Ironic mental processes in sport: Implications for sport psychologists

Sport Psychologist

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 201-220

  Janelle, Christopher M ^a  

^a 110 Florida Gym ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033148217     PISSN: 08884781     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1123/tsp.13.2.201     Document Type: Review

References (80)

1. Adams, J.A. (1971). A closed-loop theory of motor learning. Journal of Motor Behavior, 3, 111-150.
2. Ansfield, M.E., Wegner, D.M., & Bowser, R. (1996). Ironic effects of sleep urgency. Behavior Research and Therapy, 34, 523-531.
3. Apter, M.J. (1982). The experience of motivation: The theory of psychological reversals. London: Academic Press.
4. Bahill, L.T., & LaRitz, T. (1984). Why can't batters keep their eyes on the ball? American Scientist, 72, 249-253.
5. Bargh, J.A. (1989). Conditional automaticity: Varieties of automatic influence on social perception and cognition. In J.S. Uleman & J.A. Bargh (Eds.), Unintended thought (pp. 3-51). New York: Guilford Press.
6. Bartholomew, J.B., Brewer, B.W., Van Raalte, J.L., Linder, D.E., Cornelius, A.E., & Bart, S.M. (1998). A psychometric evaluation of the Sports Inventory for Pain. The Sport Psychologist, 12, 29-39.
7. Brehm, J.W. (1966). A theory of psychological reactance. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
8. Brewer, B.W., Van Raalte, J.L., & Linder, D.E. (1990). Effects of pain on motor performance. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 12, 353-365.
9. Burton, D. (1988). Do anxious swimmers swim slower? Reexamining the exclusive anxiety-performance relationship. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10, 45-61.
10. Carver, C.S., & Scheier, M.F. (1981). Attention and self-regulation: A control-theory approach to human behavior. New York: Springer-Verlag.
11. Chevreul, M.E. (1833). Lettre a M. Ampere sure une classe particulaires [Letter to Mr. Ampere regarding a certain class]. Review des Deux Mondes, 2, 258-266.
12. Cioffi, D. (1993). Sensate body, directive mind: Physical sensations and mental control. In D.M. Wegner & J.W. Pennebaker (Eds.), Handbook of mental control (pp. 410-442). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
13. Cioffi, D., & Holloway, J. (1993). Delayed costs of suppressed pain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 274-282.
14. Dishman, R.K. (1995). Physical activity and public health: Mental health. Quest, 47, 362-385.
15. Easterbrook, J.A. (1959). The effect of emotion on the utilization and organization of behavior. Psychological Review, 66, 183-201.
16. Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R.T., & Tesch-Römer, C. ( 1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review, 100, 363-406.
17. Fitts, P.M. (1964). Perceptual-motor skills learning. In A.W. Melton (Ed.), Categories of human learning (pp. 243-285). New York: Academic Press.
18. Fitts, P.M., & Posner, M.I. (1967). Human performance. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
19. Focht, B., & Koltyn, K. (1999). The influence of weight training intensity on mood states and blood pressure. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31, 456-463.
20. Frankl, V.E. (1966). The doctor and the soul, from psychotherapy to logotherapy (2nd ed.). New York: Knopf.
21. Goss, S., Hall, C., Buckholz, F., & Fishbume, G., (1986). Imagery ability and the acquisition and retention of movements. Memory and Cognition, 4, 469-477.
22. Hanin, Y. (1980). A study of anxiety in sports. In W.F. Straub (Ed.), Sport psychology: An analysis of athlete behavior (pp. 236-249). Ithaca, NY: Movement.
23. Hardy, L. (1996). Testing the predictions of the cusp catastrophe model of anxiety and performance. The Sport Psychologist, 10, 140-156.
24. Hardy, L., & Fazey, J. (1987, June). The inverted-U hypothesis: A catastrophe for sport psychology? Paper presented at the annual conference of the North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity, Vancouver, BC.
25. Harris, S.S., Caspersen, C.J., DeFriese, G.H., & Estes, E.H., (1989). Physical activity counseling for healthy adults as a primitive prevention intervention in the clinical setting. Journal of the American Medical Association, 261, 3590-3598.
26. Jacobson, E. (1931). Electrical measurements of neuromuscular states during mental activities. American Journal of Physiology, 96, 115-121.
27. Janelle, C.M, Singer, R.N., & Williams, A.M. (1999). External distraction and attentional narrowing: Visual search evidence. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 21, 70-91.
28. Jonides, J. (1981). Voluntary versus automatic control over the mind's eye's movement. In J. Long & A. Baddeley (Eds.), Attention and performance IX (pp. 187-203). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
29. Kahneman, D. (1973). Attention and effort. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
30. Kirschenbaum, D.S. (1984). Self-regulation and sport psychology: Nurturing an emerging symbiosis. Journal of Sport Psychology, 6, 159-183.
31. Landers, D.M. (1980). The arousal-performance relationship revisited. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 51, 77-90.
32. Landers, D.M., & Petruzzello, S.J. (1994). Physical activity, fitness, and anxiety. In C. Bouchard, R.J. Shephard, & T. Stephens, (Eds.), Physical activity, fitness, and health: Proceedings and consensus statement (pp. 868-882). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
33. Latane, B., Williams, K.D., & Harkins, S.G. (1979). Many hands make light the work: The causes and consequences of social loafing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 823-832.
34. Logan, G.D. (1992). Attention and preattention in theories of automaticity. American Journal of Psychology, 105, 341-362.
35. Mackenzie, M.M. (1990). Golf: The mind game. New York: Dell.
36. Macrae, C.N., Bodenhausen, G.V., Milne, A.B., & Ford, R.L. (1997). On the regulation of recollection: The intentional forgetting of stereotypical memories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 709-719.
37. Mahoney, M.J., & Avener, M. (1977). Psychology of the elite athlete: An exploratory study. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1, 135-142.
38. McAuley, E. (1985). Modeling and self-efficacy: A test of Bandura's model. Journal of Sport Psychology, 1, 283-295.
39. McNally, R.J. (1990). Psychological approaches to panic disorder: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 403-419.
40. Morgan, W.P. (1997). Physical activity and mental health. Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis.
41. Morgan, W.P., & Pollock, M.L. (1977). Psychological characterization of the elite distance runner. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 301, 382-403.
42. North, T.C., McCullagh, P., & Tran, Z.V. (1990). Effect of exercise on depression. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 18, 379-415.
43. Nougier, V., Rossi, B., Alain, C., & Taddei, F. (1996). Evidence of strategic effects in the modulation of orienting of attention. Ergonomics, 39, 1119-1133.
44. O'Connor, P.J., Bryant, C.X., Veltri, J.P, & Gebhardt, S.M. (1993). State anxiety and ambulatory blood pressure following resistance exercise in females. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 25, 516-521.
45. Owens, D., & Kirschenbaum, D.S. (1998). Smart golf: How to simplify and score your mental game. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
46. Petruzzello, S.J., Landers, D.M., Hatfield, B.D., Kubitz, K.A., & Salazar, W. (1991). A meta-analysis on the anxiety reducing effects of acute and chronic exercise: Outcomes and mechanisms. Sports Medicine, 11, 143-182.
47. Posner, M.I., & Snyder, C.R.R. (1975). Facilitation and inhibition in the processing of signals. In P.M.A. Rabbit & S. Dornic (Eds.), Attention and performance V (pp. 188-205). New York: Academic Press.
48. Powers, W.T. (1973). Behavior: The control of perception. Chicago: Aldine.
49. Ravizza, K. (1998). Increasing awareness for peak performance. In J.M. Williams (Ed.), Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance (pp. 171-181). Mountain View, CA: Mayfield.
50. Ravizza, K., & Hanson, T. (1995). Heads-up baseball: Playing the game one pitch at a time. Indianapolis, IN: Masters Press.
51. Schmidt, R.A. (1975). A schema theory of discrete motor skill learning. Psychological Review, 82, 225-260.
52. Schmidt, R.A. (1988). Motor control and learning: A behavioral emphasis. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
53. Shoham, V., & Rohrbaugh, M. (1997). Interrupting ironic processes. Psychological Science, 8, 151-153.
54. Shoham-Salomon, V., & Rosenthal, R., (1987). Paradoxical interventions: A meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 22-28.
55. Singer, R.N. (1984). The learning of athletic skills and the use of strategies. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 15, 271-282.
56. Singer, R.N. (1988) Strategies and metastrategies in learning and performing self-paced athletic skills. The Sport Psychologist, 2, 49-68.
57. Singer, R.N., Cauraugh, J.H., Chen, D., Steinberg, G.M., & Frehlich, S.G. (1996). Visual search, anticipation, and reactive comparisons between highly skilled and beginning tennis players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 8, 9-26.
58. Solomon, R.L. (1988). The opponent-process theory of acquired motivation. American Psychologist, 35, 691-933.
59. Spinoza, B. (1982). The ethics and selected letters. (S. Feldman, Ed.). (S. Shirley, Trans.). Indianapolis, IN: Hackett. (Original work published 1677)
60. Starkes, J.L., & Allard, F. (1993). Cognitive issues in motor control. Amsterdam: North Holland.
61. Taylor, J., & Taylor, S. (1998). Pain education and management in the rehabilitation from sports injury. The Sport Psychologist, 12, 68-88.
62. Van Hessel, V., & Hersen, M. (1987). Handbook of adolescent psychology. New York: Pergamon.
63. Vickers, J.N. (1992). Gaze control in putting. Perception, 21, 117-132.
64. Vickers, J.N. (1996). Visual control while aiming at a far target. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 22, 342-354.
65. Wegner, D.M. (1989). White bears and other unwanted thoughts. New York: Viking/Penguin.
66. Wegner, D.M. (1994). Ironic processes of mental control. Psychological Review, 16, 34-52.
67. Wegner, D.M. (1996). Why the mind wanders. In J.D. Cohen & J.W. Schooler (Eds.), Scientific approaches to consciousness (pp. 295-315). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
68. Wegner, D.M. (1997). When the antidote is the poison: Ironic mental control processes. Psychological Science, 8, 148-150.
69. Wegner, D.M., Ansfield, M., & Pilloff, D. (in press). The putt and the pendulum: Ironic effects of the mental control of action. Psychological Science.
70. Wegner, D.M., Broome, A., & Blumberg, S.J. (1997), Ironic effects of trying to relax under stress. Behavior Research and Therapy, 35, 11-21.
71. Wegner, D.M., & Erber, R. (1992). The hyperaccessibility of suppressed thoughts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 903-912.
72. Wegner, D.M., Erber, R., & Zanakos, S. (1993). Ironic processes in the mental control of mood and mood-related thought. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1093-1104.
73. Wegner, D.M., Schneider, D.J., Carter, S., III, & White, L. (1987). Paradoxical effects of thought suppression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 5-13.
74. Weiner, N. (1948). Cybernetics. New York: Wiley.
75. Wickens, C.D. (1984). Engineering psychology and human performance. Columbus, OH: Charles E. Merrill.
76. Williams, A.M., Davids, K., Burwitz, L., & Williams, J.G. (1994). Visual search strategies in experienced and inexperienced soccer players. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 65, 127-135.
77. Williams, A.M., & Elliott, D.W. (1997). Visual search in karate kumite: A function of expertise and anxiety. In R. Lidor & M. Bar-Eli (Eds.), Innovations in sport psychology: Linking theory and practice. Proceedings of the ISSP IX World Congress of Sport Psychology (pp. 99-102). Israel: Wingate Institute.
78. Williams, J.M., & Krane, V. (1998). Psychological characteristics of peak performance. In J.M. Williams (Ed.), Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance (3rd ed., pp. 158-170). Mountain View, CA: Mayfield.
79. Yerkes, R.M., & Dodson, J.D. (1908). The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit formation. Journal of Comparative Neurological Psychology, 18, 459-482.
80. Zinsser, N., Bunker, L., & Williams, J.M. (1998). Cognitive techniques for building confidence and enhancing performance. In J.M. Williams (Ed.), Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance (3rd ed., pp. 270-295). Mountain View, CA: Mayfield.