Does television exposure affect emerging adults' attitudes and assumptions about sexual relationships? Correlational and experimental confirmation

Journal of Youth and Adolescence

Volumn 31, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 1-15

  Ward, L Monique ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

Media; Sexuality; Television

Indexed keywords

EID: 0036108985     PISSN: 00472891     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1014068031532     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Andre, T., Frever, R. L., and Schuchmann, D. (1989). From whom have college students learned about sex? Youth Soc. 20: 241-268.
2. Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. Am. Psychol. 55: 469-480.
3. Baran, S. J. (1976). How TV and film portrayals affect sexual satisfaction in college students. Journalism Q. 53: 468-473.
4. Bauder, D. (1998). Cable ratings top networks. The Washington Post, July 8, p. D7.
5. Blosser, B. J. (1988). Ethnic differences in children's media use. J. Broadcasting Electron. Media 32: 453-470.
6. Brown, J. D., and Newcomer, S. F. (1991). Television viewing and adolescents' sexual behavior. J. Homosexuality 21: 77-91.
7. Brown, J. D., and Steele, J. R. (1995). Sex and the Mass Media. Kaiser Family Foundation, Menlo Park CA.
8. Bryant, J., and Rockwell, S. C. (1994). Effects of massive exposure to sexually oriented prime-time television programming on adolescents' moral judgment. In Zillman, D., Bryant, J., and Huston, A. C. (eds.), Media, Children, and the Family: Social Scientific, Psychodynamic, and Clinical Perspectives. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, pp. 183-195.
9. Buerkel-Rothfuss, N. L., and Strouse, J. S. (1993). Media exposure and perceptions of sexual behaviors: The cultivation hypothesis moves to the bedroom. In Greenberg, B. S., Brown, J. D., and Buerkel-Rothfuss, N. L. (eds.), Media, Sex, and the Adolescent. Hampton Press, Creskill, NJ, pp. 225-247.
10. Calfin, M. S., Carroll, J. L., and Shmidt, J. (1993). Viewing music-videotapes before taking a test of premarital sexual attitudes. Psychol. Rep. 72: 475-481.
11. Carveth, R., and Alexander, A. (1985). Soap opera viewing motivation and the cultivation process. J. Broadcasting Electron. Media 29: 259-273.
12. Christopher, F. S. (2001). To Dance the Dance: A Symbolic Interactional Exploration of Premarital Sexuality. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ.
13. Cohen, D. J., and Lederman, L. C. (1998). Navigating the freedoms of college life: Students talk about alcohol, gender, and sex. In Roth, N. L., and Fuller, L. K. (eds.), Women and AIDS: Negotiating Safer Practices, Care, and Representation. The Hawforth Pres, New York.
14. Day, R. D. (1992). The transition to first intercourse among racially and culturally diverse youth. J. Marr. Fam. 52: 749-762.
15. DiOrio, C., Kelley, M., and Hockenberry, M. (1999). Communication about sexual issues: Mothers, fathers, and friends. J. Adolesc. Health 24: 181-189.
16. Dorr, A. (1986). Television and Children: A Special Medium for a Special Audience. Sage, Beverly Hills, CA.
17. Durham, M. (1998). Dilemmas of desire: Representations of adolescent sexuality in two teen magazines. Youth Soc. 29: 369-389.
18. Fishbein, M., and Middlestadt, S. E. (1989). Using the theory of reasoned action as a framework for understanding and changing AIDS-related behaviors. In Mayo, M., Albee, G., and Schneider, F. (eds.), Primary Prevention of AIDS: Psychological Approaches. Sage, Newbury Park, CA, pp. 93-110.
19. Fisher, J. D. (1988). Possible effects of reference group-based social influence on AIDS-risk behavior and AIDS prevention. Am. Psychol. 43: 914-920.
20. Fox, G. (1977). Sex-role attitudes as predictors of contraceptive use among unmarried university students. Sex Roles 3: 265-283.
21. Galambos, N., Peterson, A., Richards, M., and Gitelson, I. B. (1985). The attitudes toward women scale for adolescents (AWSA): A study of reliability and validity. Sex Roles 13: 343-354.
22. Garner, A., Sterk H. M., and Adams, S. (1998). Narrative analysis of sexual etiquette in teenage magazines. J. Commun. 48: 59-78.
23. Gow, J. (1995). Reconsidering gender roles on MTV: Depictions in the most popular music videos on the early 1990s. Commun. Rep. 9: 151-161.
24. Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., and Signorielli, N. (1994). Growing up with television: The cultivation perspective. In Bryant, J., and Zillman, D. (eds.), Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, pp. 17-41.
25. Greenberg, B. S. (1993). Race differences in television and movie behaviors. In Greenberg, B. S., Brown, J. D., and Buerkel-Rothfuss, N. L. (eds.), Media, Sex, and the Adolescent. Hampton Press, Creskill, NJ, pp. 145-152.
26. Greenberg, B. S., Brown, J. D., and Buerkel-Rothfuss, N. L. (1993). Media, Sex, and the Adolescent. Hampton Press, Creskill, NJ.
27. Greenberg, B. S., and Busselle, R. W. (1996). Soap operas and sexual activity: A decade later. J. Commun. 46: 153-160.
28. Greenberg, B. S., Linsangan, R., and Soderman, A. (1993). Adolescents' reactions to television sex. In Greenberg, B. S., Brown, J. D., and Buerkel-Rothfuss, N. L. (eds.), Media, Sex, and the Adolescent. Hampton Press, Creskill, NJ, pp. 177-224.
29. Greeson, L. E., and Williams, R. A. (1986). Social implications of music videos for youth: An analysis of the content and effects of MTV. Youth Soc. 18: 177-189.
30. Haferkamp, C. J. (1999). Beliefs about relationships in relation to television viewing, soap opera viewing, and self-monitoring. Curr. Psychol. 18: 193-204.
31. Harrison, K. (1997). Does interpersonal attraction to thin media personalities promote eating disorders? J. Broadcasting Electron. Media 41: 478-500.
32. Higgins, E. T., and King, G. A. (1981). Accessibility of social constructs: Information-processing consequences of individual and contextual variability. In Cantor, N., and Kihlstrom, J. F. (eds.), Personality, Cognition, and Social Interaction. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, pp. 69-122.
33. Huston, A. C., Wartella, E., and Donnerstein, E. (1998). Measuring the Effects of Sexual Content in the Media. Kaiser Family Foundation, Menlo Park, CA.
34. Jo, E., and Berkowitz, L. (1994). A priming effect analysis on media influences: An update. In Bryant, J., and Zillman, D. (eds.), Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, pp. 43-60.
35. Kalof, L. (1999). The effects of gender and music video imagery on sexual attitudes. J. Soc. Psychol. 139: 378-385.
36. Kunkel, D., Cope, K. M., and Biely, E. (1999). Sexual messages on television: Comparing findings from 3 studies. J. Sex Res. 36: 230-236.
37. Kunkel, D., Cope, K. M., and Colvin, C. (1996). Sexual Messages on Family Hour Television: Content and Context. Oakland & Menlo Park, CA: Children Now and Kaiser Family Foundation.
38. Levy, M. R. (1983). Conceptualizing and measuring aspects of audience 'activity.' Journalism Q. 60: 109-115.
39. Levy, M. R., and Windahl, S. (1984). Audience activity and gratifications: A conceptual clarification and exploration. Commun. Res. 11: 51-78.
40. Lowry, D. T., and Towles, D. E. (1989). Soap opera portrayals of sex, contraception, and sexually transmitted diseases. J. Commun. 39: 76-83.
41. MacCorquodale, P. (1984). Gender roles and premarital contraception. J. Marr. Fam. 46: 57-63.
42. Metzler, C. W., Noell, J., and Biglan, A. (1992). The validation of a construct of high-risk sexual behavior in heterosexual adolescents J. Adolesc. Res. 7: 233-249.
43. Oliver, M. B., and Hyde, J. S. (1993). Gender differences in sexuality: A meta-analysis. Psychol. Bull. 114: 29-51.
44. Olson, B. (1994). Sex and the soaps: A comparative content analysis of health issues. Journalism Q. 71: 840-850.
45. Page, R., Hammermeister, J. J., and Scanlan, A. (2000). Everybody's not doing it: Misperceptions of college students' sexual activity. Am. J. Health Behav. 24: 387-394.
46. Perse, E. M. (1986). Soap opera viewing patterns of college students and cultivation. J. Broadcasting Electron. Media 30: 175-193.
47. Pistella, C. L. Y., and Bonati, F. A. (1998). Communication about sexual behavior among adolescent women, their family, and peers. Fam. Soc. J. Contemp. Hum. Serv. March-April, 206-211.
48. Pleck, J. H., Sonenstein, F. L., and Ku, L. C. (1993). Masculinity ideology: Its impact on adolescent males' heterosexual relationships. J. Soc. Issues 49: 11-29.
49. Potter, W. J. (1986). Perceived reality and the cultivation hypothesis. J. Broadcasting Electron. Media 30: 159-174.
50. Rubin, A. M. (1984). Ritualized and instrumental television viewing. J. Commun. 34: 67-77.
51. Rubin, A. M. (1994). Media uses and effects: A uses-and-gratifications perspective. In Bryant, J., and Zillman, D. (eds.), Media Effects. Advances in Theory and Research. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, pp. 417-436.
52. Rubin, A. M., and Perse, E. M. (1987). Audience activity and television news gratifications. Commun. Res. 14: 58-84.
53. Rudman, L. A., and Borgida, E. (1995). The afterglow of construct accessibility: The behavioral consequences of priming men to view women as sexual objects. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 31: 493-517.
54. Sapolsky, B. S., and Tabarlet, J. O. (1991). Sex in primetime television: 1979 versus 1989. J. Broadcasting Electron. Media 35: 505-516.
55. Schwartz, P., and Rutter, V. (1998). The Gender of Sexuality. Pine Forge Press, Thousand Oaks, CA.
56. Scott-Jones, D., and White, A. (1990). Correlates of sexual activity in early adolescence. J. Early Adolesc. 10: 221-238.
57. Sherman, B. L., and Dominick, J. R. (1986). Violence and sex in music videos: TV and rock 'n' roll. J. Commun. 36: 79-93.
58. Strasburger, V. (1995). Adolescents and the Media: Medical and Psychological Impact. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
59. Strouse, J. S., and Buerkel-Rothfuss, N. L. (1987). Media exposure and the sexual attitudes and behaviors of college students. J. Sex Educ. Ther. 13: 43-51.
60. Strouse, J. S., Buerkel-Rothfuss, N. L., and Long, E. C. (1995). Gender and family as moderators of the relationship between music video exposure and adolescent sexual permissiveness. Adolescence 30: 505-521.
61. Strouse, J. S., Goodwin, M. P., and Roscoe, B. (1994). Correlates of attitudes toward sexual harrassment among early adolescents. Sex Roles 31: 559-577.
62. Sun, S.-W., and Lull, J. (1986). The adolescent audience for music videos and why they watch. J. Commun. 36: 115-125.
63. Tolman, D. L., and Higgins, T. (1996). How being a good girl can be bad for girls. In Maglin, N. B., and Perry, D. (eds.), Good Girls/Bad Girls: Women, Sex, Violence and Power in the 1990s. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ, pp. 205-225.
64. Walsh-Childers, K., and Brown, J. D. (1993). Adolescents' acceptance of sex-role stereotypes and television viewing. In Greenberg, B. S., Brown, J. D., and Buerkel-Rothfuss, N. L. (eds.), Media, Sex, and the Adolescent. Hampton Press, Creskill, NJ, pp. 117-133.
65. Ward, L. M. (1995). Talking about sex: Common themes about sexuality in the prime-time television programs children and adolescents view most. J. Youth Adolesc. 24: 595-615.
66. Ward, L. M., and Rivadeneyra, R. (1999). Contributions of entertainment television to adolescents sexual attitudes and expectations: The role of viewing amount versus viewer involvement. J. Sex Res. 36: 237-249.
67. Ward, L., and Wyatt, G. (1994). The effects of childhood sexual messages on African-American and White women's adolescent sexual behavior. Psychol. Women Q. 18: 183-201.
68. Whitaker, D., and Miller, K. (2000). Parent-adolescent discussions about sex and condoms: Impact on peer influences of sexual risk behavior. J. Adolesc. Res. 15: 251-273.
69. Winslow, R. W., Franzini, L. R., and Hwang, J. (1992). Perceived peer norms, casual sex, and AIDS risk prevention. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 22: 1809-1827.