Analysis of a donor gene region for a variant surface glycoprotein and its expression site in African trypanosomes

Nucleic Acids Research

Volumn 29, Issue 10, 2001, Pages 2012-2019

  LaCount, Douglas J ^a   El Sayed, Najib M ^a   Kaul, Samir ^b   Wanless, David ^b   Turner, C Michael R ^c   Donelson, John E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

^b J CRAIG VENTER INSTITUTE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLYCOPROTEIN; MEMBRANE PROTEIN;

ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DONOR; GENE CLUSTER; GENE DUPLICATION; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE SEQUENCE; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HOUSEKEEPING GENE; MOLECULAR CLONING; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; OPEN READING FRAME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROMOTER REGION; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; PSEUDOGENE; RETROPOSON; SILENT GENE; TANDEM REPEAT; TELOMERE; TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI;

MAMMALIA; PROTOZOA; TRYPANOSOMA; TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI;

EID: 0035872854     PISSN: 03051048     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/nar/29.10.2012     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Thirteenth Programme Report of the UDNP World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (1996). World Health Organization, pp. 124-133.
2. Smith, D.H., Pepin, J. and Stich, A.H. (1998) Human African trypanosomiasis: an emerging public health crisis. Br. Med. Bull., 54, 341-355.
3. Turner, C.M. and Barry, J.D. (1989) High frequency of antigenic variation in Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infections. Parasitology, 99, 67-75.
4. Turner, C.M. (1997) The rate of antigenic variation in fly-transmitted and syringe-passaged infections of Trypanosoma brucei. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 153, 227-231.
5. Davies, K.P., Carruthers, V.B. and Cross, G.A. (1997) Manipulation of the vsg co-transposed region increases expression-site switching in Trypanosoma brucei. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 86, 163-177.
6. Van der Ploeg, L.H., Valerio, D., De Lange, T., Bernards, A., Borst, P. and Grosveld, F.G. (1982) An analysis of cosmid clones of nuclear DNA from Trypanosoma brucei shows that the genes for variant surface glycoproteins are clustered in the genome. Nucleic Acids Res., 10, 5905-5923.
7. Pays, E. and Nolan, D.P. (1998) Expression and function of surface proteins in Trypanosoma brucei. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 91, 3-36.
8. Borst, P., Bitter, W., Blundell, P.A., Chaves, I., Cross, M., Gerrits, H., van Leeuwen, F., McCulloch, R., Taylor, M. and Rudenko, G. (1998) Control of VSG gene expression sites in Trypanosoma brucei. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol, 91, 67-76.
9. Cross, G.A., Wirtz, L.E. and Navarro, M. (1998) Regulation of vsg expression site transcription and switching in Trypanosoma brucei. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol, 91, 77-91.
10. Donelson, J.E. (1996) Genome research and evolution in trypanosomes. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev., 6, 699-703.
11. Pedram, M. and Donelson, J.E. (1999) The anatomy and transcription of a monocistronic expression site for a metacyclic variant surface glycoprotein gene in Trypanosoma brucei. J. Biol. Chem., 274, 16876-16883.
12. Lenardo, M.J., Esser, K.M., Moon, A.M., Van der Ploeg, L.H. and Donelson, J.E. (1986) Metacyclic variant surface glycoprotein genes of Trypanosoma brucei subsp. rhodesiense are activated in situ, and their expression is transcriptionally regulated. Mol. Cell. Biol., 6, 1991-1997.
13. Zomerdijk, J.C., Ouellette, M., ten Asbroek, A.L., Kieft, R., Bommer, A.M., Clayton, C.E. and Borst, P. (1990) The promoter for a variant surface glycoprotein gene expression site in Trypanosoma brucei. EMBO J., 9, 2791-2801.
14. Navarro, M. and Cross, G.A. (1996) DNA rearrangements associated with multiple consecutive directed antigenic switches in Trypanosoma brucei. Mol. Cell. Biol., 16, 3615-3625.
15. Pays, E., Tebabi, P., Pays, A., Coquelet, H., Revelard, P., Salmon, D. and Steinert, M. (1989) The genes and transcripts of an antigen gene expression site from T.brucei. Cell, 57, 835-845.
16. Turner, C.M., Barry, J.D., Maudlin, I. and Vickerman, K. (1988) An estimate of the size of the metacyclic variable antigen repertoire of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. Parasitology, 97, 269-276.
17. Barry, J.D., Graham, S.V., Fotheringham, M., Graham, V.S., Kobryn, K. and Wymer, B. (1998) VSG gene control and infectivity strategy of metacyclic stage Trypanosoma brucei. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 91, 93-105.
18. Alarcon, C.M., Pedram, M. and Donelson, J.E. (1999) Leaky transcription of variant surface glycoprotein gene expression sites in bloodstream African trypanosomes. J. Biol. Chem., 274, 16884-16893.
19. El-Sayed, N.M., Hegde, P., Quackenbush, J., Melville, S.E. and Donelson, J.E. (2000) The African trypanosome genome. Int. J. Parasitol., 30, 329-345.
20. Goedbloed, E., Ligthart, G.S., Minter, D.M., Wilson, A.J., Dar, F.K. and Paris J. (1973) Serological studies of trypanosomiasis in East Africa. II. Comparisons of antigenic types of Trypanosoma brucei subgroup organisms isolated from wild tsetse flies. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol., 67, 31-43.
21. Turner, C.M., Sternberg, J., Buchanan, N., Smith, E., Hide, G. and Tait, A. (1990) Evidence that the mechanism of gene exchange in Trypanosoma brucei involves meiosis and syngamy. Parasitology, 101, 377-386.
22. Turner, C.M., Aslam, N., Smith, E., Buchanan, N. and Tait, A. (1991) The effects of genetic exchange on variable antigen expression in Trypanosoma brucei. Parasitology, 103, 379-386.
23. Herbert, W.J. and Parratt, D. (1979) Virulence of trypanosomes in the vertebrate host. In Lumsden, W.H.R. and Evans, D.A. (eds), Biology of Kinetoplastida. Academic Press London, UK, Vol. 2, pp. 481-521.
24. Turner, C.M., Aslam, N. and Dye, C. (1995) Replication, differentiation, growth and the virulence of Trypanosoma brucei infections. Parasitology, 111, 289-300.
25. Willis, T.G., Jadayel, D.M., Coignet, L.J., Abdul-Rauf, M., Treleaven, J.G., Catovsky, D. and Dyer, M.J. (1997) Rapid molecular cloning of rearrangements of the IGHJ locus using long-distance inverse polymerase chain reaction. Blood, 90, 2456-2464.
26. Sutton, G.G., White, O., Adams, M.D. and Kerlavage, A.R. (1995) TIGR Assembler: a new tool for assembling large shotgun sequencing projects. Genome, 1, 9-19.
27. Salzberg, S.L., Delcher, A.L., Kasif, S. and White, O. (1998) Microbial gene identification using interpolated Markov models. Nucleic Acids Res., 26, 544-548.
28. Rudenko, G., Chaves, I., Dirks-Mulder, A. and Borst, P. (1998) Selection for activation of a new variant surface glycoprotein gene expression site in Trypanosoma brucei can result in deletion of the old one. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 95, 97-109.
29. Majumder, H.K., Boothroyd, J.C. and Weber, H. (1981) Homologous 3′-terminal regions of mRN As for surface antigens of different antigenic variants of Trypanosoma brucei. Nucleic Acids Res., 9, 4745-4753.
30. Walder, J.A., Eder, P.S., Engman, D.M., Brentano, S.T., Walder.R.Y., Knutzon, D.S., Dorfman, D.M. and Donelson, J.E. (1986) The 35-nucleotide spliced leader sequence is common to all trypanosome messenger RNAs. Science, 233, 569-571.
31. Carrington, M., Miller, N., Blum, M., Roditi, I., Wiley, D. and Turner, M. (1991) Variant specific glycoprotein of Trypanosoma brucei consists of two domains each having an independently conserved pattern of cysteine residues. J. Mol. Biol., 221, 823-835.
32. Kim, K.S. and Donelson, J.E. (1997) Co-duplication of a variant surface glycoprotein gene and its promoter to an expression site in African trypanosomes. J. Biol. Chem., 272, 24637-24645.
33. Myler, P.J., Aline, R.F., Jr, Scholler, J.K. and Stuart, K.D. (1988) Changes in telomere length associated with antigenic variation in Trypanosoma brucei. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 29, 243-250.
34. Horn, D. and Cross, G. A. (1997) Analysis of Trypanosoma brucei vsg expression site switching in vitro. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 84, 189-201.
35. Myler, P.J., Audleman, L., De Vos, T., Hixson, G., Kiser, P., Lemley, C., Magness, C., Rickel, E., Sisk, E., Sunkin, S., Swartzell, S., Westlake, T., Bastien, P., Fu, G.L., Ivens, A. And Stuart, K. (1999) Leishmania major Friedlin chromosome I has an unusual distribution of protein-coding genes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 96, 2902-1906.
36. Hasan, G., Turner, M.J. and Cordingley, J.S. (1984) Complete nucleotide sequence of an unusual mobile element from Trypanosoma brucei. Cell, 37, 333-341.
37. Hasan, G., Turner, M.J. and Cordingley, J.S. (1982) Ribosomal RNA genes of Trypanosoma brucei. Cloning of an rRNA gene containing a mobile element. Nucleic Acids Res., 10, 6747-6761.
38. Murphy, N.B., Pays, A., Tebabi, P., Coquelet, H., Guyaux, M., Steinert, M. and Pays, E. (1987) Trypanosoma brucei repeated element with unusual structural and transcriptional properties. J. Mol. Biol., 195, 855-871.
39. Kimmel, B.E., ole-MoiYoi, O.K. and Young, J.R. (1987) Ingi, a 5.2-kb dispersed sequence element from Trypanosoma brucei that carries half of a smaller mobile element at either end and has homology with mammalian LINEs. Mol. Cell. Biol., 7, 1465-1475.
40. Berberof, M., Pays, A., Lips, S., Tebabi, P. and Pays, E. (1996) Characterization of a transcription terminator of the procyclin PARP A unit of Trypanosoma brucei. Mol. Cell. Biol., 16, 914-924.
41. Lu, Y., Hall, T., Gay, L.S. and Donelson, J.E. (1993) Point mutations are associated with a gene duplication leading to the bloodstream reexpression of a trypanosome metacyclic VSG. Cell, 72, 397-406.
42. Nagoshi, Y.L., Alarcon, C.M. and Donelson, J.E. (1995) The putative promoter for a metacyclic VSG gene in African trypanosomes. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 72, 33-45.
43. Matthews, K.R., Shiels, P.G., Graham, S.V., Cowan, C. and Barry, J.D. (1990) Duplicative activation mechanisms of two trypanosome telomeric VSG genes with structurally simple 5′ flanks. Nucleic Acids Res., 18, 7219-7227.
44. Graham, S.V., Terry, S. and Barry, J.D. (1999) A structural and transcription pattern for variant surface glycoprotein gene expression sites used in metacyclic stage Trypanosoma brucei. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 103, 141-154.
45. Lu, Y., Alarcon, C.M., Hall, T., Reddy, L.V. and Donelson, J.E. (1994) A strand bias occurs in point mutations associated with variant surface glycoprotein gene conversion in Trypanosoma rhodesiense. Mol. Cell. Biol., 14, 3971-3980.
46. Alarcon, C.M., Son, H.J., Hall, T. and Donelson, J.E. (1994) A monocistronic transcript for a trypanosome variant surface glycoprotein. Mol. Cell Biol., 14, 5579-5591.
47. Graham, S.V. and Barry, J.D. (1995) Transcriptional regulation of metacyclic variant surface glycoprotein gene expression during the life cycle of Trypanosoma brucei. Mol. Cell. Biol., 15, 5945-5956.
48. Florent, I.C., Raibaud, A. and Eisen, H. (1991) A family of genes related to a new expression site-associated gene in Trypanosoma equiperdum. Mol. Cell. Biol., 11, 2180-2188.
49. Xong, H.V., Vanhamme, L., Chamekh, M., Chimfwembe, C.E., Van Den Abbeele, J., Pays, A., Van Meirvenne, N., Hamers, R., De Baetselier, P. and Pays, E. (1998) A VSG expression site-associated gene confers resistance to human serum in Trypanosoma rhodesiense. Cell, 95, 839-846.