Thalidomide: An old drug with new clinical applications

Cancer Investigation

Volumn 20, Issue 5-6, 2002, Pages 835-848

  Baidas, Said ^a   Tfayli, Arafat ^a   Bhargava, Pankaj ^b  

^a GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA INTERFERON; ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITOR; CARBOPLATIN; CISPLATIN; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DEXAMETHASONE; DOCETAXEL; ETOPOSIDE; FLUDARABINE; GRANULOCYTE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; IMMUNOMODULATING AGENT; IRINOTECAN; PAMIDRONIC ACID; PREDNISONE; STEROID; TEMOZOLOMIDE; THALIDOMIDE; TUBERCULOSTATIC AGENT; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT;

ANOREXIA; APHTHOUS ULCER; BEHCET DISEASE; BIRTH DEFECT; BREAST CANCER; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONSTIPATION; CROHN DISEASE; DIARRHEA; DISCOID LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG INDICATION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG STRUCTURE; FATIGUE; GASTROINTESTINAL TOXICITY; GLIOMA; GRAFT VERSUS HOST REACTION; HEADACHE; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; HYPOTHYROIDISM; LEPROSY; LIPOSARCOMA; MENSTRUATION DISORDER; NAUSEA; NEUTROPENIA; NONHUMAN; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RASH; REVIEW; SOMNOLENCE; STEVENS JOHNSON SYNDROME; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION; STRUCTURE ANALYSIS; TERATOGENICITY; TOXIC EPIDERMAL NECROLYSIS; TUBERCULOUS MENINGITIS; ULCERATIVE COLITIS; VERTIGO; WASTING SYNDROME; XEROSTOMIA; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; NEOPLASM; SKIN DISEASE;

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS; NEOPLASMS; SKIN DISEASES; THALIDOMIDE;

EID: 0036043532     PISSN: 07357907     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1081/CNV-120002498     Document Type: Review

References (118)

1. Somers, G.F. Pharmacological Properties of Thalidomide (Alpha-Phthalimido Glutamide), a New Sedative Hypnotic Drug. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1960, 15, 111-116.
2. Lenz, W. Malformations Caused by Drugs in Pregnancy. Am. J. Dis. Child 1966, 99-106.
3. Mcbride, W.G. Thalidomide and Congenital Abnormalities. Lancet 1961, 2, 1358.
4. Sheskin, J. Thalidomide in the Treatment of Lepra Reaction. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1965, 6, 303-306.
5. Knop, J.; Macher, E. Thalidomide Treatment of Chronic Discoid Lupus Erythematosus. Hautarzt 1983, 34, 435-436.
6. Ordi-Ros, J.; Cortes, F.; Cucurull, E.; Mauri, M.; Bujan, S.; Vilardell, M. Thalidomide in the Treatment of Cutaneous Lupus Refractory to Conventional Therapy. J. Rheumatol. 2000, 27, 1429-1433.
7. Stevens, R.J.; Andujar, C.; Edwards, C.J.; Ames, P.R.; Barwick, A.R.; Khamashta, M.A.; Hughes, G.R. Thalidomide in the Treatment of the Cutaneous Manifestations of Lupus Erythematosus: Experience in Sixteen Consecutive Patients. Br. J. Rheumatol. 1997, 36, 353-359.
8. Bahmer, F.A.; Zaun, H.; Luszpinski, P. Thalidomide Treatment of Recurrent Erythema Multiforme. Acta Dermato-Venereol. 1982, 62, 449-450.
9. Cherouati, K.; Claudy, A.; Souteyrand, P.; Cambazard, F.; Vaillant, L.; Moulin, G.; Crickx, B.; Morel, P.; Lamorelle, A.; Revuz, J. Treatment by Thalidomide of Chronic Multiforme Erythema: Its Recurrent and Continuous Variants. A Retrospective Study of 26 Patients. Ann. Dermato-Venereol. 1996, 123, 375-377.
10. Johnke, H.; Zachariae, H. Thalidomide Treatment of Prurigo Nodularis. Ugeskr Laeger 1993, 155, 3028-3030.
11. DeVincenzo, J.P.; Burchet, S.K. Prolonged Thalidomide Therapy for Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Recurrent Severe Esophageal and Oral Aphthous Ulcers. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1996, 15, 465-467.
12. Jacobson, J.M.; Spritzler, J.; Fox, L.; Fahey, J.L.; Jackson, J.B.; Chernoff, M.; Wohl, D.A.; Wu, A.W.; Hooton, T.M.; Sha, B.E.; Shikuma, C.M.; MacPhail, L.A.; Simpson, D.M.; Trapnell, C.B.; Basgoz, N. Thalidomide for the Treatment of Esophageal Aphthous Ulcers in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease AIDS Clinical Trials Group. J. Infect. Dis. 1999, 180, 61-67.
13. Ramirez-Amador, V.A.; Esquivel-Pedraza, L.; Ponce-de-Leon, S.; Reyes-Teran, G.; Gonzalez-Guevara, M.; Sierra-Madero, J.G. Thalidomide as Therapy for Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Related Oral Ulcers: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1999, 28, 892-894.
14. Hamuryudan, V.; Mat, C.; Saip, S.; Ozyazgan, Y.; Siva, A.; Yurdakul, S.; Zwingenberger, K.; Yazici, H. Thalidomide in the Treatment of the Mucocutaneous Lesions of the Behcet Syndrome. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 1998, 128, 443-450.
15. Hamza, M.H. Treatment of Behcet's Disease with Thalidomide. Clin. Rheumatol. 1986, 5, 365-371.
16. Mangelsdorf, H.C.; White, W.L.; Jorizzo, J.L. Behcet's Disease. Report of Twenty-Five Patients from the United States with Prominent Mucocutaneous Involvement. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1996, 34, 745-750.
17. Waters, M.F.; Laing, A.B.; Ambikapathy, A.; Lennard-Jones, J.E. Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis with Thalidomide. Br. Med. J. 1979, 1, 792.
18. Gutierrez-Rodriguez, O.; Starusta-Bacal, P.; Gutierrez-Montes, O. Treatment of Refractory Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Thalidomide Experience. J. Rheumatol. 1989, 16, 158-163.
19. Gutierrez-Rodriguez, O. Thalidomide. A Promising New Treatment for Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1984, 27, 1118-1121.
20. Carlesimo, M.; Giustini, S.; Rossi, A.; Bonaccorsi, P.; Calvieri, S. Treatment of Cutaneous and Pulmonary Sarcoidosis with Thalidomide. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1995, 32, 866-869.
21. Vogelsang, G.B.; Farmer, E.R.; Hess, A.D.; Altamonte, V.; Beschorner, W.E.; Jabs, D.A.; Corio, R.L.; Levin, L.S.; Colvin, O.M.; Wingard, J.R.; Santos, G. Thalidomide for the Treatment of Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 1992, 326, 1055-1058.
22. Parker, P.M.; Chao, N.; Nademanee, A.; O'Donnell, M.R.; Schmidt, G.M.; Snyder, D.S.; Stein, A.S.; Smith, E.P.; Molina, A.; Stepan, D.E.; Kashyap, A.; Planas, I.; Spielberger, R.; Somlo, G.; Margolin, K.; Zwingenberger, K.; Wilsman, K.; Negrin, R.S.; Long, G.D.; Niland, J.C.; Blume, K.G.; Forman, S.J. Thalidomide as Salvage Therapy for Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease. Blood 1995, 86, 3604-3609.
23. Rovelli, A.; Arrigo, C.; Nesi, F.; Balduzzi, A.; Nicolini, B.; Locasciulli, A.; Vassallo, E.; Miniero, R.; Uderzo, C. The Role of Thalidomide in the Treatment of Refractory Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease Following Bone Marrow Transplantation in Children. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1998, 21, 577-581.
24. Singhal, S.; Mehta, J.; Desikan, R.; Ayers, D.; Roberson, P.; Eddlemon, P.; Munshi, N.; Anaissie, E.; Wilson, C.; Dhodapkar, M.; Zeddis, J.; Barlogie, B. Antitumor Activity of Thalidomide in Refractory Multiple Myeloma. N. Engl. J. Med. 1999, 341, 1565-1571.
25. Fine, H.A.; Figg, W.D.; Jaeckle, K.; Wen, P.Y.; Kyritsis, A.P.; Loeffler, J.S.; Levin, V.A.; Black, P.M.; Kaplan, R.; Pluda, J.M.; Yung, W.K. Phase II Trial of the Antiangiogenic Agent Thalidomide in Patients with Recurrent High-Grade Gliomas. J. Clin. Oncol. 2000, 18, 708-715.
26. Little, R.F.; Wyvill, K.M.; Pluda, J.M.; Welles, L.; Marshall, V.; Figg, W.D.; Newcomb, F.M.; Tosato, G.; Feigal, E.; Steinberg, S.M.; Whitby, D.; Goedert, J.J.; Yarchoan, R. Activity of Thalidomide in AIDS-Related Kaposi's Sarcoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 2000, 18, 2593-2602.
27. Davey, P.P.; Ashrafian, H. New Therapies for Heart Failure: Is Thalidomide the Answer? Q. J. Med. 2000, 93, 305-311.
28. Monastirli, A.; Georgiou, S.; Bolsen, K.; Pasmatzi, E.; Papapanagiotou, A.; Goerz, G.; Kalofoutis, A.; Merk, H.F.; Tsambaos, D. Treatment of Porphyria Cutanea Tarda with Oral Thalidomide. Skin Pharmacol. Appl. Skin Physiol. 1999, 12, 305-311.
29. Spraul, C.W.; Kaven, C.K.; Kampmeier, J.K.; Lang, G.K.; Lang, G.E. Effect of Thalidomide, Octreotide, and Prednisolone on the Migration and Proliferation of RPE Cells In Vitro. Curr. Eye Res. 1999, 19, 483-490.
30. Fine, S.L.; Berger, J.W.; Maguire, M.G.; Ho, A.C. Age-Related Macular Degeneration. N. Engl. J. Med. 2000, 342, 483-492.
31. Verougstraete, C. Present and Future Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Bull. Soc. Belge Ophtalmol. 1999, 273, 79-101.
32. Schumacher, H.; Smith, R.L.; Williams, R.T. The Metabolism of Thalidomide: The Spontaneous Hydrolysis of Thalidomide in Solution. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1965, 25, 324-337.
33. Schumacher, H.; Smith, R.L.; Williams, R.T. The Metabolism of Thalidomide: The Fate of Thalidomide and Some of Its Hydrolysis Products in Various Species. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1965, 25, 338-351.
34. Fabro, S.; Smith, R.L.; Williams, R.T. The Fate of the Hydrolysis Products of Thalidomide in the Pregnant Rabbit. Biochem. J. 1967, 104, 570-574.
35. Wells, P.G.; Kim, P.M.; Laposa, R.R.; Nicol, C.J.; Parman, T.; Winn, L.M. Oxidative Damage in Chemical Teratogenesis. Mutat. Res. 1997, 396, 65-78.
36. Parman, T.; Wiley, M.J.; Wells, P.G. Free Radical-Mediated Oxidative DNA Damage in the Mechanism of Thalidomide Teratogenicity. Nat. Med. 1999, 5, 582-585.
37. Eriksson, T.; Bjorkman, S.; Roth, B.; Fyge, A.; Hoglund, P. Stereospecific Determination, Chiral Inversion In Vitro and Pharmacokinetics in Humans of the Enantiomers of Thalidomide. Chirality 1995, 7, 44-52.
38. Eriksson, T.; Bjorkman, S.; Roth, B.; Hoglund, P. Intravenous Formulations of the Enantiomers of Thalidomide: Pharmacokinetic and Initial Pharmacodynamic Characterization in Man. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2000, 52, 807-817.
39. Chen, T.L.; Vogelsang, G.B.; Petty, B.G.; Brundrett, R.B.; Noe, D.A.; Santos, G.W.; Colvin, O.M. Plasma Pharmacokinetics and Urinary Excretion of Thalidomide After Oral Dosing in Healthy Male Volunteers. Drug Metab. Dispos. 1989, 17, 402-405.
40. Piscitelli, S.C.; Figg, W.D.; Hahn, B.; Kelly, G.; Thomas, S.; Walker, R.E. Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Thalidomide in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1997, 41, 2797-2799.
41. Figg, W.D.; Raje, S.; Bauer, K.S.; Tompkins, A.; Venzon, D.; Bergan, R.; Chen, A.; Hamilton, M.; Pluda, J.; Reed, E. Pharmacokinetics of Thalidomide in an Elderly Prostate Cancer Population. J. Pharm. Sci. 1999, 88, 121-125.
42. Baidas, S.M.; Winer, E.P.; Fleming, G.F.; Harris, L.; Pluda, J.M.; Crawford, J.G.; Yamauchi, H.; Isaacs, C.; Hanfelt, J.; Tefft, M.; Flockhart, D. ; Johnson, M.D.; Hawkins, M.J.; Lippman, M.E.; Hayes, D.F. Phase II Evaluation of Thalidomide in Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2000, 18, 2710-2717.
43. Teo, S.K.; Colburn, W.A.; Thomas, S.D. Single-Dose Oral Pharmacokinetics of Three Formulations of Thalidomide in Healthy Male Volunteers. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1999, 39, 1162-1168.
44. Bauer, K.S.; Dixon, S.C.; Figg, W.D. Inhibition of Angiogenesis by Thalidomide Requires Metabolic Activation, Which Is Species-Dependent. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1998, 55, 1827-1834.
45. Eriksson, T.; Bjorkman, S.; Roth, B.; Bjork, H.; Hoglund, P. Hydroxylated Metabolites of Thalidomide: Formation In-Vitro and In-Vivo in Man. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1998, 50, 1409-1416.
46. Teo, S.K.; Sabourin, P.J.; O'Brien, K.; Kook, K.A.; Thomas, S.D. Metabolism of Thalidomide in Human Microsomes, Cloned Human Cytochrome P-450 Isozymes, and Hansen's Disease Patients. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol. 2000, 14, 140-147.
47. Trapnell, C.B.; Donahue, S.R.; Collins, J.M.; Flockhart, D.A.; Thacker, D.; Abernethy, D.R. Thalidomide Does Not Alter the Pharmacokinetics of Ethinyl Estradiol and Norethindrone. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1998, 64, 597-602.
48. Scheffler, M.R.; Colburn, W.; Kook, K.A.; Thomas, S.D. Thalidomide Does Not Alter Estrogen-Progesterone Hormone Single Dose Pharmacokinetics. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1999, 65, 483-490.
49. Stephens, T.D. Proposed Mechanisms of Action in Thalidomide Embryopathy. Teratology 1988, 38, 229-239.
50. Stephens, T.D.; Bunde, C.J.; Fillmore, B.J. Mechanism of Action in Thalidomide Teratogenesis. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2000, 59, 1489-1499.
51. Sauer, H.; Gunther, J.; Hescheler, J.; Wartenberg, M. Thalidomide Inhibits Angiogenesis in Embryoid Bodies by the Generation of Hydroxyl Radicals. Am. J. Pathol. 2000, 156, 151-158.
52. Klausner, J.D.; Freedman, V.H.; Kaplan, G. Thalidomide as an Anti-TNF-Alpha Inhibitor: Implications for Clinical Use. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1996, 81, 219-223.
53. Moreira, A.L.; Sampaio, E.P.; Zmuidzinas, A.; Frindt, P.; Smith, K.A.; Kaplan, G. Thalidomide Exerts Its Inhibitory Action on Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha by Enhancing mRNA Degradation. J. Exp. Med. 1993, 177, 1675-1680.
54. Sampaio, E.P.; Sarno, E.N.; Galilly, R.; Cohn, Z.A.; Kaplan, G. Thalidomide Selectively Inhibits Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Production by Stimulated Human Monocytes. J. Exp. Med. 1991, 173, 699-703.
55. Rowland, T.L.; McHugh, S.M.; Deighton, J.; Dearman, R.J.; Ewan, P.W.; Kimber, I. Differential Regulation by Thalidomide and Dexamethasone of Cytokine Expression in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Immunopharmacology 1998, 40, 11-20.
56. Haslett, P.A.; Corral, L.G.; Albert, M.; Kaplan, G. Thalidomide Costimulates Primary Human T Lymphocytes, Preferentially Inducing Proliferation, Cytokine Production, and Cytotoxic Responses in the CD8+ Subset. J. Exp. Med. 1998, 187, 1885-1892.
57. Corral, L.G.; Haslett, P.A.; Muller, G.W.; Chen, R.; Wong, L.M.; Ocampo, C.J.; Patterson, R.T.; Stirling, D.I.; Kaplan, G. Differential Cytokine Modulation and T Cell Activation by Two Distinct Classes of Thalidomide Analogues That Are Potent Inhibitors of TNF-alpha. J. Immunol. 1999, 163, 380-386.
58. Nogueira, A.C.; Neubert, R.; Helge, H.; Neubert, D. Thalidomide and The Immune System. 3. Simultaneous Up- and Down-Regulation of Different Integrin Receptors on Human White Blood Cells. Life Sci. 1994, 55, 77-92.
59. Geitz, H.; Handt, S.; Zwingenberger, K. Thalidomide Selectively Modulates the Density of Cell Surface Molecules Involved in the Adhesion Cascade. Immunopharmacology 1996, 31, 213-221.
60. Neubert, R.; Hinz, N.; Thiel, R.; Neubert, D. Down-Regulation of Adhesion Receptors on Cells of Primate Embryos as a Probable Mechanism of the Teratogenic Action of Thalidomide. Life Sci. 1996, 58, 295-316.
61. D'Amato, R.J.; Loughnan, M.S.; Flynn, E.; Folkman, J. Thalidomide Is an Inhibitor of Angiogenesis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1994, 91, 4082-4085.
62. Kruse, F.E.; Joussen, A.M.; Rohrschneider, K.; Becker, M.D.; Volcker, H.E. Thalidomide Inhibits Corneal Angiogenesis Induced by Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 1998, 236, 461-466.
63. Eisen, T.; Boshoff, C.; Mak, I.; Sapunar, F.; Vaughan, M.M.; Pyle, L.; Johnston, S.R.; Ahern, R.; Smith, I.E.; Gore, M.E. Continuous Low Dose Thalidomide: A Phase II Study in Advanced Melanoma, Renal Cell, Ovarian and Breast Cancer. Br. J. Cancer 2000, 82, 812-817.
64. Vredenburgh, J.; Long, G.; Blackwell, K.; Rizzieri, D.; Smith, C.; Petros, W.; Lewis, B.; Chao, N. In Thalidomide Modulates Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Levels Post-autologous Peripheral Blood Progenitor Cell Transplantation in Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer, Proceedings of American Society of Clinical Oncology, New Orleans, LA, May 20-23, 2000; Vol. 19, No. 599.
65. Jacobson, J.M.; Greenspan, J.S.; Spritzler, J.; Ketter, N.; Fahey, J.L.; Jackson, J.B.; Fox, L.; Chernoff, M.; Wu, A.W.; MacPhail, L.A.; Vasquez, G.J.; Wohl, D.A. Thalidomide for the Treatment of Oral Aphthous Ulcers in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases AIDS Clinical Trials Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 1997, 336, 1487-1493.
66. Sampaio, E.P.; Kaplan, G.; Miranda, A.; Nery, J.A.; Miguel, C.P.; Viana, S.M.; Sarno, E.N. The Influence of Thalidomide on the Clinical and Immunologic Manifestafion of Erythema Nodosum Leprosum. J. Infect. Dis. 1993, 168, 408-414.
67. Tramontana, J.M.; Utaipat, U.; Molloy, A.; Akarasewi, P.; Burroughs, M.; Makonkawkeyoon, S.; Johnson, B.; Klausner, J.D.; Rom, W.; Kaplan, G. Thalidomide Treatment Reduces Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Production and Enhances Weight Gain in Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Mol. Med. 1995, 1, 384-397.
68. Zeldis, J.B.; Williams, B.A.; Thomas, S.D.; Elsayed, M.E. S.T.E.P.S.: A Comprehensive Program for Controlling and Monitoring Access to Thalidomide. Clin. Ther. 1999, 21, 319-330.
69. Kelsey, F.O. Thalidomide Update: Regulatory Aspects. Teratology 1988, 38, 221-226.
70. Fullerton, P.M.; Kremer, M. Neuropathy After Intake of Thalidomide. Br. Med. J. 1961, 855-858.
71. Fullerton, P.M.; O'Sullivan, D.J. Thalidomide Neuropathy: A Clinical Electrophysiological, and Histological Follow-Up Study. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1968, 31, 543-551.
72. Elad, S.; Galili, D.; Garfunkel, A.A.; Or, R. Thalidomide-Induced Perioral Neuropathy. Oral. Surg. Oral. Med. Oral. Pathol. Oral. Radiol. Endod. 1997, 84, 362-364.
73. Ochonisky, S.; Verroust, J.; Bastuji-Garin, S.; Gherardi, R.; Revuz, J. Thalidomide Neuropathy Incidence and Clinico-electrophysiologic Findings in 42 Patients. Arch. Dermatol. 1994, 130, 66-69.
74. Chapon, F.; Lechevalier, B.; da Silva, D.C.; Rivrain, Y.; Dupuy, B.; Deschamps, P. Neuropathies Caused by Thalidomide. Rev. Neurol. 1985, 141, 719-728.
75. Hess, C.W.; Hunziker, T.; Kupfer, A.; Ludin, H.P. Thalidomide-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy. A Prospective Clinical, Neurophysiological and Pharmacogenetic Evaluation. J. Neurol. 1986, 233, 83-89.
76. Horowitz, S.B.; Stirling, A.L. Thalidomide-Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis. Pharmacotherapy 1999, 19, 1177-1180.
77. Rajkumar, S.V.; Gertz, M.A.; Witzig, T.E. Life-Threatening Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis with Thalidomide Therapy for Myeloma [Letter]. N. Engl. J. Med. 2000, 343, 972-973.
78. Olson, K.; Chao, N.; Nademanee, A.; et al. Thalidomide (N-phthaloylglutamide) in the Treatment of Advanced Cancer. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1965, 6, 292-297.
79. Grabstald, H.; Golbey, R. Clinical Experience with Thalidomide in Patients with Cancer. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1965, 6, 298-302.
80. Marx, G.; McCowatt, S.; Boyle, F.; Pavlakis, N.; Levi, J.; Bell, D.; Freilich, R.; Cook, R.; Biggs, M.; Little, N.; Wheeler, H. In Phase II Study of Thalidomide as An Antiangiogenic Agent in the Treatment of Recurrent Glioblastom Multiforme, Proceedings of American Society of Clinical Oncology, New Orleans, LA, May 20-23, 2000; Vol. 19, No. 613.
81. Glass, J.; Gruber, M.; Nirenberg, A. In Phase I/II Study of Carboplatin and Thaldiomide Recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme, Proceedings of American Society of Clinical Oncology, Atlanta, GA, May 15-18, 1999; Vol. 18, No. 551.
82. Figg, W. In Randomized Phase II Study of Thalidomide in Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer, Fall 1988 NCI Phase I Meeting, 1998.
83. Barlogie, B. In Thalidomide in the Management of Multiple Myeloma: The Arkansas Experience in more than 300 Patients with Single Agent and Combination Chemotherapy, Proceedings of American Society of Clinical Oncology, New Orleans, LA, May 20-23, 2000; Vol. 19, No. 28.
84. Srkalovic, G.; Karam, A.; Trebisky, B.; Hussein, M. In Treatment of Refractory/Relapsed Multiple Myeloma with Combination of Melphalan, Thalidomide and Decadrone, Proceedings of American Society of Hematology, San Francisco, CA, 2000; Dec 1-5, No. 5016.
85. Kropff, M.; Innig, G.; Mitterer, M.; Straka, C.; Ostermann, H.; Koch, O. ; Berdel, W.; Kienast, J. In Hyperfractionated Cyclophosphamide in Combination with Pulsed Dexamethasone and Thalidomide in Primary Refractory or Relapsed Multiple Myeloma, Proceedings of American Society of Hematology, San Francisco, CA, Dec 1-5, 2000; No. 725.
86. Coleman, M.; Leonard, J. In Clarithromycin, Low Dose Thalidomide and Dexamethasone Produces Consistent Response in Myeloma and Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia, Proceedings of American Society of Clinical Oncology, New Orleans, LA, May 20-30, 2000; Vol. 19, No. 27.
87. Dimopoulos, M.; Viniou, N.; Zomas, A.; Galani, E.; Grigoraki, V.; Matsouka, C.; Economou, O.; Papadimitriou, C. In Activity of Thaldomide in Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia, Proceedings of American Society of Clinical Oncology, New Orleans, LA, May 20-30, 2000; Vol. 19, No. 99.
88. Lisak, L.; Little, L.; Dean, L.; Ekbal, M.; DuRandt, M.; Hussain, M.; Kaistha, A.; Raza, A. In Delayed Response to Thalidomide in Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndromes, Proceedings of American Society of Hematology, San Francisco, CA, Dec 1-5, 2000; No. 4861.
89. Raza, A.; Lisak, L.; Little, L.; Ekbal, M.; DuRant, M.; Ali, E.; Nascimben, F.; Tareen, M.; Venugopal, P. In Thalidomdie as a Single Agent or in Combination with Topotecan, Pentoxifyllin and/or Enbrel in Myelodysplastic Syndromes, Proceedings of American Society of Hematology, San Francisco, CA, Dec 1-5, 2000; No. 627.
90. Canepa, L.; Ballerini, F.; Varaldo, R.; Grasso, R.; Clavio, M.; Miglino, M.; Pierri, I.; Gobbi, M. In Myelofibrosis: Report of Five Cases Treated with Thalidomide, Proceedings of American Society of Hematolgy, San Francisco, CA, Dec 1-5, 2000; No. 4886.
91. Patt, Y.; Hassan, M.; Lozano, R.; Zeldis, J.; Schnirer, I.; Frome, A.; Abbruzzese, J.; Wolff, R.; Brown, T.; Ellis, L.; Charnsangavej, C. In Phase II Trial of Thalidomide for Treatment of Nonresetable Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Proceedings of American Society of Clinical Oncology, New Orleans, LA, May 20-23, 2000; Vol. 19, No. 1035.
92. Govindarajan, R. Irinotecan and Thalidomide in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Oncology 2000, 14, 29-32.
93. Hwu, W. New Approaches in the Treatment of Metastatic Melanoma: Thalidomide and Temozolomide. Oncology 2000, 14, 25-28.
94. Tseng, J.; Glisson, B.; Khuri, F.; Teddy, S.; Shin, D.; Gillenwater, A.; Myers, J.; Clayman, G.; El-Naggar, A.; Fritsche, H.; Lawhorn, K.; Thall, P.; Liu, D.; Herbst R. In Phase II of Thalidomide in the Treatment of Recurrent and/or Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck, Proceedings of American Society of Clinical Oncology, New Orleans, LA, May 20-23, 2000; Vol. 19, No. 1645.
95. Mascaro, J.M.; Lecha, M.; Torras, H. Thalidomide in the Treatment of Recurrent, Necrotic, and Giant Mucocutaneous Aphthae and Aphthosis [Letter]. Arch. Dermatol. 1979, 115, 636-637.
96. Torras, H.; Lecha, M.; Mascaro, J.M. Thalidomide Treatment of Recurrent Necrotic Giant Mucocutaneous Aphthae and Aphthosis [Letter]. Arch. Dermatol. 1982, 118, 875.
97. Ryan, J.; Colman, J.; Pedersen, J. Thalidomide to Treat Esophageal Ulcer in AIDS [Letter]. N. Engl. J. Med. 1992, 327, 208-209.
98. Bowers, P.W.; Powell, R.J. Effect of Thalidomide on Orogenital Ulceration. Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.) 1983, 287, 799-800.
99. Jenkins, J.S.; Powell, R.J.; Allen, B.R.; Littlewood, S.M.; Maurice, P.D.; Smith, N.J. Thalidomide in Severe Orogenital Ulceration. Lancet 1984, 2, 1424-1426.
100. Kurkcuoglu, N.; Atakan, N.; Eksioglu, M. Thalidomide in the Treatment of Recurrent Necrotic Mucocutaneous Aphthae [Letter]. Br. J. Dermatol. 1985, 112, 632.
101. Grinspan, D. Significant Response of Oral Aphthosis to Thalidomide Treatment. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1985, 12, 85-90.
102. Revuz, J.; Guillaume, J.C.; Janier, M.; Hans, P.; Marchand, C.; Souteyrand, P.; Bonnetblanc, J.M.; Claudy, A.; Dallac, S.; Klene, C.; et al., Crossover Study of Thalidomide Vs Placebo in Severe Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis. Arch. Dermatol. 1990, 126, 923-927.
103. Iyer, C.G.; Languillon, J.; Ramanujam, K.; Tarabini-Castellani, G.; De las Aguas, J.T.; Bechelli, L.M.; Uemura, K.; Martinez Dominguez, V.; Sundaresan, T. WHO Co-ordinated Short-Term Double-Blind Trial with Thalidomide in the Treatment of Acute Lepra Reactions in Male Lepromatous Patients. Bull. WHO 1971, 45, 719-732.
104. Knop, J.; Bonsmann, G.; Happle, R.; Ludolph, A.; Matz, D.R.; Mifsud, E.J.; Macher, E. Thalidomide in the Treatment of Sixty Cases of Chronic Discoid Lupus Erythematosus. Br. J. Dermatol. 1983, 108, 461-466.
105. Kyriakis, K.P.; Kontochristopoulos, G.J.; Panteleos, D.N. Experience with Low-Dose Thalidomide Therapy in Chronic Discoid Lupus Erythematosus. Int. J. Dermatol. 2000, 39, 218-222.
106. Jorizzo, J.L.; Schmalstieg, F.C.; Solomon, A.R., Jr; Cavallo, T.; Taylor, R.S.d.; Rudloff, H.B.; Schmalstieg, E.J.; Daniels, J.C. Thalidomide Effects in Behcet's Syndrome and Pustular Vasculitis. Arch. Intern. Med. 1986, 146, 878-881.
107. Sheskin, J. Therapeutic Experience on the Effect of Thalidomide on Lepra Reaction. Hautarzt 1975, 26, 1-5.
108. van den Broek, H. Treatment of Prurigo Nodularis with Thalidomide. Arch. Dermatol. 1980, 116, 571-572.
109. Reyes-Teran, G.; Sierra-Madero, J.G.; Martinez del Cerro, V.; Arroyo-Figueroa, H.; Pasquetti, A.; Calva, J.J.; Ruiz-Palacios, G.M. Effects of Thalidomide on HIV-Associated Wasting Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. AIDS 1996, 10, 1501-1507.
110. Kaplan, G.; Schambelau, M.; Gottleib, M. In Thalidomide Reverses Cachexia in HIV-Wasting Syndrome, Fifth Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Chicago, IL, 1998.
111. Sharpstone, D.; Rowbottom, A.; Francis, N.; Tovey, G.; Ellis, D.; Barrett, M.; Gazzard, B. Thalidomide: A Novel Therapy for Microsporidiosis. Gastroenterology 1997, 112, 1823-1829.
112. Heney, D.; Norfolk, D.R.; Wheeldon, J.; Bailey, C.C.; Lewis, I.J.; Barnard, D.L. Thalidomide Treatment for Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease. Br. J. Haematol. 1991, 78, 23-27.
113. Wettstein, A.R.; Meagher, A.P. Thalidomide in Crohn's Disease. Lancet 1997, 350, 1445-1446.
114. Odeka, E.B.; Miller, V. Thalidomide in Oral Crohn's Disease Refractory to Conventional Medical Treatment. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 1997, 25, 250-251.
115. De Cock, K.M. (letter) Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis. Br. Med. J. 1979, 1, 1356.
116. Ehrenpreis, E.D.; Kane, S.V.; Cohen, L.B.; Cohen, R.D.; Hanauer, S.B. Thalidomide Therapy for Patients with Refractory Crohn's Disease: An Open-Label Trial. Gastroenterology 1999, 117, 1271-1277.
117. Vasiliauskas, E.A.; Kam, L.Y.; Abreu-Martin, M.T.; Hassard, P.V.; Papadakis, K.A.; Yang, H.; Zeldis, J.B.; Targan, S.R. An Open-Label Pilot Study of Low-Dose Thalidomide in Chronically Active, Steroid-Dependent Crohn's Disease. Gastroenterology 1999, 117, 1278-1287.
118. Schoeman, J.F.; Springer, P.; Ravenscroft, A.; Donald, P.R.; Bekker, L.G.; van Rensburg, A.J.; Hanekom, W.A.; Haslett, P.A.; Kaplan, G. Adjunctive Thalidomide Therapy of Childhood Tuberculous Meningitis: Possible Anti-inflammatory Role. J. Child Neurol. 2000, 15, 497-503.