Lithium metal for x-ray refractive optics

Applied Physics Letters

Volumn 79, Issue 25, 2001, Pages 4085-4087

  Dufresne, E M ^a   Arms, D A ^a   Clarke, R ^a   Pereira, N R ^b   Dierker, S B ^a,c   Foster, D ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^b Ecopulse Inc   (United States)

^c BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^d U S ARMY RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035905279     PISSN: 00036951     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1063/1.1425068     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. S. Suehiro, H. Miyaji, and H. Hayashi, Nature (London) 352, 385 (1991).
2. Refractive lenses have been considered and judged impractical since the early days of x-ray research, viz., P. Kirkpatric and H. H. Pattee, X-Ray Microscopy in The Encyclopedia of Physics, edited by S. Fluegge, p. 323 (1957);
3. A. G. Michette, Optical Systems for X-Rays (Plenum, New York, 1986);
4. A. G. Michette, Nature (London) 353, 510 (1991).
5. A. Snigirev, V. Kohn, A. Snigireva, and B. Lengeler, Nature (London) 384, 49 (1996).
6. B. Lengeler, J. Tuemmler, A. Snigirev, I. Snigireva, and C. Raven, J. Appl. Phys. 84, 5855 (1998);
7. B. Lengeler, C. Schroer, J. Tuemmler, B. Benner, M. Richwin, A. Snigirev, I. Snigireva, and M. Drakopoulos, J. Synchrotron Radiat. 6, 1153 (1999). For other papers see www.physik.rwth-aachen.de/group/physik2b/xray/.
8. V. V. Aristov, V. V. Starkov, L. G. Shabel'nikov, S. M. Kuznetsov, A. P. Ushakova, M. V. Grigoriev, and V. M. Tseilin, Opt. Commun. 161, 203 (1999);
9. V. V. Aristov, M. V. Grigoriev, S. M. Kuznetsov, L. G. Shabel'nikov, V. A. Yunkin, M. Hoffman, and E. Voges, 177, 33 (2000);
10. B. Cederstrom, Ph.D. thesis, Royal Institute of Technology (Stockholm, Sweden), 2001; (available from his web site on www.particle.kth.se/).
11. H. R. Beguiristain, M. A. Piestrup, R. H. Pantell, C. K. Gary, J. T. Cremer, and R. Tatchyn, in Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation: Eleventh U.S. National Conference, edited by P. Pianetta (AIP, Melville, NY, 2000), Vol. CP521;
12. M. A. Piestrup, J. T. Cremer, H. R. Beguiristain, C. K. Gary, and R. H. Pantell, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 71, 4375 (2000);
13. plastic lenses continue to improve as the surface gets closer to optical quality [M. A. Piestrup, private communication (2001)].
14. Snigirev-Lengeler type Be lenses are available from www.accel.com. Several CRL developers considered beryllium, e.g., R. K. Smither A. M. Khounsary, and S. L. Xu, Proc. SPIE 3151, 150 (1997);
15. P. Elleaume, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 412, 483 (1998);
16. A. Q. R. Baron, Y. Komura, V. V. Krishnamurthy, Yu. V. Shvyd'ko, and T. Ishikawa, J. Synchrotron Radiat. 6, 953 (1999);
17. M. A. Piestrup (personal communication);
18. B. Cederstrom, Ref. 5. Intrinsic small-angle scattering from many materials is documented by J. Tuemmler, Ph.D. thesis, RWTH Aachen, Germany, 2000; available from the website in Ref. 4.
19. There are no published reports on successful lenses from Li, although some CRL developers tried, e.g., J. Tuemmler, Ph.D. thesis, Ref. 7;
20. C. Schroer (private communication).
21. B. X. Yang, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 328, 578 (1993).
22. See, e.g., A. H. Compton and S. K. Allison, X-Rays in Theory and Experiment (Van Nostrand, Amsterdam, 1935);
23. A. G. Michette and C. J. Buckley, X-Ray Science and Technology (IOP, 1993);
24. D. Attwood, Soft X-Rays and Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2000).
25. Data for parylene-coated Li are available on Ecopulse's web site: www.ecopulse.com.
26. B. Cederstrom, R. Cahn, M. Danielsson, M. Lundqvist, and D. Nygren, Nature (London) 404, 951 (2000);
27. also B. Cederstrom, Ref. 5.
28. See, e.g., www-cxro.lbl.gov. Its data come from B. L. Henke, E. M. Gullickson, and J. C. Davis, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 54, 181 (1993).
29. Also physics.nist.gov/Phys.Ref.Data. Its optical constants are based on C. T. Chantler, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 24, 71 (1995).
30. N. R. Pereira, E. Dufresne, D. A. Arms, R. Clarke, S. B. Dierker, and D. Foster, Proc. SPIE 4502, (2001). The paper is available on: www.ecopulse.com and mhatt.aps.anl.gov.
31. Early measurements of δ used a single prism, e.g., A. E. Lindl in Handbuch der Experimentalphysik, edited by W. Wien and F. Harms (Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, 1930), Vol. 24, p. 114;
32. B. Davis and C. M. Slack, Phys. Rev. 27, 18 (1926);
33. C. M. Slack, 27, 691 (1926).
34. -6. The 58 mm attenuation length in our Li is consistent with NIST's 55 mm.