Lithium metal for x-ray refractive optics

Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering

Volumn 4502, Issue , 2001, Pages 173-183

  Pereira, N R ^a   Arms, D A ^b   Clarke, R ^b   Dierker, S B ^b   Dufresne, E M ^b   Foster, D ^c  

^a Ecopulse Inc   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^c U S ARMY RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE ABSORPTION; ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE PROPAGATION; ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE REFRACTION; FOCUSING; GAIN CONTROL; LITHIUM; OPTICAL INSTRUMENT LENSES; OPTIMIZATION; REFRACTIVE INDEX; SURFACE ROUGHNESS; X RAY SCATTERING;

COMPTON EFFECT; X-RAY LENSES;

X RAY OPTICS;

EID: 0035762208     PISSN: 0277786X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1117/12.449856     Document Type: Article

References (28)

1. B. Cederstrom, R. Cahn, M. Danielsson, M. Lundqvist, and D. Nygren, Focusing hard x-rays with old LPs, Nature 404, 951 (2000).
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3. e.g., A.H. Compton and S.K. Allison, X-rays in theory and experiment, Van Nostrand, 1935; A.G. Michette and C.J. Buckley, X-ray science and technology, IOP Publishing, 1993.
4. A.H. Compton and S.K. Allison, X-rays in theory and experiment, Van Nostrand, 1935; A.G. Michette and C.J. Buckley, X-ray science and technology, IOP Publishing, 1993.
5. B.L. Henke, E.M. Gullickson, and J.C. Davis, X-ray interactions: Photoabsorption, scattering, transmission, and reflection at E=50-30 000 eV, Z=1-92, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 54, 181 (1993). The data are also on the CXRO website www-cxro.lbl.gov.Data for x-rays harder than 1 keV are on physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/.
6. Refractive lenses have been considered and rejected ever since the days of Roentgen, viz., P. Kirkpatric and H.H. Pattee, X-ray microscopy, in the Encyclopedia of Physics, S. Fluegge, Ed., Vol 30, p. 323 sqq., 1957.
7. A.G. Michette, Optical systems for x-rays, Plenum, NY, 1986; A.G. Michette, No X-ray lens, Nature, 353, 510 (1991).
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13. V.V. Aristov, V.V. Starkov, L.G. Shabel'nikov, S.M. Kuznetsov, A.P. Ushakova, M.V. Grigoriev and V.M. Tseilin, Short focus silicon parabolic lenses for hard x-rays, Opt. Comm. 161, 203 (1999); V.V. Aristov, M.V. Grigoriev, S.M. Kuznetsov, L.G. Shabel'nikov, V.A. Yunkin, M. Hoffman, and E. Voges, X-ray focusing by planar parabolic refractive lenses made of silicon, Opt. Comm. 177, 33 (2000); B. Cederstrom, ref. 1.
14. V.V. Aristov, V.V. Starkov, L.G. Shabel'nikov, S.M. Kuznetsov, A.P. Ushakova, M.V. Grigoriev and V.M. Tseilin, Short focus silicon parabolic lenses for hard x-rays, Opt. Comm. 161, 203 (1999); V.V. Aristov, M.V. Grigoriev, S.M. Kuznetsov, L.G. Shabel'nikov, V.A. Yunkin, M. Hoffman, and E. Voges, X-ray focusing by planar parabolic refractive lenses made of silicon, Opt. Comm. 177, 33 (2000); B. Cederstrom, ref. 1.
15. B. Lengeler, J. Tuemmler, A. Snigirev, I. Snigireva, and C. Raven, Transmission and gain of singly and doubly focusing refractive x-ray lenses, J. Appl. Phys. 84, 5855 (1998); B. Lengeler, C. Schroer, J. Tuemmler, B. Benner, M. Richwin, A. Snigirev, I. Snigireva, and M. Drakopoulos, Imaging by parabolic refractive lenses in the hard x-ray range, J. Synchrotron Rad. 6, 1153 (1999). Other papers are available on the website www.physik.rwth-aachen.de/group/physik2b/xray/imaging/crl.html.
16. B. Lengeler, J. Tuemmler, A. Snigirev, I. Snigireva, and C. Raven, Transmission and gain of singly and doubly focusing refractive x-ray lenses, J. Appl. Phys. 84, 5855 (1998); B. Lengeler, C. Schroer, J. Tuemmler, B. Benner, M. Richwin, A. Snigirev, I. Snigireva, and M. Drakopoulos, Imaging by parabolic refractive lenses in the hard x-ray range, J. Synchrotron Rad. 6, 1153 (1999). Other papers are available on the website www.physik.rwth-aachen.de/group/physik2b/xray/imaging/crl.html.
17. H.R. Beguiristain, M.A. Piestrup, R.H. Pantell, C.K. Gary, J.T. Cremer, and T. Ratchyn, Development of Compound Refractive Lenses for X-rays, Pianetta et al., CP521, Proc. 11-th National Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation Conference, 1999; A.Q.R. Baron, Y. Kohmura, Y. Ohishi, and T. Ishikawa, A refractive collimator for synchrotron radiation, Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 1492 (1999). See also www.adelphitech.com.
18. H.R. Beguiristain, M.A. Piestrup, R.H. Pantell, C.K. Gary, J.T. Cremer, and T. Ratchyn, Development of Compound Refractive Lenses for X-rays, Pianetta et al, CP521, Proc. 11-th National Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation Conference, 1999; A.Q.R. Baron, Y. Kohmura, Y. Ohishi, and T. Ishikawa, A refractive collimator for synchrotron radiation, Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 1492 (1999). See also www.adelphitech.com.
19. Most CRLs developers tried beryllium, usually with more success on paper than in the laboratory. Examples are P. Elleaume, Optimization of compound refractive lenses for X-rays, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. A412, 483, 1998; R.K. Smither, A.M. Khounsary, and S.L. Xu, Potential of a beryllium X-ray lens, SPIE Proceedings 3151, 150 (1997). M.A. Piestrup. personal communication; B. Cederstrom, thesis (Ref. 1).
20. Most CRLs developers tried beryllium, usually with more success on paper than in the laboratory. Examples are P. Elleaume, Optimization of compound refractive lenses for X-rays, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. A412, 483, 1998; R.K. Smither, A.M. Khounsary, and S.L. Xu, Potential of a beryllium X-ray lens, SPIE Proceedings 3151, 150 (1997). M.A. Piestrup. personal communication; B. Cederstrom, thesis (Ref. 1).
21. Most CRLs developers tried beryllium, usually with more success on paper than in the laboratory. Examples are P. Elleaume, Optimization of compound refractive lenses for X-rays, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. A412, 483, 1998; R.K. Smither, A.M. Khounsary, and S.L. Xu, Potential of a beryllium X-ray lens, SPIE Proceedings 3151, 150 (1997). M.A. Piestrup. personal communication; B. Cederstrom, thesis (Ref. 1).
22. Y. Kohmura, M. Awaji, Y. Suzuki, T. Ishikawa, Y.I. Dudchik, N.N. Kolchevsky, F.F. Komarov, X-ray focusing test and x-ray imaging test by a microcapillary x-ray lens at an undulator beamline, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 70, 4161, 1999.
23. P. Goldsmith, Quasi-optical systems, Gaussian beams, quasi-optical propagation, and applications, IEEE Press, NY, 1998.
24. Parylene-coated lithium is available commercially from Ecopulse: See Ecopulse's web site www.ecopulse.com.
25. e.g., C. Schroer, private communication, 2001.
26. K-space Associates, Ann Arbor, MI.
27. Interestingly, lenses for x-rays are quite similar in their phase change per unit length, kd, to lenses in the infrared. Of course the spatial scale for the roughness that scatters the most is orders of magnitude larger for the infrared than for x-rays.
28. Small-angle scattering is a field in itself. In the context of x-ray refractive lenses it has been discussed by Ref. 11 and 12. In their formulation scattering effectively adds a term to the absorption. We do not have independent measurements of the roughness to evaluate these expressions.