Glucose: A continuous risk factor for cardiovascular disease

Diabetic Medicine

Volumn 14, Issue SUPPL. 3, 1997, Pages

  Gerstein, H C ^a  

^a MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; Diabetes; Glucose; Glycaemia; Risk

Indexed keywords

GLUCOSE; INSULIN; METFORMIN; TROGLITAZONE;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHRONIC DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; DIABETIC NEUROPATHY; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; FEMALE; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERINSULINEMIA; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RISK FACTOR;

BLOOD GLUCOSE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; FASTING; HUMANS; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; INSULIN; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 0030837469     PISSN: 07423071     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9136(199708)14:3+3.0.CO;2-1     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Kannel WB, McGee DL. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The Framingham study. J Am Med Assoc 1979; 241: 2035-2038.
2. Stamler J, Vaccaro O, Neaton JD, Wentworth D. Diabetes, other risk factors, and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Diabetes Care 1993; 16: 434.
3. Coldbourt U, Yaari S, Medalie JH. Factors predictive of long-term coronary heart disease mortality among 10059 male Israeli civil servants and municipal employees. A 23 year mortality follow-up in the Israeli Ischemic Heart Disease Study. Cardiology 1993; 82: 100-121.
4. Jarrett RJ, Shipley MJ. Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease - putative association via common antecedents; further evidence from the Whitehall study. Diabetologia 1988; 31: 737-740.
5. Herman JB, Medalie JH, Goldbourt U. Differences in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality between previously known and newly diagnosed adult diabetics. Diabetologia 1977; 13: 229-234.
6. Jarrett RJ. Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease - chicken, egg or neither? Diabetologia 1984; 26: 99-102.
7. Harris MI. Undiagnosed NIDDM: clinical and public health issues. Diabetes Care 1993; 16: 642-652.
8. Kenny SJ, Aubert RE, Geiss LS. Prevalence and incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes. In: Harris MI, Cowie CC, Stern MS, Boyko EJ, Reiber CE, Bennett PH, eds. Diabetes in America. 2nd edn. NIH Publication No. 95-1468. National Institutes of Health, 1995: 47-68.
9. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 977-986.
10. McCance DR, Hanson RL, Charles M, Jacobsson LTH, Pettitt DJ, Bennett PH, Knowler WC. Comparison of tests for glycated haemoglobin and fasting and two hour plasma glucose concentrations as diagnostic methods for diabetes. Br Med J 1994; 308: 1323-1328.
11. Krolewski AS, Laffel LMB, Krolewski M, Quinn M, Warram JH. Glycosylated hemoglobin and the risk of microalbuminuria in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 1251-1255.
12. Ohkubo Y, Kishikawa H, Araki E, Miyata T, Isami S, Motoyoshi S, Kojima Y, Furuyoshi N, Shichiri M. Intensive insulin therapy prevents the progression of diabetic microvascular complications in Japanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a randomized prospective 6-year study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1995; 28: 103-117.
13. Turner R, Cull C, Holman R, United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study Group. United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study 17: A 9 year update of a randomized controlled trial on the effect of improved metabolic control on complications in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 1996; 124: 136-145.
14. Barrett-Connor E, Cohn BA, Wingard DL, Edelstein SL. Why is diabetes mellitus a stronger risk factor for fatal ischemic heart disease in women than in men? The Rancho Bernardo Study. J Am Med Assoc 1991; 265: 627-631.
15. Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BEK, Meuer SM. The association of glycemia and cause-specific mortality in a diabetic population. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154: 2473-2479.
16. 6. Andersson DKG, Svardsudd K. Long-term glycemic control relates to mortality in type II diabetes. Diabetes Care 1995; 18: 1534-1543.
17. Kuusisto J, Mykkanen L, Pyörälä K, Laakso M. NIDDM and its metabolic control predict coronary heart disease in elderly subjects. Diabetes 1994; 43: 960-967.
18. Fuller JH, Shipley MJ, Rose G, Jarrett RJ, Keen H. Mortality from coronary heart disease and stroke in relation to degree of glycemia: the Whitehall study. Br Med J 1993; 287: 867-870.
19. Fuller JH, Shipley MJ, Rose C, Jarrett RJ, Keen H. Coronary-heart-disease risk and impaired glucose tolerance. The Whitehall study. Lancet 1980; 1(8183): 1373-1376.
20. Donahue RP, Abbott RD, Reed DM, Yano K. Postchallenge glucose concentration and coronary heart disease in men of Japanese ancestry. Honolulu heart program. Diabetes 1987; 36: 689-692.
21. Scheidt-Nave C, Barrett-Connor E, Wingard DL, Cohn BA, Edelstein SL. Sex differences in fasting glycemia as a risk factor for ischemic heart disease death. Am J Epidemiol 1991; 133: 565-576.
22. 1c with prevalent cardiovascular disease in the original cohort of the Framingham heart study. Diabetes 1992; 41: 202-208.
23. Wilson PWF, Cupples A, Kannel WB. Is hyperglycemia associated with cardiovascular disease? The Framingham study. Am Heart J 1991; 121: 586-590.
24. Jackson CA, Yudkin JS, Forrest RD. A comparison of the relationships of the glucose tolerance test and the glycated hemoglobin assay with diabetic vascular disease in the community. The Islington Diabetes Survey. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1992; 17: 111-123.
25. Pyörälä K, Savolainen E, Lehtovirta E, Punsar S, Siltanen P. Glucose tolerance and coronary heart disease: Helsinki Policemen Study. J Chron Dis 1979; 32: 729-745.
26. Ohlson LO, Svardsudd K, Welin L, Eriksson H, Wilhelmsen L, Tibblin G, Larsson B. Fasting blood glucose and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and all-cause mortality: a 17-year follow-up study of men born in 1913. Diabetic Med 1986; 3: 33-37.
27. Stamler R, Stamler J, Lindberg HA, Marquardt J, Berkson DM, Paul O, et al. Asymptomatic hyperglycemia and coronary heart disease in middle-aged men in two employed populations in Chicago. J Chron Dis 1979; 32: 805-815.
28. Coutinho M, Wang Y, Gerstein HC, Yusuf S. Continuous relationship of glucose with cardiovascular events in non-diabetic subjects: a meta regression analysis of 18 studies in 88000 individuals (Abstract). Circulation 1996; 94 (suppl 8): 1-214
29. Pais P, Pogue J, Gerstein H, Zachariah E, Savitha D, Jayprakash S, Nayak PR, Yusuf S. Risk factors for acute myocardial infarction in Indians: a case-control study. Lancet 1996; 348: 358-363.
30. Cowie CC, Harris MI. Physical and metabolic characteristics of persons with diabetes. In: Harris MI, Cowie CC, Stern MS, Boyko EJ, Reiber CE, Bennett PH, eds. Diabetes in America, 2nd edn. NIH Publication No. 95-1468. National Institutes of Health, 1995: 117-164.
31. Gerstein HC, Yusut S. Dysglycaemia and risk of cardiovascular disease. Lancet 1996; 347: 949-950.
32. Lyons TJ. Glycation and oxidation: a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Am J Cardiol 1993; 71: 26B-31B.
33. Lyons TJ. Lipoprotein glycation and its metabolic consequences. Diabetes 1992; 41 (suppl 2): 67-73.
34. Vlassara H, Bucala R, Striker L. Pathogenic effects of advanced glycosylation: biochemical, biologic, and clinical implications for diabetes and aging. Lab Invest 1994; 70: 138-151.
35. Brownlee M. Glycation and diabetic complications. Diabetes 1994; 43: 836-841.
36. Hogan M, Cerami A, Bucala R. Advanced glycosylation endproducts block the antiproliferative effect of nitric oxide. J Clin Invest 1992; 90: 1110-1115.
37. Baynes JW. Role of oxidative stress in development of complications of diabetes. Diabetes 1991; 40: 405-412.
38. Giugliano D, Ceriello A, Paolisso C. Diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiovascular disease: which role for oxidative stress? Metabolism 1995; 44: 363-368.
39. Kreisberg JI. Hyperglycemia and microangiopathy. Direct regulation by glucose of microvascular cells. Lab Invest 1992; 67: 416-426.
40. Hennes MM, O'Shaughnessy IM, Kelly TM, LaBelle P, Egan BM, Kissebah AH. Insulin-resistant lipolysis in abdominally obese hypertensive individuals. Role of the renin-angiotensin system. Hypertension 1996; 28: 120-126.
41. Austin MA, Hokanson JE. Epidemiology of triglycerides, small dense low-density lipoprotein, and lipoprotein(a) as risk factors for coronary heart disease (Review). Med Clin N Am 1994; 78: 99-115.
42. Bavenholm P, Proudler A, Tornvall P, Godsland I, Landou C, de Faire U, Hamsten A. Insulin, intact and split proinsulin, and coronary artery disease in young men. Circulation 1995; 92: 1422-1429.
43. Nordt TK, Schneider DJ, Sobel BE. Augmentation of the synthesis of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 by precursors of insulin. A potential risk factor for vascular disease. Circulation 1994; 89: 321-330.
44. Haffner SM, Mykkanen L, Valdez RA, Stern MP, Holloway DL, Monterrosa A, Bowsher RR. Disproportionately increased proinsulin levels are associated with the insulin resistance syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 79: 1806-1810.
45. Stern MP. Do non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease share common antecedents? Ann Intern Med 1996; 124: 110-116.
46. Bogardus C. Agonist: the case for insulin resistance as a necessary and sufficient cause of type II diabetes mellitus. J Lab Clin Med 1995; 125: 556-558.
47. Taylor SI, Accili A, Imai Y. Insulin resistance or insulin deficiency. Which is the primary cause of NIDDM? Diabetes 1994; 43: 735-740.
48. Welborn TA, Wearne K. Coronary heart disease incidence and cardiovascular mortality in Busselton with reference to glucose and insulin concentrations. Diabetes Care 1979; 2: 154-160.
49. Barrett-Connor E, Schrott HG, Greendale G, Kritz-Silverstein D, Espeland MA, Stern MP, et al. Factors associated with glucose and insulin levels in healthy postmenopausal women. Diabetes Care 1996; 19: 333-340.
50. Fontbonne A, Charles MA, Thibult N, Richard JL, Claude JR, Warnet JM, et al. Hyperinsulinemia as a predictor of coronary heart disease mortality in a healthy population: the Pans Prospective Study, 15 year follow-up. Diabetologia 1991; 34: 356-361.
51. Pyorala K. Hyperinsulinemia as predictor of atherosclerotic vascular disease: epidemiologic evidence. Diabete Metab 1991; 17: 87-92.
52. Denker PS, Pollock VE. Fasting serum insulin levels in essential hypertension. A meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152: 1649-1651.
53. Sasson Z, Rasooly Y, Bhesania T, Rasooly I. Insulin resistance is an important determinant of left ventricular mass in the obese. Circulation 1993; 88: 1431-1436.
54. Juhan-Vague I, Thompson SG, Jespersen J. Involvement of the hemostatic system in the insulin resistance syndrome. A study of 1500 patients with anfina pectoris. The ECAT Angina Pectoris Study Group. Arterioscler Thromb 1993; 13: 1865-1873.
55. Elliott TG, Viberti G. Relationship between insulin resistance and coronary heart disease in diabetes mellitus and the general population. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 7: 1079-1103.
56. Laws A, Reaven CM. Insulin resistance and risk factors for coronary heart disease. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 7: 1063-1078.
57. Eliasson M, Asplund K, Evrin PE, Lindahl B, Lundblad D. Hyperinsulinemia predicts low tissue plasminogen activator activity in a healthy population: the northern Sweden MONICA study. Metab Clin Exp 1994; 43: 1579-1586.
58. Gaboury CL, Simonson DC, Seely EW, Hollenberg NK, Williams GH. Relation of pressor responsiveness to angiotensin II and insulin resistance in hypertension. J Clin Invest 1994; 94: 2295-2300.
59. Anderson EA, Huffman RP, Balon TW, Sinkey CA, Mark AL. Hyperinsulinemia produces both sympathetic neural activation and vasodilation in normal humans. J Clin Invest 1991; 67: 2246-2252.
60. Wingard DL, Barrett-Connor E, Ferrara A. Is insulin really a heart disease risk factor? Diabetes Care 1995; 18: 1299-1304.
61. Leonetti F, Iozzo P, Giaccari A, Buongiorno A, Tamburrano G, Andreani D. Absence of clinically overt atherosclerotic vascular disease and adverse changes in cardiovascular risk factors in 70 patients with insulinoma. J Endocrinol Invest 1993; 16: 675-880.
62. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) Research Group. Effect of intensive diabetes management on macrovascular events and risk (actors in the diabetes control and complications trial. Am J Cardiol 1995; 75: 894-903.
63. Stern MP. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: The 'common soil' hypothesis. Diabetes 1995; 44: 369-374.
64. Jarrett RJ. The cardiovascular risk associated with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetic Med 1996; 13 (suppl 2): S15-S19.
65. Genuth S. Exogenous insulin administration and cardiovascular risk in NIDDM and IDDM. Ann Intern Med 1996; 124: 104-109.
66. Malmberg K, Ryden L, Efendic S, Herlitz J, Nicol P, Waldenstrom A, Wedel H, Welin L, DIGAMI Study Group. Randomized trial of insulin-glucose infusion followed by subcutaneous insulin treatment in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction (DIGAMI study): Effects on mortality at 1 year. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 26: 57-65.
67. Abraira C, Johnson N, Colwell JA, VACSOM Group. VA Cooperative study on glycemic control and complications in type II diabetes (VACSDM): results of the completed feasibility trial (Abstract). Diabetes 1994; 43 (suppl): 59A.
68. Colwell JA. The feasibility of intensive insulin management in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Implications of the Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study on glycemic control and complications in NIDDM. Ann Intern Med 1996; 124: 131-135.
69. Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, Rouleau JL, Rutherford JD, Cole TG, et al. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1001-1009.