Do not pay any attention to the umpires: Thought suppression and task-relevant focusing strategies

Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology

Volumn 24, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 306-319

  Dugdale, Jeremy R ^a   Eklund, Robert C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

Ironic processing; Mental skills; Thought stopping

Indexed keywords

EID: 0036051633     PISSN: 08952779     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1123/jsep.24.3.306     Document Type: Review

References (32)

1. Albaum, G., Best, R., & Hawkins, D. (1981). Continuous vs discrete semantic differential rating scales. Psychological Reports, 49, 83-86.
2. Ansfield, M.E., Wegner, D.M., & Browser, R. (1996). Ironic effects of sleep urgency. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 523-531.
3. Beilock, S.L., Afremow, J.A., Rabe, A.L., & Carr, T.H. (2001). "Don't miss!" The debilitating effects of suppressive imagery on golf putting performance. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 23, 200-221.
4. Cioffi, D., & Holloway, J. (1993). Delayed costs of suppressed pain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 274-282.
5. Dugdale, J.R. (1996). An exploratory investigation into the relationship between focused attention and peak performance. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Otago, Dunedin, NZ.
6. Dugdale, J.R., Eklund, R.C., & Gordon S. (2002). Expected and unexpected stressors in major international competition: Appraisal, coping, and performance. The Sport Psychologist, 16, 20-33.
7. Gould, D., Eklund, R.C., & Jackson, S.A. (1992a). 1988 U.S. Olympic wrestling excellence: I. Mental preparation, precompetitive cognition, and affect. The Sport Psychologist, 6, 358-382.
8. Gould, D., Eklund, R.C., & Jackson, S.A. (1992b). 1988 U.S. Olympic wrestling excellence: II. Thoughts and affect. The Sport Psychologist, 6, 383-402.
9. Gould, D., Eklund, R.C., & Jackson, S.A. (1993). Coping strategies used by U.S. Olympic wrestlers. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 64, 83-93.
10. Gould, D., Finch, L.M., & Jackson, S.A. (1993). Coping strategies used by nations champion figure skaters. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 64, 453-468.
11. Gould, D., Guinan, D., Greenleaf, C., Medbery, R., & Peterson, K. (1999). Factors affecting Olympic performance: Perceptions of athletes and coaches from more and less successful teams. The Sport Psychologist, 13, 371-394.
12. Gould, D., Jackson, S.A., & Finch, L.M. (1993). Sources of stress in national champion figure skaters. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 15, 134-159.
13. Greenspan, M.J., & Feltz, D.L. (1989). Psychological interventions with athletes in competitive situations: A review. The Sport Psychologist, 3, 219-236.
14. Hall, C.R., Hardy, J., & Gammage, K.L (1999). About hitting golf balls in the water: Comments on Janelle's (1999) article on ironic processes. The Sport Psychologist, 13, 221-224.
15. Hardy, L., & Nelson, D. (1988). Self-regulation training in sport and work. Ergonomics, 31, 1573-1583.
16. Janelle, C.M. (1999). Ironic mental processes in sport: Implications for sport pscyhologists. The Sport Psychologist, 13, 201-220.
17. Macrae, C.N., Bodenhausen, G.V., Milne, A.B., & Ford, R.L. (1997). On the regulation of recollection: The intentional forgetting of stereotypical memories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 709-719.
18. Martens, R. (1987). Coaches guide to sport psychology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
19. Orlick, T., & Partington, J.T. (1988). Mental links to excellence. The Sport Psychologist, 2, 105-130.
20. Rushall, B.S. (1984). The content of competition thinking. In W.F. Straub & J.M. Williams (Eds.), Cognitive sport psychology (pp. 51-62). Lansing, NY: Sport Science Associates.
21. Rushall, B.S., Hall, M., Roux, L., Sasseville, J., & Rushall, A.C. (1989). Effects of thought content instructions on skiing performance. The Sport Psychologist, 2, 283-297.
22. Wegner, D.M. (1988). Stress and mental control. In S. Fischer & J. Reason (Eds.), Handbook of life, stress, cognition and health (pp. 683-697). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
23. Wegner, D.M. (1994). Ironic processes of mental control. Psychological Review, 101, 34-52.
24. Wegner, D.M. (1997a). When the antidote is the poison: Ironic mental control processes. Psychological Science, 8, 148-150.
25. Wegner, D.M. (1997b). Why the mind wanders. In J.D. Cohen & J.W. Schooler (Eds.), Scientific approaches to consciousness (pp. 295-315). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
26. Wegner, D.M., Ansfield, M, & Pilloff, D. (1998). The putt and the pendulum: Ironic effects of the mental control of action. Psychological Science, 9, 196-199.
27. Wegner, D.M., Broome, A., & Blumberg, S.J. (1997). Ironic effects of trying to relax under stress. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 35, 12-21.
28. Wegner, D.M., & Erber, R. (1992). The hyperaccessibility of suppressed thoughts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 903-912.
29. Wegner, D.M., Erber R., & Zanakos, S. (1993). Ironic processes of mental control of mood and mood-related thought. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1093-1104.
30. Wegner, D.M., Schneider, D.J., Carter, S.R., & White, T.L. (1987). Paradoxical effects of thought suppression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 5-13.
31. Wenzlaff, R.M., & Wegner, D.M. (2000). Thought suppression. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 59-91.
32. Zinsser, N., Bunker, L., & Williams, J.M. (1998). Cognitive techniques for building confidence and enhancing performance. In J.M. Williams (Ed.). Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance (3rd ed.) (pp. 270-295). Mountain View, CA: Mayfair.