036372292     PISSN: 00257273     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0025727300068745     Document Type: Article

References (186)

1. B Abel-Smith, The hospitals 1880-1948: a study in social administration in England and Wales, London, Heinemann, 1964; A Berry, 'Patronage, funding and the hospital patient c. 1750-1815: three English regional case studies', DPhil thesis, University of Oxford, 1995; S Cherry, 'The role of English provincial voluntary general hospitals in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries', 2 vols, PhD thesis, University of East Anglia, 1976; L Granshaw, The hospital', in W F Bynum and R Porter (eds), Companion encyclopedia of the history of medicine, London, Routledge, 1993, vol. 1, pp. 1180-203; L Granshaw and R Porter (eds), The hospital in history, London, Routledge, 1989; J V Pickstone, Medicine and industrial society: a history of hospital development in Manchester and its region, 1752-1946, Manchester University Press, 1985; J V Pickstone and S V F Butler, 'The politics of medicine in Manchester, 1788-1792: hospital reform and public health services in the early industrial city', Med. Hist., 1984, 28: 227-49; FNL Poynter (ed.), The evolution of hospitals in Britain, London, Pitman Medical, 1968; L Prior, 'The architecture of the hospital: a study of spatial organisation and medical knowledge', Br. J. Sociol., 1988, 39: pp. 86-113; H Richardson (ed.), English hospitals, 1660-1948: a survey of their architecture and design, Swindon, Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England, 1998; E M Sigsworth, 'Gateways to death? Medicine, hospitals and mortality, 1700-1850', in P Mathias (ed.), Science and society, 1600-1900, Cambridge University Press, 1972, pp. 97-110; J Taylor, Hospital and asylum architecture in England, 1840-1914: building for health care, London, Mansell, 1991; J D Thompson and G Goldin, The hospital: a social and architectural history, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1975; C Webster, 'The crisis of the hospitals during the industrial revolution', in E G Forbes (ed.), Human implications of scientific advance: proceedings of the 15th International Congress of the History of Science, Edinburgh, 1977, Edinburgh University Press, 1978, pp. 214-23; John Woodward, To do the sick no harm: a study of the British voluntary hospital system to 1875, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974.
2. B Abel-Smith, The hospitals 1880-1948: a study in social administration in England and Wales, London, Heinemann, 1964; A Berry, 'Patronage, funding and the hospital patient c. 1750-1815: three English regional case studies', DPhil thesis, University of Oxford, 1995; S Cherry, 'The role of English provincial voluntary general hospitals in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries', 2 vols, PhD thesis, University of East Anglia, 1976; L Granshaw, The hospital', in W F Bynum and R Porter (eds), Companion encyclopedia of the history of medicine, London, Routledge, 1993, vol. 1, pp. 1180-203; L Granshaw and R Porter (eds), The hospital in history, London, Routledge, 1989; J V Pickstone, Medicine and industrial society: a history of hospital development in Manchester and its region, 1752-1946, Manchester University Press, 1985; J V Pickstone and S V F Butler, 'The politics of medicine in Manchester, 1788-1792: hospital reform and public health services in the early industrial city', Med. Hist., 1984, 28: 227-49; FNL Poynter (ed.), The evolution of hospitals in Britain, London, Pitman Medical, 1968; L Prior, 'The architecture of the hospital: a study of spatial organisation and medical knowledge', Br. J. Sociol., 1988, 39: pp. 86-113; H Richardson (ed.), English hospitals, 1660-1948: a survey of their architecture and design, Swindon, Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England, 1998; E M Sigsworth, 'Gateways to death? Medicine, hospitals and mortality, 1700-1850', in P Mathias (ed.), Science and society, 1600-1900, Cambridge University Press, 1972, pp. 97-110; J Taylor, Hospital and asylum architecture in England, 1840-1914: building for health care, London, Mansell, 1991; J D Thompson and G Goldin, The hospital: a social and architectural history, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1975; C Webster, 'The crisis of the hospitals during the industrial revolution', in E G Forbes (ed.), Human implications of scientific advance: proceedings of the 15th International Congress of the History of Science, Edinburgh, 1977, Edinburgh University Press, 1978, pp. 214-23; John Woodward, To do the sick no harm: a study of the British voluntary hospital system to 1875, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974.
3. B Abel-Smith, The hospitals 1880-1948: a study in social administration in England and Wales, London, Heinemann, 1964; A Berry, 'Patronage, funding and the hospital patient c. 1750-1815: three English regional case studies', DPhil thesis, University of Oxford, 1995; S Cherry, 'The role of English provincial voluntary general hospitals in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries', 2 vols, PhD thesis, University of East Anglia, 1976; L Granshaw, The hospital', in W F Bynum and R Porter (eds), Companion encyclopedia of the history of medicine, London, Routledge, 1993, vol. 1, pp. 1180-203; L Granshaw and R Porter (eds), The hospital in history, London, Routledge, 1989; J V Pickstone, Medicine and industrial society: a history of hospital development in Manchester and its region, 1752-1946, Manchester University Press, 1985; J V Pickstone and S V F Butler, 'The politics of medicine in Manchester, 1788-1792: hospital reform and public health services in the early industrial city', Med. Hist., 1984, 28: 227-49; FNL Poynter (ed.), The evolution of hospitals in Britain, London, Pitman Medical, 1968; L Prior, 'The architecture of the hospital: a study of spatial organisation and medical knowledge', Br. J. Sociol., 1988, 39: pp. 86-113; H Richardson (ed.), English hospitals, 1660-1948: a survey of their architecture and design, Swindon, Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England, 1998; E M Sigsworth, 'Gateways to death? Medicine, hospitals and mortality, 1700-1850', in P Mathias (ed.), Science and society, 1600-1900, Cambridge University Press, 1972, pp. 97-110; J Taylor, Hospital and asylum architecture in England, 1840-1914: building for health care, London, Mansell, 1991; J D Thompson and G Goldin, The hospital: a social and architectural history, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1975; C Webster, 'The crisis of the hospitals during the industrial revolution', in E G Forbes (ed.), Human implications of scientific advance: proceedings of the 15th International Congress of the History of Science, Edinburgh, 1977, Edinburgh University Press, 1978, pp. 214-23; John Woodward, To do the sick no harm: a study of the British voluntary hospital system to 1875, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974.
4. B Abel-Smith, The hospitals 1880-1948: a study in social administration in England and Wales, London, Heinemann, 1964; A Berry, 'Patronage, funding and the hospital patient c. 1750-1815: three English regional case studies', DPhil thesis, University of Oxford, 1995; S Cherry, 'The role of English provincial voluntary general hospitals in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries', 2 vols, PhD thesis, University of East Anglia, 1976; L Granshaw, The hospital', in W F Bynum and R Porter (eds), Companion encyclopedia of the history of medicine, London, Routledge, 1993, vol. 1, pp. 1180-203; L Granshaw and R Porter (eds), The hospital in history, London, Routledge, 1989; J V Pickstone, Medicine and industrial society: a history of hospital development in Manchester and its region, 1752-1946, Manchester University Press, 1985; J V Pickstone and S V F Butler, 'The politics of medicine in Manchester, 1788-1792: hospital reform and public health services in the early industrial city', Med. Hist., 1984, 28: 227-49; FNL Poynter (ed.), The evolution of hospitals in Britain, London, Pitman Medical, 1968; L Prior, 'The architecture of the hospital: a study of spatial organisation and medical knowledge', Br. J. Sociol., 1988, 39: pp. 86-113; H Richardson (ed.), English hospitals, 1660-1948: a survey of their architecture and design, Swindon, Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England, 1998; E M Sigsworth, 'Gateways to death? Medicine, hospitals and mortality, 1700-1850', in P Mathias (ed.), Science and society, 1600-1900, Cambridge University Press, 1972, pp. 97-110; J Taylor, Hospital and asylum architecture in England, 1840-1914: building for health care, London, Mansell, 1991; J D Thompson and G Goldin, The hospital: a social and architectural history, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1975; C Webster, 'The crisis of the hospitals during the industrial revolution', in E G Forbes (ed.), Human implications of scientific advance: proceedings of the 15th International Congress of the History of Science, Edinburgh, 1977, Edinburgh University Press, 1978, pp. 214-23; John Woodward, To do the sick no harm: a study of the British voluntary hospital system to 1875, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974.
5. B Abel-Smith, The hospitals 1880-1948: a study in social administration in England and Wales, London, Heinemann, 1964; A Berry, 'Patronage, funding and the hospital patient c. 1750-1815: three English regional case studies', DPhil thesis, University of Oxford, 1995; S Cherry, 'The role of English provincial voluntary general hospitals in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries', 2 vols, PhD thesis, University of East Anglia, 1976; L Granshaw, The hospital', in W F Bynum and R Porter (eds), Companion encyclopedia of the history of medicine, London, Routledge, 1993, vol. 1, pp. 1180-203; L Granshaw and R Porter (eds), The hospital in history, London, Routledge, 1989; J V Pickstone, Medicine and industrial society: a history of hospital development in Manchester and its region, 1752-1946, Manchester University Press, 1985; J V Pickstone and S V F Butler, 'The politics of medicine in Manchester, 1788-1792: hospital reform and public health services in the early industrial city', Med. Hist., 1984, 28: 227-49; FNL Poynter (ed.), The evolution of hospitals in Britain, London, Pitman Medical, 1968; L Prior, 'The architecture of the hospital: a study of spatial organisation and medical knowledge', Br. J. Sociol., 1988, 39: pp. 86-113; H Richardson (ed.), English hospitals, 1660-1948: a survey of their architecture and design, Swindon, Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England, 1998; E M Sigsworth, 'Gateways to death? Medicine, hospitals and mortality, 1700-1850', in P Mathias (ed.), Science and society, 1600-1900, Cambridge University Press, 1972, pp. 97-110; J Taylor, Hospital and asylum architecture in England, 1840-1914: building for health care, London, Mansell, 1991; J D Thompson and G Goldin, The hospital: a social and architectural history, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1975; C Webster, 'The crisis of the hospitals during the industrial revolution', in E G Forbes (ed.), Human implications of scientific advance: proceedings of the 15th International Congress of the History of Science, Edinburgh, 1977, Edinburgh University Press, 1978, pp. 214-23; John Woodward, To do the sick no harm: a study of the British voluntary hospital system to 1875, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974.
6. B Abel-Smith, The hospitals 1880-1948: a study in social administration in England and Wales, London, Heinemann, 1964; A Berry, 'Patronage, funding and the hospital patient c. 1750-1815: three English regional case studies', DPhil thesis, University of Oxford, 1995; S Cherry, 'The role of English provincial voluntary general hospitals in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries', 2 vols, PhD thesis, University of East Anglia, 1976; L Granshaw, The hospital', in W F Bynum and R Porter (eds), Companion encyclopedia of the history of medicine, London, Routledge, 1993, vol. 1, pp. 1180-203; L Granshaw and R Porter (eds), The hospital in history, London, Routledge, 1989; J V Pickstone, Medicine and industrial society: a history of hospital development in Manchester and its region, 1752-1946, Manchester University Press, 1985; J V Pickstone and S V F Butler, 'The politics of medicine in Manchester, 1788-1792: hospital reform and public health services in the early industrial city', Med. Hist., 1984, 28: 227-49; FNL Poynter (ed.), The evolution of hospitals in Britain, London, Pitman Medical, 1968; L Prior, 'The architecture of the hospital: a study of spatial organisation and medical knowledge', Br. J. Sociol., 1988, 39: pp. 86-113; H Richardson (ed.), English hospitals, 1660-1948: a survey of their architecture and design, Swindon, Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England, 1998; E M Sigsworth, 'Gateways to death? Medicine, hospitals and mortality, 1700-1850', in P Mathias (ed.), Science and society, 1600-1900, Cambridge University Press, 1972, pp. 97-110; J Taylor, Hospital and asylum architecture in England, 1840-1914: building for health care, London, Mansell, 1991; J D Thompson and G Goldin, The hospital: a social and architectural history, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1975; C Webster, 'The crisis of the hospitals during the industrial revolution', in E G Forbes (ed.), Human implications of scientific advance: proceedings of the 15th International Congress of the History of Science, Edinburgh, 1977, Edinburgh University Press, 1978, pp. 214-23; John Woodward, To do the sick no harm: a study of the British voluntary hospital system to 1875, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974.
7. B Abel-Smith, The hospitals 1880-1948: a study in social administration in England and Wales, London, Heinemann, 1964; A Berry, 'Patronage, funding and the hospital patient c. 1750-1815: three English regional case studies', DPhil thesis, University of Oxford, 1995; S Cherry, 'The role of English provincial voluntary general hospitals in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries', 2 vols, PhD thesis, University of East Anglia, 1976; L Granshaw, The hospital', in W F Bynum and R Porter (eds), Companion encyclopedia of the history of medicine, London, Routledge, 1993, vol. 1, pp. 1180-203; L Granshaw and R Porter (eds), The hospital in history, London, Routledge, 1989; J V Pickstone, Medicine and industrial society: a history of hospital development in Manchester and its region, 1752-1946, Manchester University Press, 1985; J V Pickstone and S V F Butler, 'The politics of medicine in Manchester, 1788-1792: hospital reform and public health services in the early industrial city', Med. Hist., 1984, 28: 227-49; FNL Poynter (ed.), The evolution of hospitals in Britain, London, Pitman Medical, 1968; L Prior, 'The architecture of the hospital: a study of spatial organisation and medical knowledge', Br. J. Sociol., 1988, 39: pp. 86-113; H Richardson (ed.), English hospitals, 1660-1948: a survey of their architecture and design, Swindon, Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England, 1998; E M Sigsworth, 'Gateways to death? Medicine, hospitals and mortality, 1700-1850', in P Mathias (ed.), Science and society, 1600-1900, Cambridge University Press, 1972, pp. 97-110; J Taylor, Hospital and asylum architecture in England, 1840-1914: building for health care, London, Mansell, 1991; J D Thompson and G Goldin, The hospital: a social and architectural history, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1975; C Webster, 'The crisis of the hospitals during the industrial revolution', in E G Forbes (ed.), Human implications of scientific advance: proceedings of the 15th International Congress of the History of Science, Edinburgh, 1977, Edinburgh University Press, 1978, pp. 214-23; John Woodward, To do the sick no harm: a study of the British voluntary hospital system to 1875, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974.
8. B Abel-Smith, The hospitals 1880-1948: a study in social administration in England and Wales, London, Heinemann, 1964; A Berry, 'Patronage, funding and the hospital patient c. 1750-1815: three English regional case studies', DPhil thesis, University of Oxford, 1995; S Cherry, 'The role of English provincial voluntary general hospitals in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries', 2 vols, PhD thesis, University of East Anglia, 1976; L Granshaw, The hospital', in W F Bynum and R Porter (eds), Companion encyclopedia of the history of medicine, London, Routledge, 1993, vol. 1, pp. 1180-203; L Granshaw and R Porter (eds), The hospital in history, London, Routledge, 1989; J V Pickstone, Medicine and industrial society: a history of hospital development in Manchester and its region, 1752-1946, Manchester University Press, 1985; J V Pickstone and S V F Butler, 'The politics of medicine in Manchester, 1788-1792: hospital reform and public health services in the early industrial city', Med. Hist., 1984, 28: 227-49; FNL Poynter (ed.), The evolution of hospitals in Britain, London, Pitman Medical, 1968; L Prior, 'The architecture of the hospital: a study of spatial organisation and medical knowledge', Br. J. Sociol., 1988, 39: pp. 86-113; H Richardson (ed.), English hospitals, 1660-1948: a survey of their architecture and design, Swindon, Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England, 1998; E M Sigsworth, 'Gateways to death? Medicine, hospitals and mortality, 1700-1850', in P Mathias (ed.), Science and society, 1600-1900, Cambridge University Press, 1972, pp. 97-110; J Taylor, Hospital and asylum architecture in England, 1840-1914: building for health care, London, Mansell, 1991; J D Thompson and G Goldin, The hospital: a social and architectural history, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1975; C Webster, 'The crisis of the hospitals during the industrial revolution', in E G Forbes (ed.), Human implications of scientific advance: proceedings of the 15th International Congress of the History of Science, Edinburgh, 1977, Edinburgh University Press, 1978, pp. 214-23; John Woodward, To do the sick no harm: a study of the British voluntary hospital system to 1875, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974.
9. B Abel-Smith, The hospitals 1880-1948: a study in social administration in England and Wales, London, Heinemann, 1964; A Berry, 'Patronage, funding and the hospital patient c. 1750-1815: three English regional case studies', DPhil thesis, University of Oxford, 1995; S Cherry, 'The role of English provincial voluntary general hospitals in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries', 2 vols, PhD thesis, University of East Anglia, 1976; L Granshaw, The hospital', in W F Bynum and R Porter (eds), Companion encyclopedia of the history of medicine, London, Routledge, 1993, vol. 1, pp. 1180-203; L Granshaw and R Porter (eds), The hospital in history, London, Routledge, 1989; J V Pickstone, Medicine and industrial society: a history of hospital development in Manchester and its region, 1752-1946, Manchester University Press, 1985; J V Pickstone and S V F Butler, 'The politics of medicine in Manchester, 1788-1792: hospital reform and public health services in the early industrial city', Med. Hist., 1984, 28: 227-49; FNL Poynter (ed.), The evolution of hospitals in Britain, London, Pitman Medical, 1968; L Prior, 'The architecture of the hospital: a study of spatial organisation and medical knowledge', Br. J. Sociol., 1988, 39: pp. 86-113; H Richardson (ed.), English hospitals, 1660-1948: a survey of their architecture and design, Swindon, Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England, 1998; E M Sigsworth, 'Gateways to death? Medicine, hospitals and mortality, 1700-1850', in P Mathias (ed.), Science and society, 1600-1900, Cambridge University Press, 1972, pp. 97-110; J Taylor, Hospital and asylum architecture in England, 1840-1914: building for health care, London, Mansell, 1991; J D Thompson and G Goldin, The hospital: a social and architectural history, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1975; C Webster, 'The crisis of the hospitals during the industrial revolution', in E G Forbes (ed.), Human implications of scientific advance: proceedings of the 15th International Congress of the History of Science, Edinburgh, 1977, Edinburgh University Press, 1978, pp. 214-23; John Woodward, To do the sick no harm: a study of the British voluntary hospital system to 1875, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974.
10. B Abel-Smith, The hospitals 1880-1948: a study in social administration in England and Wales, London, Heinemann, 1964; A Berry, 'Patronage, funding and the hospital patient c. 1750-1815: three English regional case studies', DPhil thesis, University of Oxford, 1995; S Cherry, 'The role of English provincial voluntary general hospitals in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries', 2 vols, PhD thesis, University of East Anglia, 1976; L Granshaw, The hospital', in W F Bynum and R Porter (eds), Companion encyclopedia of the history of medicine, London, Routledge, 1993, vol. 1, pp. 1180-203; L Granshaw and R Porter (eds), The hospital in history, London, Routledge, 1989; J V Pickstone, Medicine and industrial society: a history of hospital development in Manchester and its region, 1752-1946, Manchester University Press, 1985; J V Pickstone and S V F Butler, 'The politics of medicine in Manchester, 1788-1792: hospital reform and public health services in the early industrial city', Med. Hist., 1984, 28: 227-49; FNL Poynter (ed.), The evolution of hospitals in Britain, London, Pitman Medical, 1968; L Prior, 'The architecture of the hospital: a study of spatial organisation and medical knowledge', Br. J. Sociol., 1988, 39: pp. 86-113; H Richardson (ed.), English hospitals, 1660-1948: a survey of their architecture and design, Swindon, Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England, 1998; E M Sigsworth, 'Gateways to death? Medicine, hospitals and mortality, 1700-1850', in P Mathias (ed.), Science and society, 1600-1900, Cambridge University Press, 1972, pp. 97-110; J Taylor, Hospital and asylum architecture in England, 1840-1914: building for health care, London, Mansell, 1991; J D Thompson and G Goldin, The hospital: a social and architectural history, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1975; C Webster, 'The crisis of the hospitals during the industrial revolution', in E G Forbes (ed.), Human implications of scientific advance: proceedings of the 15th International Congress of the History of Science, Edinburgh, 1977, Edinburgh University Press, 1978, pp. 214-23; John Woodward, To do the sick no harm: a study of the British voluntary hospital system to 1875, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974.
11. B Abel-Smith, The hospitals 1880-1948: a study in social administration in England and Wales, London, Heinemann, 1964; A Berry, 'Patronage, funding and the hospital patient c. 1750-1815: three English regional case studies', DPhil thesis, University of Oxford, 1995; S Cherry, 'The role of English provincial voluntary general hospitals in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries', 2 vols, PhD thesis, University of East Anglia, 1976; L Granshaw, The hospital', in W F Bynum and R Porter (eds), Companion encyclopedia of the history of medicine, London, Routledge, 1993, vol. 1, pp. 1180-203; L Granshaw and R Porter (eds), The hospital in history, London, Routledge, 1989; J V Pickstone, Medicine and industrial society: a history of hospital development in Manchester and its region, 1752-1946, Manchester University Press, 1985; J V Pickstone and S V F Butler, 'The politics of medicine in Manchester, 1788-1792: hospital reform and public health services in the early industrial city', Med. Hist., 1984, 28: 227-49; FNL Poynter (ed.), The evolution of hospitals in Britain, London, Pitman Medical, 1968; L Prior, 'The architecture of the hospital: a study of spatial organisation and medical knowledge', Br. J. Sociol., 1988, 39: pp. 86-113; H Richardson (ed.), English hospitals, 1660-1948: a survey of their architecture and design, Swindon, Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England, 1998; E M Sigsworth, 'Gateways to death? Medicine, hospitals and mortality, 1700-1850', in P Mathias (ed.), Science and society, 1600-1900, Cambridge University Press, 1972, pp. 97-110; J Taylor, Hospital and asylum architecture in England, 1840-1914: building for health care, London, Mansell, 1991; J D Thompson and G Goldin, The hospital: a social and architectural history, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1975; C Webster, 'The crisis of the hospitals during the industrial revolution', in E G Forbes (ed.), Human implications of scientific advance: proceedings of the 15th International Congress of the History of Science, Edinburgh, 1977, Edinburgh University Press, 1978, pp. 214-23; John Woodward, To do the sick no harm: a study of the British voluntary hospital system to 1875, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974.
12. B Abel-Smith, The hospitals 1880-1948: a study in social administration in England and Wales, London, Heinemann, 1964; A Berry, 'Patronage, funding and the hospital patient c. 1750-1815: three English regional case studies', DPhil thesis, University of Oxford, 1995; S Cherry, 'The role of English provincial voluntary general hospitals in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries', 2 vols, PhD thesis, University of East Anglia, 1976; L Granshaw, The hospital', in W F Bynum and R Porter (eds), Companion encyclopedia of the history of medicine, London, Routledge, 1993, vol. 1, pp. 1180-203; L Granshaw and R Porter (eds), The hospital in history, London, Routledge, 1989; J V Pickstone, Medicine and industrial society: a history of hospital development in Manchester and its region, 1752-1946, Manchester University Press, 1985; J V Pickstone and S V F Butler, 'The politics of medicine in Manchester, 1788-1792: hospital reform and public health services in the early industrial city', Med. Hist., 1984, 28: 227-49; FNL Poynter (ed.), The evolution of hospitals in Britain, London, Pitman Medical, 1968; L Prior, 'The architecture of the hospital: a study of spatial organisation and medical knowledge', Br. J. Sociol., 1988, 39: pp. 86-113; H Richardson (ed.), English hospitals, 1660-1948: a survey of their architecture and design, Swindon, Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England, 1998; E M Sigsworth, 'Gateways to death? Medicine, hospitals and mortality, 1700-1850', in P Mathias (ed.), Science and society, 1600-1900, Cambridge University Press, 1972, pp. 97-110; J Taylor, Hospital and asylum architecture in England, 1840-1914: building for health care, London, Mansell, 1991; J D Thompson and G Goldin, The hospital: a social and architectural history, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1975; C Webster, 'The crisis of the hospitals during the industrial revolution', in E G Forbes (ed.), Human implications of scientific advance: proceedings of the 15th International Congress of the History of Science, Edinburgh, 1977, Edinburgh University Press, 1978, pp. 214-23; John Woodward, To do the sick no harm: a study of the British voluntary hospital system to 1875, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974.
13. B Abel-Smith, The hospitals 1880-1948: a study in social administration in England and Wales, London, Heinemann, 1964; A Berry, 'Patronage, funding and the hospital patient c. 1750-1815: three English regional case studies', DPhil thesis, University of Oxford, 1995; S Cherry, 'The role of English provincial voluntary general hospitals in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries', 2 vols, PhD thesis, University of East Anglia, 1976; L Granshaw, The hospital', in W F Bynum and R Porter (eds), Companion encyclopedia of the history of medicine, London, Routledge, 1993, vol. 1, pp. 1180-203; L Granshaw and R Porter (eds), The hospital in history, London, Routledge, 1989; J V Pickstone, Medicine and industrial society: a history of hospital development in Manchester and its region, 1752-1946, Manchester University Press, 1985; J V Pickstone and S V F Butler, 'The politics of medicine in Manchester, 1788-1792: hospital reform and public health services in the early industrial city', Med. Hist., 1984, 28: 227-49; FNL Poynter (ed.), The evolution of hospitals in Britain, London, Pitman Medical, 1968; L Prior, 'The architecture of the hospital: a study of spatial organisation and medical knowledge', Br. J. Sociol., 1988, 39: pp. 86-113; H Richardson (ed.), English hospitals, 1660-1948: a survey of their architecture and design, Swindon, Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England, 1998; E M Sigsworth, 'Gateways to death? Medicine, hospitals and mortality, 1700-1850', in P Mathias (ed.), Science and society, 1600-1900, Cambridge University Press, 1972, pp. 97-110; J Taylor, Hospital and asylum architecture in England, 1840-1914: building for health care, London, Mansell, 1991; J D Thompson and G Goldin, The hospital: a social and architectural history, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1975; C Webster, 'The crisis of the hospitals during the industrial revolution', in E G Forbes (ed.), Human implications of scientific advance: proceedings of the 15th International Congress of the History of Science, Edinburgh, 1977, Edinburgh University Press, 1978, pp. 214-23; John Woodward, To do the sick no harm: a study of the British voluntary hospital system to 1875, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974.
14. B Abel-Smith, The hospitals 1880-1948: a study in social administration in England and Wales, London, Heinemann, 1964; A Berry, 'Patronage, funding and the hospital patient c. 1750-1815: three English regional case studies', DPhil thesis, University of Oxford, 1995; S Cherry, 'The role of English provincial voluntary general hospitals in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries', 2 vols, PhD thesis, University of East Anglia, 1976; L Granshaw, The hospital', in W F Bynum and R Porter (eds), Companion encyclopedia of the history of medicine, London, Routledge, 1993, vol. 1, pp. 1180-203; L Granshaw and R Porter (eds), The hospital in history, London, Routledge, 1989; J V Pickstone, Medicine and industrial society: a history of hospital development in Manchester and its region, 1752-1946, Manchester University Press, 1985; J V Pickstone and S V F Butler, 'The politics of medicine in Manchester, 1788-1792: hospital reform and public health services in the early industrial city', Med. Hist., 1984, 28: 227-49; FNL Poynter (ed.), The evolution of hospitals in Britain, London, Pitman Medical, 1968; L Prior, 'The architecture of the hospital: a study of spatial organisation and medical knowledge', Br. J. Sociol., 1988, 39: pp. 86-113; H Richardson (ed.), English hospitals, 1660-1948: a survey of their architecture and design, Swindon, Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England, 1998; E M Sigsworth, 'Gateways to death? Medicine, hospitals and mortality, 1700-1850', in P Mathias (ed.), Science and society, 1600-1900, Cambridge University Press, 1972, pp. 97-110; J Taylor, Hospital and asylum architecture in England, 1840-1914: building for health care, London, Mansell, 1991; J D Thompson and G Goldin, The hospital: a social and architectural history, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1975; C Webster, 'The crisis of the hospitals during the industrial revolution', in E G Forbes (ed.), Human implications of scientific advance: proceedings of the 15th International Congress of the History of Science, Edinburgh, 1977, Edinburgh University Press, 1978, pp. 214-23; John Woodward, To do the sick no harm: a study of the British voluntary hospital system to 1875, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974.
15. B Abel-Smith, The hospitals 1880-1948: a study in social administration in England and Wales, London, Heinemann, 1964; A Berry, 'Patronage, funding and the hospital patient c. 1750-1815: three English regional case studies', DPhil thesis, University of Oxford, 1995; S Cherry, 'The role of English provincial voluntary general hospitals in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries', 2 vols, PhD thesis, University of East Anglia, 1976; L Granshaw, The hospital', in W F Bynum and R Porter (eds), Companion encyclopedia of the history of medicine, London, Routledge, 1993, vol. 1, pp. 1180-203; L Granshaw and R Porter (eds), The hospital in history, London, Routledge, 1989; J V Pickstone, Medicine and industrial society: a history of hospital development in Manchester and its region, 1752-1946, Manchester University Press, 1985; J V Pickstone and S V F Butler, 'The politics of medicine in Manchester, 1788-1792: hospital reform and public health services in the early industrial city', Med. Hist., 1984, 28: 227-49; FNL Poynter (ed.), The evolution of hospitals in Britain, London, Pitman Medical, 1968; L Prior, 'The architecture of the hospital: a study of spatial organisation and medical knowledge', Br. J. Sociol., 1988, 39: pp. 86-113; H Richardson (ed.), English hospitals, 1660-1948: a survey of their architecture and design, Swindon, Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England, 1998; E M Sigsworth, 'Gateways to death? Medicine, hospitals and mortality, 1700-1850', in P Mathias (ed.), Science and society, 1600-1900, Cambridge University Press, 1972, pp. 97-110; J Taylor, Hospital and asylum architecture in England, 1840-1914: building for health care, London, Mansell, 1991; J D Thompson and G Goldin, The hospital: a social and architectural history, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1975; C Webster, 'The crisis of the hospitals during the industrial revolution', in E G Forbes (ed.), Human implications of scientific advance: proceedings of the 15th International Congress of the History of Science, Edinburgh, 1977, Edinburgh University Press, 1978, pp. 214-23; John Woodward, To do the sick no harm: a study of the British voluntary hospital system to 1875, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974.
16. C Sylvester, The philosophy of domestic economy, Nottingham, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown, 1819; J H H Grant, Derby and Derbyshire Royal Infirmary, Derby, 1924; C L Hacker, 'William Strutt', Derbyshire Archaeological J., 1960, 80: 49-70; V M Leveaux, The history of the Derbyshire General Infirmary, 1810-1894, Cromford, Scarthin Books, 1999. Most of the hospital documents are preserved at Derbyshire County Record Office, Matlock (henceforth DRO).
17. C Sylvester, The philosophy of domestic economy, Nottingham, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown, 1819; J H H Grant, Derby and Derbyshire Royal Infirmary, Derby, 1924; C L Hacker, 'William Strutt', Derbyshire Archaeological J., 1960, 80: 49-70; V M Leveaux, The history of the Derbyshire General Infirmary, 1810-1894, Cromford, Scarthin Books, 1999. Most of the hospital documents are preserved at Derbyshire County Record Office, Matlock (henceforth DRO).
18. C Sylvester, The philosophy of domestic economy, Nottingham, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown, 1819; J H H Grant, Derby and Derbyshire Royal Infirmary, Derby, 1924; C L Hacker, 'William Strutt', Derbyshire Archaeological J., 1960, 80: 49-70; V M Leveaux, The history of the Derbyshire General Infirmary, 1810-1894, Cromford, Scarthin Books, 1999. Most of the hospital documents are preserved at Derbyshire County Record Office, Matlock (henceforth DRO).
19. C Sylvester, The philosophy of domestic economy, Nottingham, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown, 1819; J H H Grant, Derby and Derbyshire Royal Infirmary, Derby, 1924; C L Hacker, 'William Strutt', Derbyshire Archaeological J., 1960, 80: 49-70; V M Leveaux, The history of the Derbyshire General Infirmary, 1810-1894, Cromford, Scarthin Books, 1999. Most of the hospital documents are preserved at Derbyshire County Record Office, Matlock (henceforth DRO).
20. P J Corfield, The impact of English towns, 1700-1800, Oxford University Press, 1982; P Clark (ed.), The transformation of English provincial towns, 1600-1800, London, Hutchinson, 1984; P Borsay, The English urban renaissance: culture and society in the provincial town, 1660-1770, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1989; R Sweet, The English town, 1680-1840: government, society and culture, Harlow, Longman, 1999.
21. P J Corfield, The impact of English towns, 1700-1800, Oxford University Press, 1982; P Clark (ed.), The transformation of English provincial towns, 1600-1800, London, Hutchinson, 1984; P Borsay, The English urban renaissance: culture and society in the provincial town, 1660-1770, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1989; R Sweet, The English town, 1680-1840: government, society and culture, Harlow, Longman, 1999.
22. P J Corfield, The impact of English towns, 1700-1800, Oxford University Press, 1982; P Clark (ed.), The transformation of English provincial towns, 1600-1800, London, Hutchinson, 1984; P Borsay, The English urban renaissance: culture and society in the provincial town, 1660-1770, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1989; R Sweet, The English town, 1680-1840: government, society and culture, Harlow, Longman, 1999.
23. P J Corfield, The impact of English towns, 1700-1800, Oxford University Press, 1982; P Clark (ed.), The transformation of English provincial towns, 1600-1800, London, Hutchinson, 1984; P Borsay, The English urban renaissance: culture and society in the provincial town, 1660-1770, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1989; R Sweet, The English town, 1680-1840: government, society and culture, Harlow, Longman, 1999.
24. M Foucault, The birth of the clinic: an archaeology of medical perception, London, Routledge, 1989; idem, 'The eye of power: a conversation with Jean-Pierre Barou and Michelle Perrot'; and idem, 'The politics of health in the eighteenth century', in C Gordon (ed.), Michel Foucault: powerlknowledge, selected interviews and other writings, 1972-1977, New York, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1980, pp. 146-65, 166-82; 'Space, power and knowledge', an interview with Paul Rabinow in, P Rabinow, The Foucault reader, New York, Pantheon, 1984; Prior, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 86-113.
25. M Foucault, The birth of the clinic: an archaeology of medical perception, London, Routledge, 1989; idem, 'The eye of power: a conversation with Jean-Pierre Barou and Michelle Perrot'; and idem, 'The politics of health in the eighteenth century', in C Gordon (ed.), Michel Foucault: powerlknowledge, selected interviews and other writings, 1972-1977, New York, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1980, pp. 146-65, 166-82; 'Space, power and knowledge', an interview with Paul Rabinow in, P Rabinow, The Foucault reader, New York, Pantheon, 1984; Prior, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 86-113.
26. M Foucault, The birth of the clinic: an archaeology of medical perception, London, Routledge, 1989; idem, 'The eye of power: a conversation with Jean-Pierre Barou and Michelle Perrot'; and idem, 'The politics of health in the eighteenth century', in C Gordon (ed.), Michel Foucault: powerlknowledge, selected interviews and other writings, 1972-1977, New York, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1980, pp. 146-65, 166-82; 'Space, power and knowledge', an interview with Paul Rabinow in, P Rabinow, The Foucault reader, New York, Pantheon, 1984; Prior, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 86-113.
27. M Foucault, The birth of the clinic: an archaeology of medical perception, London, Routledge, 1989; idem, 'The eye of power: a conversation with Jean-Pierre Barou and Michelle Perrot'; and idem, 'The politics of health in the eighteenth century', in C Gordon (ed.), Michel Foucault: powerlknowledge, selected interviews and other writings, 1972-1977, New York, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1980, pp. 146-65, 166-82; 'Space, power and knowledge', an interview with Paul Rabinow in, P Rabinow, The Foucault reader, New York, Pantheon, 1984; Prior, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 86-113.
28. M Foucault, The birth of the clinic: an archaeology of medical perception, London, Routledge, 1989; idem, 'The eye of power: a conversation with Jean-Pierre Barou and Michelle Perrot'; and idem, 'The politics of health in the eighteenth century', in C Gordon (ed.), Michel Foucault: powerlknowledge, selected interviews and other writings, 1972-1977, New York, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1980, pp. 146-65, 166-82; 'Space, power and knowledge', an interview with Paul Rabinow in, P Rabinow, The Foucault reader, New York, Pantheon, 1984; Prior, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 86-113.
29. For dispensaries in Georgian England, see Z Cope, 'The history of the dispensary movement', in Poynter (ed.), op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 73-6; I S L Loudon, 'The origins and growth of the dispensary movement in England', Bull. Hist. Med., 1981, 55: 322-42; B Croxson, 'The public and private faces of eighteenth-century London dispensary charity', Med Hist., 1997, 41: 127-49.
30. For dispensaries in Georgian England, see Z Cope, 'The history of the dispensary movement', in Poynter (ed.), op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 73-6; I S L Loudon, 'The origins and growth of the dispensary movement in England', Bull. Hist. Med., 1981, 55: 322-42; B Croxson, 'The public and private faces of eighteenth-century London dispensary charity', Med Hist., 1997, 41: 127-49.
31. For dispensaries in Georgian England, see Z Cope, 'The history of the dispensary movement', in Poynter (ed.), op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 73-6; I S L Loudon, 'The origins and growth of the dispensary movement in England', Bull. Hist. Med., 1981, 55: 322-42; B Croxson, 'The public and private faces of eighteenth-century London dispensary charity', Med Hist., 1997, 41: 127-49.
32. Foucault, The politics of health', op. cit., note 4 above, p. 169.
33. Ibid., pp. 179-82.
34. C Hannaway, 'Environment and miasmata', and M Pelling, 'Contagion/germ theory/ specificity', in Bynum and Porter (eds), op. cit., note 1 above, vol. 1, pp. 292-308, 309-334; C Hamlin, 'Predisposing causes and public health in early nineteenth century medical thouaht', Soc. Hist. Med, 1992, 5: 43-70; J Riley, The eighteenth-century campaign to avoid disease, Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1987.
35. C Hannaway, 'Environment and miasmata', and M Pelling, 'Contagion/germ theory/ specificity', in Bynum and Porter (eds), op. cit., note 1 above, vol. 1, pp. 292-308, 309-334; C Hamlin, 'Predisposing causes and public health in early nineteenth century medical thouaht', Soc. Hist. Med, 1992, 5: 43-70; J Riley, The eighteenth-century campaign to avoid disease, Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1987.
36. C Hannaway, 'Environment and miasmata', and M Pelling, 'Contagion/germ theory/ specificity', in Bynum and Porter (eds), op. cit., note 1 above, vol. 1, pp. 292-308, 309-334; C Hamlin, 'Predisposing causes and public health in early nineteenth century medical thouaht', Soc. Hist. Med, 1992, 5: 43-70; J Riley, The eighteenth-century campaign to avoid disease, Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1987.
37. C Hannaway, 'Environment and miasmata', and M Pelling, 'Contagion/germ theory/ specificity', in Bynum and Porter (eds), op. cit., note 1 above, vol. 1, pp. 292-308, 309-334; C Hamlin, 'Predisposing causes and public health in early nineteenth century medical thouaht', Soc. Hist. Med, 1992, 5: 43-70; J Riley, The eighteenth-century campaign to avoid disease, Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1987.
38. 'Ventilator', in A Rees, The cyclopaedia; or, universal dictionary of arts, sciences and literature, London, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Browne, 1819-20, vol. 36; R Evans, The fabrication of virtue: English prison architecture. 1750-1840, Cambridge University Press, 1982, pp. 94-117.
39. 'Ventilator', in A Rees, The cyclopaedia; or, universal dictionary of arts, sciences and literature, London, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Browne, 1819-20, vol. 36; R Evans, The fabrication of virtue: English prison architecture. 1750-1840, Cambridge University Press, 1982, pp. 94-117.
40. 'Fever' and 'Fever Wards', in Rees, op. cit., note 9 above, vol. 14; F M Lobo, 'John Haygarth, smallpox and religious dissent in eighteenth-century England', in A Cunningham and R French (eds), The medical enlightenment of the eighteenth century, Cambridge University Press, 1990, pp. 217-53; see also, W F Bynum, 'Hospital, disease and community: the London Fever Hospital, 1801-1850', in C Rosenberg (ed.), Healing and history, New York, Science History Publications, 1979, pp. 97-115.
41. 'Fever' and 'Fever Wards', in Rees, op. cit., note 9 above, vol. 14; F M Lobo, 'John Haygarth, smallpox and religious dissent in eighteenth-century England', in A Cunningham and R French (eds), The medical enlightenment of the eighteenth century, Cambridge University Press, 1990, pp. 217-53; see also, W F Bynum, 'Hospital, disease and community: the London Fever Hospital, 1801-1850', in C Rosenberg (ed.), Healing and history, New York, Science History Publications, 1979, pp. 97-115.
42. 'Fever' and 'Fever Wards', in Rees, op. cit., note 9 above, vol. 14; F M Lobo, 'John Haygarth, smallpox and religious dissent in eighteenth-century England', in A Cunningham and R French (eds), The medical enlightenment of the eighteenth century, Cambridge University Press, 1990, pp. 217-53; see also, W F Bynum, 'Hospital, disease and community: the London Fever Hospital, 1801-1850', in C Rosenberg (ed.), Healing and history, New York, Science History Publications, 1979, pp. 97-115.
43. Foucault, The birth of the clinic, op. cit., note 4 above, pp. 39-44.
44. H Marcuse, 'Some social implications of modern technology', in A Arato and E Gebhardt (eds), The essential Frankfurt school reader, Oxford, Blackwell, 1978, pp. 138-62; T W Adorno and M Horkheimer, Dialectic of Enlightenment, London, Verso, 1986; D Held, Introduction to critical theory: Horkheimer to Habermas, London, Hutchinson, 1980, esp. pp. 65-70, 148-74. The inexorable extension of instrumental reason to social life, from the liberating and emancipating in the Enlightenment to the tyrannical, has also been, of course, one of the concerns of Jürgen Habermas. On some of the problems associated with the use of modern Western conceptions of rationality in history and anthropology, see S Jeyaraja Tambiah, Magic, science and the scope of rationality, Cambridge University Press, 1990.
45. H Marcuse, 'Some social implications of modern technology', in A Arato and E Gebhardt (eds), The essential Frankfurt school reader, Oxford, Blackwell, 1978, pp. 138-62; T W Adorno and M Horkheimer, Dialectic of Enlightenment, London, Verso, 1986; D Held, Introduction to critical theory: Horkheimer to Habermas, London, Hutchinson, 1980, esp. pp. 65-70, 148-74. The inexorable extension of instrumental reason to social life, from the liberating and emancipating in the Enlightenment to the tyrannical, has also been, of course, one of the concerns of Jürgen Habermas. On some of the problems associated with the use of modern Western conceptions of rationality in history and anthropology, see S Jeyaraja Tambiah, Magic, science and the scope of rationality, Cambridge University Press, 1990.
46. H Marcuse, 'Some social implications of modern technology', in A Arato and E Gebhardt (eds), The essential Frankfurt school reader, Oxford, Blackwell, 1978, pp. 138-62; T W Adorno and M Horkheimer, Dialectic of Enlightenment, London, Verso, 1986; D Held, Introduction to critical theory: Horkheimer to Habermas, London, Hutchinson, 1980, esp. pp. 65-70, 148-74. The inexorable extension of instrumental reason to social life, from the liberating and emancipating in the Enlightenment to the tyrannical, has also been, of course, one of the concerns of Jürgen Habermas. On some of the problems associated with the use of modern Western conceptions of rationality in history and anthropology, see S Jeyaraja Tambiah, Magic, science and the scope of rationality, Cambridge University Press, 1990.
47. H Marcuse, 'Some social implications of modern technology', in A Arato and E Gebhardt (eds), The essential Frankfurt school reader, Oxford, Blackwell, 1978, pp. 138-62; T W Adorno and M Horkheimer, Dialectic of Enlightenment, London, Verso, 1986; D Held, Introduction to critical theory: Horkheimer to Habermas, London, Hutchinson, 1980, esp. pp. 65-70, 148-74. The inexorable extension of instrumental reason to social life, from the liberating and emancipating in the Enlightenment to the tyrannical, has also been, of course, one of the concerns of Jürgen Habermas. On some of the problems associated with the use of modern Western conceptions of rationality in history and anthropology, see S Jeyaraja Tambiah, Magic, science and the scope of rationality, Cambridge University Press, 1990.
48. Marcuse, op. cit., note 12 above.
49. J Bentham, Introduction to the principles of morals and legislation, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1876; E Halévy, The growth of philosophic radicalism, Boston, Beacon Press, 1960; M Foucault, Discipline and punish: the birth of the prison, London, Penguin Books, 1991, pp. 195-228.
50. J Bentham, Introduction to the principles of morals and legislation, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1876; E Halévy, The growth of philosophic radicalism, Boston, Beacon Press, 1960; M Foucault, Discipline and punish: the birth of the prison, London, Penguin Books, 1991, pp. 195-228.
51. J Bentham, Introduction to the principles of morals and legislation, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1876; E Halévy, The growth of philosophic radicalism, Boston, Beacon Press, 1960; M Foucault, Discipline and punish: the birth of the prison, London, Penguin Books, 1991, pp. 195-228.
52. Evans, op. cit., note 9 above, pp. 225-6.
53. 'Panopticon; or, the Inspection House' and postscripts, in J Bowring (ed.), The works of Jeremy Bentham, 11 vols, Edinburgh, William Tait, 1838-43, vol. 4, pp. 37-172; Halévy, op. cit., note 14 above, pp. 81-5; Evans, op. cit., note 9 above, ch. 5; Foucault, 'The eye of power', op. cit., note 4 above.
54. 'Panopticon; or, the Inspection House' and postscripts, in J Bowring (ed.), The works of Jeremy Bentham, 11 vols, Edinburgh, William Tait, 1838-43, vol. 4, pp. 37-172; Halévy, op. cit., note 14 above, pp. 81-5; Evans, op. cit., note 9 above, ch. 5; Foucault, 'The eye of power', op. cit., note 4 above.
55. 'Panopticon; or, the Inspection House' and postscripts, in J Bowring (ed.), The works of Jeremy Bentham, 11 vols, Edinburgh, William Tait, 1838-43, vol. 4, pp. 37-172; Halévy, op. cit., note 14 above, pp. 81-5; Evans, op. cit., note 9 above, ch. 5; Foucault, 'The eye of power', op. cit., note 4 above.
56. 'Panopticon; or, the Inspection House' and postscripts, in J Bowring (ed.), The works of Jeremy Bentham, 11 vols, Edinburgh, William Tait, 1838-43, vol. 4, pp. 37-172; Halévy, op. cit., note 14 above, pp. 81-5; Evans, op. cit., note 9 above, ch. 5; Foucault, 'The eye of power', op. cit., note 4 above.
57. I Inkster, 'Charles Sylvester and the great railway debate', Ann. Sci., 1972, 28: 113-20; idem, 'Studies in the social history of science during the industrial revolution', PhD thesis, University of Sheffield, 1977, ch. 10; idem, 'The development of a scientific community in Sheffield, 1790-1850: a network of people and interests', Trans. Hunter Archaeological Soc., 1971-77, 10: 99-131.
58. I Inkster, 'Charles Sylvester and the great railway debate', Ann. Sci., 1972, 28: 113-20; idem, 'Studies in the social history of science during the industrial revolution', PhD thesis, University of Sheffield, 1977, ch. 10; idem, 'The development of a scientific community in Sheffield, 1790-1850: a network of people and interests', Trans. Hunter Archaeological Soc., 1971-77, 10: 99-131.
59. I Inkster, 'Charles Sylvester and the great railway debate', Ann. Sci., 1972, 28: 113-20; idem, 'Studies in the social history of science during the industrial revolution', PhD thesis, University of Sheffield, 1977, ch. 10; idem, 'The development of a scientific community in Sheffield, 1790-1850: a network of people and interests', Trans. Hunter Archaeological Soc., 1971-77, 10: 99-131.
60. A W Davison, Derby: its rise and progress, Wakefield, S R Publishers, 1970; M Craven, Derby: an illustrated history, Derby, Breedon Books, 1988; G Turbutt, A history of Derbyshire, 4 vols, Cardiff, Merton Priory Press, 1999.
61. A W Davison, Derby: its rise and progress, Wakefield, S R Publishers, 1970; M Craven, Derby: an illustrated history, Derby, Breedon Books, 1988; G Turbutt, A history of Derbyshire, 4 vols, Cardiff, Merton Priory Press, 1999.
62. A W Davison, Derby: its rise and progress, Wakefield, S R Publishers, 1970; M Craven, Derby: an illustrated history, Derby, Breedon Books, 1988; G Turbutt, A history of Derbyshire, 4 vols, Cardiff, Merton Priory Press, 1999.
63. R S Fitton and A P Wadsworth, The Strutts and Arkwrights, 1758-1830: a study of the early factory system, Manchester University Press 1958.
64. Abstract of the returns... for the expense and maintenance of the poor in England, Parliamentary Papers, 1804, xiii, pp. 94-5. This had increased to 15 by 1830, including a Female Friendly Society founded in 1816 (S Glover, The history, gazeteer and directory of the County of Derby, 2nd ed., Derby, H Mozley, 1829-1833 vol 2, p. 539).
65. Abstract of the returns... for the expense and maintenance of the poor in England, Parliamentary Papers, 1804, xiii, pp. 94-5. This had increased to 15 by 1830, including a Female Friendly Society founded in 1816 (S Glover, The history, gazeteer and directory of the County of Derby, 2nd ed., Derby, H Mozley, 1829-1833 vol 2, p. 539).
66. All Saints Parish, for instance, appointed an apothecary in 1727 chosen by the overseers and churchwardens to take care of the sick poor for £1.10s. per year, All Saints Parish, Book of Order, 11 Oct. 1727, quoted in M Hodgkinson, 'Poor relief in All Saints Parish, Derby, 1722-1836, with special reference to the workhouse', BA dissertation, University of Oxford, undated c. 1960, p. 26.
67. E Krause, Erasmus Darwin, with a preliminary notice by Charles Darwin, London, Murray, 1879, pp. 54-5; Darwin was also surgeon-extraordinary to the Staffordshire General Infirmary from 1783 to 1801, which gave him some insight into the problems of hospital management: 'Origin and early history of the Staffordshire General Infirmary', in J L Cherry (ed.), Stafford in olden times, 1890, reprinted, Ashbourne, Ashbourne Editions, 1991, pp. 27-8.
68. E Krause, Erasmus Darwin, with a preliminary notice by Charles Darwin, London, Murray, 1879, pp. 54-5; Darwin was also surgeon-extraordinary to the Staffordshire General Infirmary from 1783 to 1801, which gave him some insight into the problems of hospital management: 'Origin and early history of the Staffordshire General Infirmary', in J L Cherry (ed.), Stafford in olden times, 1890, reprinted, Ashbourne, Ashbourne Editions, 1991, pp. 27-8.
69. E Robinson, 'The Derby Philosophical Society', Ann. Sci., 1953, 9: 359-67; Inkster, 'Studies in the social history of science', op. cit., note 17 above, ch. 7; P Sturges, 'The membership of the Derby Philosophical Society', Midland Hist., 1978, 4: 212-29; D King-Hele, Erasmus Darwin: a life of unequalled achievement, London Giles de la Mare, 1999; P Elliott, 'The birth of public science in the English provinces: natural philosophy in Derby, c. 1690-1760', Ann. Sci., 2000, 57: 61-100.
70. E Robinson, 'The Derby Philosophical Society', Ann. Sci., 1953, 9: 359-67; Inkster, 'Studies in the social history of science', op. cit., note 17 above, ch. 7; P Sturges, 'The membership of the Derby Philosophical Society', Midland Hist., 1978, 4: 212-29; D King-Hele, Erasmus Darwin: a life of unequalled achievement, London Giles de la Mare, 1999; P Elliott, 'The birth of public science in the English provinces: natural philosophy in Derby, c. 1690-1760', Ann. Sci., 2000, 57: 61-100.
71. E Robinson, 'The Derby Philosophical Society', Ann. Sci., 1953, 9: 359-67; Inkster, 'Studies in the social history of science', op. cit., note 17 above, ch. 7; P Sturges, 'The membership of the Derby Philosophical Society', Midland Hist., 1978, 4: 212-29; D King-Hele, Erasmus Darwin: a life of unequalled achievement, London Giles de la Mare, 1999; P Elliott, 'The birth of public science in the English provinces: natural philosophy in Derby, c. 1690-1760', Ann. Sci., 2000, 57: 61-100.
72. E Robinson, 'The Derby Philosophical Society', Ann. Sci., 1953, 9: 359-67; Inkster, 'Studies in the social history of science', op. cit., note 17 above, ch. 7; P Sturges, 'The membership of the Derby Philosophical Society', Midland Hist., 1978, 4: 212-29; D King-Hele, Erasmus Darwin: a life of unequalled achievement, London Giles de la Mare, 1999; P Elliott, 'The birth of public science in the English provinces: natural philosophy in Derby, c. 1690-1760', Ann. Sci., 2000, 57: 61-100.
73. E Robinson, 'The Derby Philosophical Society', Ann. Sci., 1953, 9: 359-67; Inkster, 'Studies in the social history of science', op. cit., note 17 above, ch. 7; P Sturges, 'The membership of the Derby Philosophical Society', Midland Hist., 1978, 4: 212-29; D King-Hele, Erasmus Darwin: a life of unequalled achievement, London Giles de la Mare, 1999; P Elliott, 'The birth of public science in the English provinces: natural philosophy in Derby, c. 1690-1760', Ann. Sci., 2000, 57: 61-100.
74. Meeting of general committee of £50 subscribers, 9 April 1804; Meeting of general committee, 2 May 1805. Educated at Cambridge where he became
75. Meeting of general committee of £50 subscribers, 9 April 1804; Meeting of general committee, 2 May 1805. Educated at Cambridge where he became a friend of Christopher Wordsworth, Bilsborrow was another protégé of Darwin, who composed poems in his praise and an obituary letter (Monthly Magazine, 1802, 13: 548-9). He apparently began a life of Darwin that was never completed (King-Hele, op. cit., note 23 above, p. 288).
76. Papers on the establishment of the Derbyshire Infirmary, DRO, D1190/1/1-14; Original drawings and outline plans of the Infirmary including those by John Rawstorne of York and Moneypenny of London, 1804, DRO, D1190/S9/1-3, D1190/90, D1190/91, D1190/92/ 1-4.
77. Papers on the establishment of the Derbyshire Infirmary: report of sub-committee to consider plans, 4 Aug. 1804, DRO, D1190/1; Derbyshire Infirmary: 'Report of the committee', 23 March 1805, DRO, D1190/1/1-14; Derby Mercury, 30 Jan. 1805.
78. Papers on the Establishment of the Derbyshire Infirmary: report of sub-committee to consider plans, 4 Aug. 1804, DRO, D1190/1/1-14; Derbyshire Infirmary: Report of the Committee, 23 March 1805, DRO, D1190/1/1-14; Derby Mercury, 30 Jan. 1805.
79. 'Memoir of William Strutt', manuscript DRO, D2953/mF10/1; Derby Mercury, 12 Jan. 1831; S B Hamilton, 'The use of cast iron in building', Trans. Newcomen Soc., 1940-1, 21: 139-55; T Bannister, 'The first iron-framed buildings', Architectural Rev., 1950, 107: 231-46; H R Johnson and A W Skempton, 'William Strutt's cotton mills, 1793-1812', Trans. Newcomen Soc., 1955-7, 30: 179-205; A W Skempton and H R Johnson, 'The first iron frames', Architectural Rev., 1962, 119: 175-86; M C Egerton, 'The scientific and technological achievements of William Strutt, FRS', MSc thesis, Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, 1967; R Fitzgerald, 'The development of the cast iron frame in textile mills to 1850', Ind. Archaeology Rev., 1988, 10: 127-45; A Menuge, 'The cotton mills of the Derbyshire Derwent and its tributaries', Ind. Archaeology Rev., 1993, 12: 38-61.
80. 'Memoir of William Strutt', manuscript DRO, D2953/mF10/1; Derby Mercury, 12 Jan. 1831; S B Hamilton, 'The use of cast iron in building', Trans. Newcomen Soc., 1940-1, 21: 139-55; T Bannister, 'The first iron-framed buildings', Architectural Rev., 1950, 107: 231-46; H R Johnson and A W Skempton, 'William Strutt's cotton mills, 1793-1812', Trans. Newcomen Soc., 1955-7, 30: 179-205; A W Skempton and H R Johnson, 'The first iron frames', Architectural Rev., 1962, 119: 175-86; M C Egerton, 'The scientific and technological achievements of William Strutt, FRS', MSc thesis, Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, 1967; R Fitzgerald, 'The development of the cast iron frame in textile mills to 1850', Ind. Archaeology Rev., 1988, 10: 127-45; A Menuge, 'The cotton mills of the Derbyshire Derwent and its tributaries', Ind. Archaeology Rev., 1993, 12: 38-61.
81. 'Memoir of William Strutt', manuscript DRO, D2953/mF10/1; Derby Mercury, 12 Jan. 1831; S B Hamilton, 'The use of cast iron in building', Trans. Newcomen Soc., 1940-1, 21: 139-55; T Bannister, 'The first iron-framed buildings', Architectural Rev., 1950, 107: 231-46; H R Johnson and A W Skempton, 'William Strutt's cotton mills, 1793-1812', Trans. Newcomen Soc., 1955-7, 30: 179-205; A W Skempton and H R Johnson, 'The first iron frames', Architectural Rev., 1962, 119: 175-86; M C Egerton, 'The scientific and technological achievements of William Strutt, FRS', MSc thesis, Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, 1967; R Fitzgerald, 'The development of the cast iron frame in textile mills to 1850', Ind. Archaeology Rev., 1988, 10: 127-45; A Menuge, 'The cotton mills of the Derbyshire Derwent and its tributaries', Ind. Archaeology Rev., 1993, 12: 38-61.
82. 'Memoir of William Strutt', manuscript DRO, D2953/mF10/1; Derby Mercury, 12 Jan. 1831; S B Hamilton, 'The use of cast iron in building', Trans. Newcomen Soc., 1940-1, 21: 139-55; T Bannister, 'The first iron-framed buildings', Architectural Rev., 1950, 107: 231-46; H R Johnson and A W Skempton, 'William Strutt's cotton mills, 1793-1812', Trans. Newcomen Soc., 1955-7, 30: 179-205; A W Skempton and H R Johnson, 'The first iron frames', Architectural Rev., 1962, 119: 175-86; M C Egerton, 'The scientific and technological achievements of William Strutt, FRS', MSc thesis, Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, 1967; R Fitzgerald, 'The development of the cast iron frame in textile mills to 1850', Ind. Archaeology Rev., 1988, 10: 127-45; A Menuge, 'The cotton mills of the Derbyshire Derwent and its tributaries', Ind. Archaeology Rev., 1993, 12: 38-61.
83. 'Memoir of William Strutt', manuscript DRO, D2953/mF10/1; Derby Mercury, 12 Jan. 1831; S B Hamilton, 'The use of cast iron in building', Trans. Newcomen Soc., 1940-1, 21: 139-55; T Bannister, 'The first iron-framed buildings', Architectural Rev., 1950, 107: 231-46; H R Johnson and A W Skempton, 'William Strutt's cotton mills, 1793-1812', Trans. Newcomen Soc., 1955-7, 30: 179-205; A W Skempton and H R Johnson, 'The first iron frames', Architectural Rev., 1962, 119: 175-86; M C Egerton, 'The scientific and technological achievements of William Strutt, FRS', MSc thesis, Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, 1967; R Fitzgerald, 'The development of the cast iron frame in textile mills to 1850', Ind. Archaeology Rev., 1988, 10: 127-45; A Menuge, 'The cotton mills of the Derbyshire Derwent and its tributaries', Ind. Archaeology Rev., 1993, 12: 38-61.
84. 'Memoir of William Strutt', manuscript DRO, D2953/mF10/1; Derby Mercury, 12 Jan. 1831; S B Hamilton, 'The use of cast iron in building', Trans. Newcomen Soc., 1940-1, 21: 139-55; T Bannister, 'The first iron-framed buildings', Architectural Rev., 1950, 107: 231-46; H R Johnson and A W Skempton, 'William Strutt's cotton mills, 1793-1812', Trans. Newcomen Soc., 1955-7, 30: 179-205; A W Skempton and H R Johnson, 'The first iron frames', Architectural Rev., 1962, 119: 175-86; M C Egerton, 'The scientific and technological achievements of William Strutt, FRS', MSc thesis, Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, 1967; R Fitzgerald, 'The development of the cast iron frame in textile mills to 1850', Ind. Archaeology Rev., 1988, 10: 127-45; A Menuge, 'The cotton mills of the Derbyshire Derwent and its tributaries', Ind. Archaeology Rev., 1993, 12: 38-61.
85. 'Memoir of William Strutt', manuscript DRO, D2953/mF10/1; Derby Mercury, 12 Jan. 1831; S B Hamilton, 'The use of cast iron in building', Trans. Newcomen Soc., 1940-1, 21: 139-55; T Bannister, 'The first iron-framed buildings', Architectural Rev., 1950, 107: 231-46; H R Johnson and A W Skempton, 'William Strutt's cotton mills, 1793-1812', Trans. Newcomen Soc., 1955-7, 30: 179-205; A W Skempton and H R Johnson, 'The first iron frames', Architectural Rev., 1962, 119: 175-86; M C Egerton, 'The scientific and technological achievements of William Strutt, FRS', MSc thesis, Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, 1967; R Fitzgerald, 'The development of the cast iron frame in textile mills to 1850', Ind. Archaeology Rev., 1988, 10: 127-45; A Menuge, 'The cotton mills of the Derbyshire Derwent and its tributaries', Ind. Archaeology Rev., 1993, 12: 38-61.
86. 'Memoir of William Strutt', manuscript DRO, D2953/mF10/1; Derby Mercury, 12 Jan. 1831; S B Hamilton, 'The use of cast iron in building', Trans. Newcomen Soc., 1940-1, 21: 139-55; T Bannister, 'The first iron-framed buildings', Architectural Rev., 1950, 107: 231-46; H R Johnson and A W Skempton, 'William Strutt's cotton mills, 1793-1812', Trans. Newcomen Soc., 1955-7, 30: 179-205; A W Skempton and H R Johnson, 'The first iron frames', Architectural Rev., 1962, 119: 175-86; M C Egerton, 'The scientific and technological achievements of William Strutt, FRS', MSc thesis, Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, 1967; R Fitzgerald, 'The development of the cast iron frame in textile mills to 1850', Ind. Archaeology Rev., 1988, 10: 127-45; A Menuge, 'The cotton mills of the Derbyshire Derwent and its tributaries', Ind. Archaeology Rev., 1993, 12: 38-61.
87. J G James, 'Thomas Paine's iron bridge work, 1785-1803', Trans. Newcomen Soc., 1987-8 59: 189-221, p. 203.
88. Derby Mercury, 20 July 1853; Fitton and Wadsworth, op. cit., note 19 above, pp. 201, 205.
89. Derby Mercury, 20 July 1853; Fitton and Wadsworth, op. cit., note 19 above, pp. 201, 205.
90. In 1794 Jeremy Bentham wrote to Strutt concerning methods of heating using steam and Samuel Bentham provided Strutt with accounts of steam heating in private houses and discussed the requirements of copper tubing for experiments. He visited Strutt at Derby in 1827 (Strutt correspondence, Derby Local Studies Library [henceforth DLSL], D145/-).
91. Sylvester, op. cit., note 2 above; Fitton and Wadsworth, op. cit., note 19 above, p. 181.
92. Bannister, op. cit., note 28 above, pp. 231-46; Rennie quoted in Bannister, p. 244.
93. Fitton and Wadsworth, op. cit., note 19, pp. 211-12; J Farey jun., 'Manufacture of cotton', in Rees, op. cit., note 9 above, vol. 22 and vol. 2 of plates. The Belper mill with its teagle or powered lift was also illustrated in A Ure's Philosophy of manufactures, London, C Knight, 1835.
94. Meeting of the sub-committee, 3 April and 4 Sept. 1806, DRO D1190/1/1-14.
95. D P Davies, A new historical and descriptive view of Derbyshire, Belper, S Mason, 1811, p. 240.
96. Saxelbye and Edwards sold their 2/3 shares to Mushet who subsequently sold them to James Oakes (1750-1828) in 1808, who continued the improvements, whilst Forester remained in partnership with Oakes. R Johnson, A history of Alfreton, Ripley, G C Brittain, 1969, pp. 127-30; 'David Mushet', Dictionary of national biography, London, Smith, Elder, 1894, vol. 39, pp. 429-30; J Farey, General view of the agriculture ...of Derbyshire, 3 vols, London, B McMillan, 1811-17, vol. 1, pp. 399-400; R M Healey (ed.), The diary of George Mushet, 1805-1813, Derbyshire Archaeological Society, 1982.
97. Saxelbye and Edwards sold their 2/3 shares to Mushet who subsequently sold them to James Oakes (1750-1828) in 1808, who continued the improvements, whilst Forester remained in partnership with Oakes. R Johnson, A history of Alfreton, Ripley, G C Brittain, 1969, pp. 127-30; 'David Mushet', Dictionary of national biography, London, Smith, Elder, 1894, vol. 39, pp. 429-30; J Farey, General view of the agriculture ...of Derbyshire, 3 vols, London, B McMillan, 1811-17, vol. 1, pp. 399-400; R M Healey (ed.), The diary of George Mushet, 1805-1813, Derbyshire Archaeological Society, 1982.
98. Saxelbye and Edwards sold their 2/3 shares to Mushet who subsequently sold them to James Oakes (1750-1828) in 1808, who continued the improvements, whilst Forester remained in partnership with Oakes. R Johnson, A history of Alfreton, Ripley, G C Brittain, 1969, pp. 127-30; 'David Mushet', Dictionary of national biography, London, Smith, Elder, 1894, vol. 39, pp. 429-30; J Farey, General view of the agriculture ...of Derbyshire, 3 vols, London, B McMillan, 1811-17, vol. 1, pp. 399-400; R M Healey (ed.), The diary of George Mushet, 1805-1813, Derbyshire Archaeological Society, 1982.
99. Saxelbye and Edwards sold their 2/3 shares to Mushet who subsequently sold them to James Oakes (1750-1828) in 1808, who continued the improvements, whilst Forester remained in partnership with Oakes. R Johnson, A history of Alfreton, Ripley, G C Brittain, 1969, pp. 127-30; 'David Mushet', Dictionary of national biography, London, Smith, Elder, 1894, vol. 39, pp. 429-30; J Farey, General view of the agriculture ...of Derbyshire, 3 vols, London, B McMillan, 1811-17, vol. 1, pp. 399-400; R M Healey (ed.), The diary of George Mushet, 1805-1813, Derbyshire Archaeological Society, 1982.
100. Dr Edward Fox, however, incorporated fireproof construction including iron window frames, staircases, joists and doors at Brislington House private asylum near Bristol c. 1804 (Richardson (ed.), op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 157-8).
101. Sylvester, op. cit., note 2 above, pp. 2-3.
102. Glover, op. cit., note 20 above, vol. 2, pp. 514-17.
103. Gentleman's Magazine, 1732, 21: 940, 985-6.
104. R E Schofield, The Lunar Society of Birmingham: a social history of provincial science and industry in eighteenth-century England, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1963, pp. 338-9.
105. J Whitehurst, Observations on the ventilation of rooms; on the construction of chimneys; and on garden stoves, London, W Bent, 1794; Schofield, op. cit., note 42 above; M Craven, John Whitehurst of Derby, Ashbourne, Mayfield Books, 1996.
106. J Whitehurst, Observations on the ventilation of rooms; on the construction of chimneys; and on garden stoves, London, W Bent, 1794; Schofield, op. cit., note 42 above; M Craven, John Whitehurst of Derby, Ashbourne, Mayfield Books, 1996.
107. J Whitehurst, Observations on the ventilation of rooms; on the construction of chimneys; and on garden stoves, London, W Bent, 1794; Schofield, op. cit., note 42 above; M Craven, John Whitehurst of Derby, Ashbourne, Mayfield Books, 1996.
108. Sylvester, op. cit., note 2 above, pp. 4-5; R Simpson, A collection of fragments illustrative of the history and antiquities of Derby, Derby, G Wilkins, 1826, vol. 1, p. 451 . The Hôpital St Louis in Paris (1607-12) had been constructed in a pavilion style, later to be favoured by Florence Nightingale. Here, the wards were ventilated through channels leading to the chimneys that were surmounted by a small cupola or open lantern above the roof. The air was drawn up through holes in the floors of the main wards to supplement the source from windows (Thompson and Goldin, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 146-9).
109. Sylvester, op. cit., note 2 above, pp. 4-5; R Simpson, A collection of fragments illustrative of the history and antiquities of Derby, Derby, G Wilkins, 1826, vol. 1, p. 451 . The Hôpital St Louis in Paris (1607-12) had been constructed in a pavilion style, later to be favoured by Florence Nightingale. Here, the wards were ventilated through channels leading to the chimneys that were surmounted by a small cupola or open lantern above the roof. The air was drawn up through holes in the floors of the main wards to supplement the source from windows (Thompson and Goldin, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 146-9).
110. Sylvester, op. cit., note 2 above, pp. 4-5; R Simpson, A collection of fragments illustrative of the history and antiquities of Derby, Derby, G Wilkins, 1826, vol. 1, p. 451 . The Hôpital St Louis in Paris (1607-12) had been constructed in a pavilion style, later to be favoured by Florence Nightingale. Here, the wards were ventilated through channels leading to the chimneys that were surmounted by a small cupola or open lantern above the roof. The air was drawn up through holes in the floors of the main wards to supplement the source from windows (Thompson and Goldin, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 146-9).
111. Sylvester, op. cit., note 2 above, pp. iv, 10, 11, 12 13, 16 and 20; A F Dufton, 'Early application of engineering to the warming of buildings', Trans. Newcomen Soc., 1940-41, 21: 99-117; M C Egerton, 'William Strutt and the application of convection to the heating of buildings', Ann. Sci., 1968, 24: 73-87, 76-8.
112. Sylvester, op. cit., note 2 above, pp. iv, 10, 11, 12 13, 16 and 20; A F Dufton, 'Early application of engineering to the warming of buildings', Trans. Newcomen Soc., 1940-41, 21: 99-117; M C Egerton, 'William Strutt and the application of convection to the heating of buildings', Ann. Sci., 1968, 24: 73-87, 76-8.
113. Sylvester, op. cit., note 2 above, pp. iv, 10, 11, 12 13, 16 and 20; A F Dufton, 'Early application of engineering to the warming of buildings', Trans. Newcomen Soc., 1940-41, 21: 99-117; M C Egerton, 'William Strutt and the application of convection to the heating of buildings', Ann. Sci., 1968, 24: 73-87, 76-8.
114. Sylvester, op. cit., note 2 above, pp. 6-8; Derby Mercury, 5 Aug. 1813; notices for the public baths, 1833, DRO, D1190/210/1.
115. Sylvester, op. cit., note 2 above, pp. 6-8; Derby Mercury, 5 Aug. 1813; notices for the public baths, 1833, DRO, D1190/210/1.
116. Third annual report, 29 Sept. 1812, DRO D1190/49/1.
117. Report of the sub-committee, 4 Aug. 1804 DRO D1190/1.
118. Davies, op. cit., note 36 above, pp. 242-3.
119. Sylvester, op. cit., note 2 above, pp. 48-9, plate v, 47-8, plate vii, figures 6 and 7.
120. Sylvester, op. cit., note 2 above, pp. 31-41; Douglas Fox, Notes on the lectures on anatomy and chemistry, Derby, W & W Pike, 1826, pp. 45-6.
121. Derbyshire Infirmary: fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth annual reports, 1824, 1825 and 1826.
122. At Shrewsbury and Liverpool for instance, the mortality rate rarely exceeded 7 per cent between the 1740s and 1820; Woodward, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 153-8; A Borsay, 'An example of political arithmetic: the evaluation of spa therapy at the Georgian Bath Infirmary, 1742-1830', Med. Hist., 2000, 45: 149-72.
123. At Shrewsbury and Liverpool for instance, the mortality rate rarely exceeded 7 per cent between the 1740s and 1820; Woodward, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 153-8; A Borsay, 'An example of political arithmetic: the evaluation of spa therapy at the Georgian Bath Infirmary, 1742-1830', Med. Hist., 2000, 45: 149-72.
124. Second annual report of the Derbyshire Infirmary, 29 Sept. 1811.
125. Leveaux, op. cit., note 2 above, pp. 30, 33.
126. Calculated from Davison, op. cit., note 18 above, p. 323. Between 1811 and 1821 the percentage increase was 33.5 per cent, from 1821 to 1831 it was 35.6 per cent and between 1841 and 1851 it was just 8.5 per cent.
127. W Baker, On the sanitary condition of the Town of Derby', in Local reports on the sanitary condition of the labouring population of England, London, W Clowes, 1842, pp. 162-82; J R Martin, 'Report on the state of . . . Derby', in Second report of the Commissioners for Inquiring into the State of Large Towns and Populous Districts, London, W Clowes, 1845, vol. 2, pp. 270-80; E Cresy, Report to the Board of Health . . . into the . . . sanitary condition of the inhabitants of the Borough of Derby, London, W Clowes, 1849.
128. W Baker, On the sanitary condition of the Town of Derby', in Local reports on the sanitary condition of the labouring population of England, London, W Clowes, 1842, pp. 162-82; J R Martin, 'Report on the state of . . . Derby', in Second report of the Commissioners for Inquiring into the State of Large Towns and Populous Districts, London, W Clowes, 1845, vol. 2, pp. 270-80; E Cresy, Report to the Board of Health . . . into the . . . sanitary condition of the inhabitants of the Borough of Derby, London, W Clowes, 1849.
129. W Baker, On the sanitary condition of the Town of Derby', in Local reports on the sanitary condition of the labouring population of England, London, W Clowes, 1842, pp. 162-82; J R Martin, 'Report on the state of . . . Derby', in Second report of the Commissioners for Inquiring into the State of Large Towns and Populous Districts, London, W Clowes, 1845, vol. 2, pp. 270-80; E Cresy, Report to the Board of Health . . . into the . . . sanitary condition of the inhabitants of the Borough of Derby, London, W Clowes, 1849.
130. Derby Mercury, 4 Aug. 1830; Glover, op. cit., note 20 above, vol. 2, p. 517.
131. Derby Mercury, 4 Aug. 1830; Glover, op. cit., note 20 above, vol. 2, p. 517.
132. E Strutt (attrib.), 'Memoir of William Strutt', Derby Mercury, 12 Jan. 1831; Sylvester, op. cit., note 2 above, preface, p. iii.
133. E Strutt (attrib.), 'Memoir of William Strutt', Derby Mercury, 12 Jan. 1831; Sylvester, op. cit., note 2 above, preface, p. iii.
134. DaVies, op. cit., note 36 above, vol. 1, pp. 239-44; D and S Lysons, Magna Britannia, vol. 5, 'Derbyshire', London, T Cadell, 1817, p. 126; Simpson, op. cit., note 44 above, vol. 1, pp. 446-53; R Phillips, A personal tour through the United Kingdom, No. 2, 'Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire', London, Horatio Phillips, 1828, pp. 112-13; G A Cooke, Topographical and statistical description of the county of Derby, London, J Robins, 1830, pp. 71-3; Glover, op. cit., note 20 above, vol. 2, pp. 506-17; S Glover, History and directory of the borough of Derby, Derby, Mozley, 1843, pp. 34-6; The London encyclopaedia; or, universal dictionary of arts, sciences and literature, 1839, vol. 2, pp. 173-4.
135. DaVies, op. cit., note 36 above, vol. 1, pp. 239-44; D and S Lysons, Magna Britannia, vol. 5, 'Derbyshire', London, T Cadell, 1817, p. 126; Simpson, op. cit., note 44 above, vol. 1, pp. 446-53; R Phillips, A personal tour through the United Kingdom, No. 2, 'Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire', London, Horatio Phillips, 1828, pp. 112-13; G A Cooke, Topographical and statistical description of the county of Derby, London, J Robins, 1830, pp. 71-3; Glover, op. cit., note 20 above, vol. 2, pp. 506-17; S Glover, History and directory of the borough of Derby, Derby, Mozley, 1843, pp. 34-6; The London encyclopaedia; or, universal dictionary of arts, sciences and literature, 1839, vol. 2, pp. 173-4.
136. Simpson, op. cit., note 44 above, vol. 1, pp. 446-53;
137. Simpson, op. cit., note 44 above, vol. 1, pp. 446-53; R Phillips, A personal tour through the United Kingdom, No. 2, 'Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire', London, Horatio Phillips, 1828, pp. 112-13; G A Cooke, Topographical and statistical description of the county of Derby, London, J Robins, 1830, pp. 71-3; Glover, op. cit., note 20 above, vol. 2, pp. 506-17; S Glover, History and directory of the borough of Derby, Derby, Mozley, 1843, pp. 34-6; The London encyclopaedia; or, universal dictionary of arts, sciences and literature, 1839, vol. 2, pp. 173-4.
138. Simpson, op. cit., note 44 above, vol. 1, pp. 446-53; R Phillips, A personal tour through the United Kingdom, No. 2, 'Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire', London, Horatio Phillips, 1828, pp. 112-13; G A Cooke, Topographical and statistical description of the county of Derby, London, J Robins, 1830, pp. 71-3; Glover, op. cit., note 20 above, vol. 2, pp. 506-17; S Glover, History and directory of the borough of Derby, Derby, Mozley, 1843, pp. 34-6; The London encyclopaedia; or, universal dictionary of arts, sciences and literature, 1839, vol. 2, pp. 173-4.
139. Simpson, op. cit., note 44 above, vol. 1, pp. 446-53; R Phillips, A personal tour through the United Kingdom, No. 2, 'Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire', London, Horatio Phillips, 1828, pp. 112-13; G A Cooke, Topographical and statistical description of the county of Derby, London, J Robins, 1830, pp. 71-3; Glover, op. cit., note 20 above, vol. 2, pp. 506-17; S Glover, History and directory of the borough of Derby, Derby, Mozley, 1843, pp. 34-6; The London encyclopaedia; or, universal dictionary of arts, sciences and literature, 1839, vol. 2, pp. 173-4.
140. Simpson, op. cit., note 44 above, vol. 1, pp. 446-53; R Phillips, A personal tour through the United Kingdom, No. 2, 'Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire', London, Horatio Phillips, 1828, pp. 112-13; G A Cooke, Topographical and statistical description of the county of Derby, London, J Robins, 1830, pp. 71-3; Glover, op. cit., note 20 above, vol. 2, pp. 506-17; S Glover, History and directory of the borough of Derby, Derby, Mozley, 1843, pp. 34-6; The London encyclopaedia; or, universal dictionary of arts, sciences and literature, 1839, vol. 2, pp. 173-4.
141. Simpson, op. cit., note 44 above, vol. 1, pp. 446-53; R Phillips, A personal tour through the United Kingdom, No. 2, 'Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire', London, Horatio Phillips, 1828, pp. 112-13; G A Cooke, Topographical and statistical description of the county of Derby, London, J Robins, 1830, pp. 71-3; Glover, op. cit., note 20 above, vol. 2, pp. 506-17; S Glover, History and directory of the borough of Derby, Derby, Mozley, 1843, pp. 34-6; The London encyclopaedia; or, universal dictionary of arts, sciences and literature, 1839, vol. 2, pp. 173-4.
142. W Gardiner, Music and friends, or, pleasant recollections of a dilettante, London, Longman, Orme, Brown, 1838, vol. 1, p. 490.
143. Derby Mercury, 12 Jan. 1831; R L Edgeworth, letter to William Strutt, 1811, DLSL, Strutt Correspondence, D 125/-.
144. Phillips, op. cit., note 60 above, pp. 111-17.
145. Maria Edgeworth, letter to Honora Edgeworth, 26 April 1813, in A J C Hare (ed.), The life and letters of Maria Edgeworth, London Edward Arnold, 1894, p. 52.
146. Derby Mercury, 12 Dec. 1816. Accounts of the visit were also carried in other regional newspapers such as the Nottingham Review and Nottingham Journal.
147. Derby Mercury, 14 Oct. 1819; Leicester Journal, 8 Oct. 1819; Nottingham Journal, 9 Oct. 1819; Nottingham Review, 15 Oct. 1819.
148. Derby Mercury, 14 Oct. 1819; Leicester Journal, 8 Oct. 1819; Nottingham Journal, 9 Oct. 1819; Nottingham Review, 15 Oct. 1819.
149. Derby Mercury, 14 Oct. 1819; Leicester Journal, 8 Oct. 1819; Nottingham Journal, 9 Oct. 1819; Nottingham Review, 15 Oct. 1819.
150. Derby Mercury, 14 Oct. 1819; Leicester Journal, 8 Oct. 1819; Nottingham Journal, 9 Oct. 1819; Nottingham Review, 15 Oct. 1819.
151. B Bergdoll, Karl Friedrich Schinkel: an architecture for Prussia, New York, Rizzoli International, 1994, pp. 172-6.
152. Karl Friedrich Schinkel 'The English Journey': Journal of a visit to France and Britain in 1826, ed. D Bindman and G Riemann, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1993, pp. 134-6.
153. H Lebherz, 'Schinkel and industrial architecture', Architectural Rev., Aueust 1988 185:41-6.
154. Letter from Stephen Lee to William Strutt, 1 Dec. 1817, Strutt Correspondence, DLSL, D 125/-; Strutt obituary notice, Abstracts of the papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 1830-1837, 1860, 3:
155. L K Eaton, 'Charles Bulfinch and the Massachusetts General Hospital', Isis, 1950, 41: 8-11, reference from C Stevenson, 'Medicine and architecture', in Bynum and Porter (eds), op. cit., note 1 above, vol. 2, p. 1503.
156. L K Eaton, 'Charles Bulfinch and the Massachusetts General Hospital', Isis, 1950, 41: 8-11, reference from C Stevenson, 'Medicine and architecture', in Bynum and Porter (eds), op. cit., note 1 above, vol. 2, p. 1503.
157. Minutes and order books of the Derbyshire General Infirmary, 11 March 1811; E R Frizelle and J D Martin, The Leicester Royal Infirmary, 1771-1971, Leicester No. 1 Hospital Management Committee, 1971, p. 73.
158. E R Frizelle, The life and times of the Royal Infirmary at Leicester: the making of a teaching hospital, 1766-1980, Leicester, Leicester Medical Society, 1988, pp. 362-3.
159. Sylvester, op. cit., note 2 above, preface, pp. viii-ix; R Hordley, A concise history of the rise and progress of the North Staffordshire Infirmary and Eye Hospital, n.p., 1902, pp. 9-16.
160. Sylvester, op. cit., note 2 above, preface, pp. viii-ix; R Hordley, A concise history of the rise and progress of the North Staffordshire Infirmary and Eye Hospital, n.p., 1902, pp. 9-16.
161. Sylvester, op. cit., note 2 above, preface, p. ix; I Inkster, 'Notes on the finance, building and technology in the early history of the lunatic asylum near Nottingham', Nottinghamshire County Records Office, Nottingham Archives, SO/40/1/50/4/1; I Inkster, 'Early history of the Nottingham Lunatic Asylum', Trent Vale Review, 1972, 9: 20-3.
162. Sylvester, op. cit., note 2 above, preface, p. ix; I Inkster, 'Notes on the finance, building and technology in the early history of the lunatic asylum near Nottingham', Nottinghamshire County Records Office, Nottingham Archives, SO/40/1/50/4/1; I Inkster, 'Early history of the Nottingham Lunatic Asylum', Trent Vale Review, 1972, 9: 20-3.
163. Minutes and order books of the Derbyshire General Infirmary, 1 July 1816; W Strutt, letter to the Revd. W Burslem, 20 April 1818, Strutt correspondence, DLSL, D125/-.
164. Sylvester, op. cit., note 2 above, appendix, pp. 57-62; C Watson and J P Pritchett, Plans, etc., and description of the Pauper Lunatic Asylum, York, 1819.
165. Egerton, op. cit., note 45 above, p. 84; Sylvester, op. cit., note 2 above, p. vii. Taking advice from Strutt, Richard Edgeworth employed iron-frame construction on buildings in Ireland, and his son William brought over the Strutt/ Sylvester stove.
166. Egerton, op. cit., note 45 above, p. 84; Sylvester, op. cit., note 2 above, p. vii. Taking advice from Strutt, Richard Edgeworth employed iron-frame construction on buildings in Ireland, and his son William brought over the Strutt/ Sylvester stove.
167. Sylvester, op. cit., note 2 above, p. viii-ix; Egerton, op. cit., note 45 above, p. 84; I M Leslie, Rosser and Russell Limited: the first two hundred years, London, West Central Printing Co., 1974; Inkster, 'Studies in the social history of science', op. cit., note 17 above, pp. 641-8.
168. Sylvester, op. cit., note 2 above, p. viii-ix; Egerton, op. cit., note 45 above, p. 84; I M Leslie, Rosser and Russell Limited: the first two hundred years, London, West Central Printing Co., 1974; Inkster, 'Studies in the social history of science', op. cit., note 17 above, pp. 641-8.
169. Sylvester, op. cit., note 2 above, p. viii-ix; Egerton, op. cit., note 45 above, p. 84; I M Leslie, Rosser and Russell Limited: the first two hundred years, London, West Central Printing Co., 1974; Inkster, 'Studies in the social history of science', op. cit., note 17 above, pp. 641-8.
170. Sylvester, op. cit., note 2 above, p. viii-ix; Egerton, op. cit., note 45 above, p. 84; I M Leslie, Rosser and Russell Limited: the first two hundred years, London, West Central Printing Co., 1974; Inkster, 'Studies in the social history of science', op. cit., note 17 above, pp. 641-8.
171. 'Stove', in Rees, op. cit., note 9 above, vol. 34; for Meickleham see W H Dickinson and A A Gomme, 'Robert Stuart Meickleham', Trans. Newcomen Soc., 1941, 22: 161-9.
172. 'Stove', in Rees, op. cit., note 9 above, vol. 34; for Meickleham see W H Dickinson and A A Gomme, 'Robert Stuart Meickleham', Trans. Newcomen Soc., 1941, 22: 161-9.
173. Glover, op. cit., note 60 above, pp. 49-51; Karl Friedrich Schinkel 'The English Journey', op. cit., note 68 above, p. 136. Similar systems were also installed at Kent County Asylum, Bath Gaol and the Model Prison at Pentonville.
174. Glover, op. cit., note 60 above, pp. 49-51; Karl Friedrich Schinkel 'The English Journey', op. cit., note 68 above, p. 136. Similar systems were also installed at Kent County Asylum, Bath Gaol and the Model Prison at Pentonville.
175. Thompson and Goldin, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 74-6; H Duesbury (attrib.), Description of design for the proposed Derby Pauper Lunatic Asylum, Derby, [1844]; Derby proposed Lunatic Asylum: copies of the objections of the Commissioners in Lunacy, Derby, 1846, DRO; G H Gordon, History of the Pastures Hospital, [Mickleover, Derbyshire, "The Gateway", 1971].
176. Thompson and Goldin, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 74-6; H Duesbury (attrib.), Description of design for the proposed Derby Pauper Lunatic Asylum, Derby, [1844]; Derby proposed Lunatic Asylum: copies of the objections of the Commissioners in Lunacy, Derby, 1846, DRO; G H Gordon, History of the Pastures Hospital, [Mickleover, Derbyshire, "The Gateway", 1971].
177. Thompson and Goldin, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 74-6; H Duesbury (attrib.), Description of design for the proposed Derby Pauper Lunatic Asylum, Derby, [1844]; Derby proposed Lunatic Asylum: copies of the objections of the Commissioners in Lunacy, Derby, 1846, DRO; G H Gordon, History of the Pastures Hospital, [Mickleover, Derbyshire, "The Gateway", 1971].
178. Though it is important to remember, as a corrective to the Foucauldian emphasis upon incarceration, that outdoor relief remained the prominent form in England, at least until the 1830s, with the Derbyshire Infirmary generally treating more outpatients than inpatients.
179. The labourers who built the Infirmary were regulated by Strutt's watchman's clock (see Figure 3, figs 4 and 5), which already governed the workforce of his cotton mills and was to control the Derby watch, an excellent example of what E P Thompson has called "time sense in its technological conditioning", time-measurement "as a means of labour exploitation". E P Thompson, 'Time, work discipline and industrial capitalism', in idem, Customs in common, London, Penguin Books, 1993, pp. 352-403.
180. T S Ashton, The industrial revolution, London, Oxford University Press, 1948; W W Rostow, The stages of economic growth, Cambridge University Press, 1960; P Deane and W A Cole, British economic growth, 1688-1959, Cambridge University Press, 1967; C K Harley, 'British industrialisation before 1841: evidence of slower growth during the industrial revolution', J. Econ. Hist., 1982, 42: 267-89; S D Chapman, 'The cotton industry and the industrial revolution', in L A Clarkson (ed.), The industrial revolution: a compendium, Basingstoke, Macmillan Education, 1990, pp. 1-64; M Fores, The myth of the British industrial revolution', History, 1981, 66: 181-98; P K O'Brien and R Quinault (eds), The industrial revolution and British society, Cambridge University Press, 1993, pp. 1-30.
181. T S Ashton, The industrial revolution, London, Oxford University Press, 1948; W W Rostow, The stages of economic growth, Cambridge University Press, 1960; P Deane and W A Cole, British economic growth, 1688-1959, Cambridge University Press, 1967; C K Harley, 'British industrialisation before 1841: evidence of slower growth during the industrial revolution', J. Econ. Hist., 1982, 42: 267-89; S D Chapman, 'The cotton industry and the industrial revolution', in L A Clarkson (ed.), The industrial revolution: a compendium, Basingstoke, Macmillan Education, 1990, pp. 1-64; M Fores, The myth of the British industrial revolution', History, 1981, 66: 181-98; P K O'Brien and R Quinault (eds), The industrial revolution and British society, Cambridge University Press, 1993, pp. 1-30.
182. T S Ashton, The industrial revolution, London, Oxford University Press, 1948; W W Rostow, The stages of economic growth, Cambridge University Press, 1960; P Deane and W A Cole, British economic growth, 1688-1959, Cambridge University Press, 1967; C K Harley, 'British industrialisation before 1841: evidence of slower growth during the industrial revolution', J. Econ. Hist., 1982, 42: 267-89; S D Chapman, 'The cotton industry and the industrial revolution', in L A Clarkson (ed.), The industrial revolution: a compendium, Basingstoke, Macmillan Education, 1990, pp. 1-64; M Fores, The myth of the British industrial revolution', History, 1981, 66: 181-98; P K O'Brien and R Quinault (eds), The industrial revolution and British society, Cambridge University Press, 1993, pp. 1-30.
183. T S Ashton, The industrial revolution, London, Oxford University Press, 1948; W W Rostow, The stages of economic growth, Cambridge University Press, 1960; P Deane and W A Cole, British economic growth, 1688-1959, Cambridge University Press, 1967; C K Harley, 'British industrialisation before 1841: evidence of slower growth during the industrial revolution', J. Econ. Hist., 1982, 42: 267-89; S D Chapman, 'The cotton industry and the industrial revolution', in L A Clarkson (ed.), The industrial revolution: a compendium, Basingstoke, Macmillan Education, 1990, pp. 1-64; M Fores, The myth of the British industrial revolution', History, 1981, 66: 181-98; P K O'Brien and R Quinault (eds), The industrial revolution and British society, Cambridge University Press, 1993, pp. 1-30.
184. T S Ashton, The industrial revolution, London, Oxford University Press, 1948; W W Rostow, The stages of economic growth, Cambridge University Press, 1960; P Deane and W A Cole, British economic growth, 1688-1959, Cambridge University Press, 1967; C K Harley, 'British industrialisation before 1841: evidence of slower growth during the industrial revolution', J. Econ. Hist., 1982, 42: 267-89; S D Chapman, 'The cotton industry and the industrial revolution', in L A Clarkson (ed.), The industrial revolution: a compendium, Basingstoke, Macmillan Education, 1990, pp. 1-64; M Fores, The myth of the British industrial revolution', History, 1981, 66: 181-98; P K O'Brien and R Quinault (eds), The industrial revolution and British society, Cambridge University Press, 1993, pp. 1-30.
185. T S Ashton, The industrial revolution, London, Oxford University Press, 1948; W W Rostow, The stages of economic growth, Cambridge University Press, 1960; P Deane and W A Cole, British economic growth, 1688-1959, Cambridge University Press, 1967; C K Harley, 'British industrialisation before 1841: evidence of slower growth during the industrial revolution', J. Econ. Hist., 1982, 42: 267-89; S D Chapman, 'The cotton industry and the industrial revolution', in L A Clarkson (ed.), The industrial revolution: a compendium, Basingstoke, Macmillan Education, 1990, pp. 1-64; M Fores, The myth of the British industrial revolution', History, 1981, 66: 181-98; P K O'Brien and R Quinault (eds), The industrial revolution and British society, Cambridge University Press, 1993, pp. 1-30.
186. T S Ashton, The industrial revolution, London, Oxford University Press, 1948; W W Rostow, The stages of economic growth, Cambridge University Press, 1960; P Deane and W A Cole, British economic growth, 1688-1959, Cambridge University Press, 1967; C K Harley, 'British industrialisation before 1841: evidence of slower growth during the industrial revolution', J. Econ. Hist., 1982, 42: 267-89; S D Chapman, 'The cotton industry and the industrial revolution', in L A Clarkson (ed.), The industrial revolution: a compendium, Basingstoke, Macmillan Education, 1990, pp. 1-64; M Fores, The myth of the British industrial revolution', History, 1981, 66: 181-98; P K O'Brien and R Quinault (eds), The industrial revolution and British society, Cambridge University Press, 1993, pp. 1-30.