Fraternal rhetoric and the development of the U.S. welfare state

Studies in American Political Development

Volumn 15, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 220-233

  Glenn, Brian J ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035738490     PISSN: 0898588X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0898588x01000050     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. Mary Ann Clawson, "Fraternal Orders and Class Formation in the Nineteenth-Century United States," Comparative Studies in Society and History 27 (1985): 41; Scott Cummings, ed., Self-Help in Urban America: Pallerns of Minority Economic Development (Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1980); Michael Weisser, A Brotherhood of Memory: Jewish Landsmanshaftnn in the New World (New York: Basic Books, 1985).
2. Mary Ann Clawson, "Fraternal Orders and Class Formation in the Nineteenth-Century United States," Comparative Studies in Society and History 27 (1985): 41; Scott Cummings, ed., Self-Help in Urban America: Pallerns of Minority Economic Development (Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1980); Michael Weisser, A Brotherhood of Memory: Jewish Landsmanshaftnn in the New World (New York: Basic Books, 1985).
3. Mary Ann Clawson, "Fraternal Orders and Class Formation in the Nineteenth-Century United States," Comparative Studies in Society and History 27 (1985): 41; Scott Cummings, ed., Self-Help in Urban America: Pallerns of Minority Economic Development (Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1980); Michael Weisser, A Brotherhood of Memory: Jewish Landsmanshaftnn in the New World (New York: Basic Books, 1985).
4. Brian Greenherg, "Worker and Community: Fraternal Orders in Albany, New York, 1845-1885," Maryland Historian 8 (1977): 39.
5. See descriptions in Charles W. Fergnson, Fifty Million Brothers: A Panorama of American Lodges and Clubs (New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1937); E. J. Dunn, Builders of Fraternalism in America (Chicago: Fraternal Book Concern, 1924); Alvin J. Schmidt, Fraternal Organizations (Westport, CT; Greenwood Press, 1980); and Gerald Gamin and Robert,D. Putnam, "The Growth of Voluntary Associations in America, 1840-1940," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 29 (1999), 511-57.
6. See descriptions in Charles W. Fergnson, Fifty Million Brothers: A Panorama of American Lodges and Clubs (New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1937); E. J. Dunn, Builders of Fraternalism in America (Chicago: Fraternal Book Concern, 1924); Alvin J. Schmidt, Fraternal Organizations (Westport, CT; Greenwood Press, 1980); and Gerald Gamin and Robert,D. Putnam, "The Growth of Voluntary Associations in America, 1840-1940," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 29 (1999), 511-57.
7. See descriptions in Charles W. Fergnson, Fifty Million Brothers: A Panorama of American Lodges and Clubs (New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1937); E. J. Dunn, Builders of Fraternalism in America (Chicago: Fraternal Book Concern, 1924); Alvin J. Schmidt, Fraternal Organizations (Westport, CT; Greenwood Press, 1980); and Gerald Gamin and Robert,D. Putnam, "The Growth of Voluntary Associations in America, 1840-1940," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 29 (1999), 511-57.
8. See descriptions in Charles W. Fergnson, Fifty Million Brothers: A Panorama of American Lodges and Clubs (New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1937); E. J. Dunn, Builders of Fraternalism in America (Chicago: Fraternal Book Concern, 1924); Alvin J. Schmidt, Fraternal Organizations (Westport, CT; Greenwood Press, 1980); and Gerald Gamin and Robert,D. Putnam, "The Growth of Voluntary Associations in America, 1840-1940," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 29 (1999), 511-57.
9. David T. Beito, From Mutual Aid to Welfare State: Fraternal Societies and Social Services, 1890-1967 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 14; Gamin and Putnam, "The Growth of Voluntary Associations in America, 1840-1910"; Richard de Raismes Kip, Fraternal Life Insurance in America (Philadelphia: College Offset Press, 1953), 30-131; J. Own Stalson, Marketing Life Insurance: Its History in America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1942), 818.
10. David T. Beito, From Mutual Aid to Welfare State: Fraternal Societies and Social Services, 1890-1967 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 14; Gamin and Putnam, "The Growth of Voluntary Associations in America, 1840-1910"; Richard de Raismes Kip, Fraternal Life Insurance in America (Philadelphia: College Offset Press, 1953), 30-131; J. Own Stalson, Marketing Life Insurance: Its History in America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1942), 818.
11. David T. Beito, From Mutual Aid to Welfare State: Fraternal Societies and Social Services, 1890-1967 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 14; Gamin and Putnam, "The Growth of Voluntary Associations in America, 1840-1910"; Richard de Raismes Kip, Fraternal Life Insurance in America (Philadelphia: College Offset Press, 1953), 30-131; J. Own Stalson, Marketing Life Insurance: Its History in America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1942), 818.
12. David T. Beito, "The "Lodge Practice Evil" Reconsidered: Medical Care through Fraternal Benefit Societies, 1900-1930," Journal of Urban History 23 (1997): 569; Charles K. Knight, "Fraternal Life Insurance," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 129 (1927): 97; Walter S. Nichols, "Fraternal Insurance in the United States," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 70 (1917): 120. I should also include a brief comment on gender. Insurance was usually held by the breadwinner of the family, which at the turn of the century was almost universally the husband. While there were some mixed gender societies, and numerous all-female ones, the vast majority were allmale, and this is reflected in the language of the paper.
13. David T. Beito, "The "Lodge Practice Evil" Reconsidered: Medical Care through Fraternal Benefit Societies, 1900-1930," Journal of Urban History 23 (1997): 569; Charles K. Knight, "Fraternal Life Insurance," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 129 (1927): 97; Walter S. Nichols, "Fraternal Insurance in the United States," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 70 (1917): 120. I should also include a brief comment on gender. Insurance was usually held by the breadwinner of the family, which at the turn of the century was almost universally the husband. While there were some mixed gender societies, and numerous all-female ones, the vast majority were allmale, and this is reflected in the language of the paper.
14. David T. Beito, "The "Lodge Practice Evil" Reconsidered: Medical Care through Fraternal Benefit Societies, 1900-1930," Journal of Urban History 23 (1997): 569; Charles K. Knight, "Fraternal Life Insurance," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 129 (1927): 97; Walter S. Nichols, "Fraternal Insurance in the United States," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 70 (1917): 120. I should also include a brief comment on gender. Insurance was usually held by the breadwinner of the family, which at the turn of the century was almost universally the husband. While there were some mixed gender societies, and numerous all-female ones, the vast majority were allmale, and this is reflected in the language of the paper.
15. Brian J. Glenn, The Shifting Rhetoric of Insurance Denial," Law & Society Review 34 (2000): 779-808; Helen Ingram and Anne L. Schneider, "Social Construction of Target Populations: Implications for Politics and Policy," American Political Science Review 87 (1993): 334-47; M. Kent Jennings, "Political Responses to Pain and Loss," American Political Science Review 93 (1999): 1-13; Michele Landis, "Fate, Responsibility, and Natural Disaster Relief," Law & Society Review 33 (1999): 257-318; Deborah Stone, "The Struggle for the Soul of Health Care," Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 18 (1993): 287-317; Stone, "Promises and the Public Trust," Texas Law Review 72 (1994): 1435-46; Stone, Policy Paradox: The Art of Political Decision Making (New York: Basic Books, 1997); Stone, "Beyond Moral Hazard, Insurance as Moral Opportunity," Connecticut Insurance Law Journal, 6 (1999-2000): 11-46.
16. Brian J. Glenn, The Shifting Rhetoric of Insurance Denial," Law & Society Review 34 (2000): 779-808; Helen Ingram and Anne L. Schneider, "Social Construction of Target Populations: Implications for Politics and Policy," American Political Science Review 87 (1993): 334-47; M. Kent Jennings, "Political Responses to Pain and Loss," American Political Science Review 93 (1999): 1-13; Michele Landis, "Fate, Responsibility, and Natural Disaster Relief," Law & Society Review 33 (1999): 257-318; Deborah Stone, "The Struggle for the Soul of Health Care," Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 18 (1993): 287-317; Stone, "Promises and the Public Trust," Texas Law Review 72 (1994): 1435-46; Stone, Policy Paradox: The Art of Political Decision Making (New York: Basic Books, 1997); Stone, "Beyond Moral Hazard, Insurance as Moral Opportunity," Connecticut Insurance Law Journal, 6 (1999-2000): 11-46.
17. Brian J. Glenn, The Shifting Rhetoric of Insurance Denial," Law & Society Review 34 (2000): 779-808; Helen Ingram and Anne L. Schneider, "Social Construction of Target Populations: Implications for Politics and Policy," American Political Science Review 87 (1993): 334-47; M. Kent Jennings, "Political Responses to Pain and Loss," American Political Science Review 93 (1999): 1-13; Michele Landis, "Fate, Responsibility, and Natural Disaster Relief," Law & Society Review 33 (1999): 257-318; Deborah Stone, "The Struggle for the Soul of Health Care," Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 18 (1993): 287-317; Stone, "Promises and the Public Trust," Texas Law Review 72 (1994): 1435-46; Stone, Policy Paradox: The Art of Political Decision Making (New York: Basic Books, 1997); Stone, "Beyond Moral Hazard, Insurance as Moral Opportunity," Connecticut Insurance Law Journal, 6 (1999-2000): 11-46.
18. Brian J. Glenn, The Shifting Rhetoric of Insurance Denial," Law & Society Review 34 (2000): 779-808; Helen Ingram and Anne L. Schneider, "Social Construction of Target Populations: Implications for Politics and Policy," American Political Science Review 87 (1993): 334-47; M. Kent Jennings, "Political Responses to Pain and Loss," American Political Science Review 93 (1999): 1-13; Michele Landis, "Fate, Responsibility, and Natural Disaster Relief," Law & Society Review 33 (1999): 257-318; Deborah Stone, "The Struggle for the Soul of Health Care," Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 18 (1993): 287-317; Stone, "Promises and the Public Trust," Texas Law Review 72 (1994): 1435-46; Stone, Policy Paradox: The Art of Political Decision Making (New York: Basic Books, 1997); Stone, "Beyond Moral Hazard, Insurance as Moral Opportunity," Connecticut Insurance Law Journal, 6 (1999-2000): 11-46.
19. Brian J. Glenn, The Shifting Rhetoric of Insurance Denial," Law & Society Review 34 (2000): 779-808; Helen Ingram and Anne L. Schneider, "Social Construction of Target Populations: Implications for Politics and Policy," American Political Science Review 87 (1993): 334-47; M. Kent Jennings, "Political Responses to Pain and Loss," American Political Science Review 93 (1999): 1-13; Michele Landis, "Fate, Responsibility, and Natural Disaster Relief," Law & Society Review 33 (1999): 257-318; Deborah Stone, "The Struggle for the Soul of Health Care," Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 18 (1993): 287-317; Stone, "Promises and the Public Trust," Texas Law Review 72 (1994): 1435-46; Stone, Policy Paradox: The Art of Political Decision Making (New York: Basic Books, 1997); Stone, "Beyond Moral Hazard, Insurance as Moral Opportunity," Connecticut Insurance Law Journal, 6 (1999-2000): 11-46.
20. Brian J. Glenn, The Shifting Rhetoric of Insurance Denial," Law & Society Review 34 (2000): 779-808; Helen Ingram and Anne L. Schneider, "Social Construction of Target Populations: Implications for Politics and Policy," American Political Science Review 87 (1993): 334-47; M. Kent Jennings, "Political Responses to Pain and Loss," American Political Science Review 93 (1999): 1-13; Michele Landis, "Fate, Responsibility, and Natural Disaster Relief," Law & Society Review 33 (1999): 257-318; Deborah Stone, "The Struggle for the Soul of Health Care," Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 18 (1993): 287-317; Stone, "Promises and the Public Trust," Texas Law Review 72 (1994): 1435-46; Stone, Policy Paradox: The Art of Political Decision Making (New York: Basic Books, 1997); Stone, "Beyond Moral Hazard, Insurance as Moral Opportunity," Connecticut Insurance Law Journal, 6 (1999-2000): 11-46.
21. Brian J. Glenn, The Shifting Rhetoric of Insurance Denial," Law & Society Review 34 (2000): 779-808; Helen Ingram and Anne L. Schneider, "Social Construction of Target Populations: Implications for Politics and Policy," American Political Science Review 87 (1993): 334-47; M. Kent Jennings, "Political Responses to Pain and Loss," American Political Science Review 93 (1999): 1-13; Michele Landis, "Fate, Responsibility, and Natural Disaster Relief," Law & Society Review 33 (1999): 257-318; Deborah Stone, "The Struggle for the Soul of Health Care," Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 18 (1993): 287-317; Stone, "Promises and the Public Trust," Texas Law Review 72 (1994): 1435-46; Stone, Policy Paradox: The Art of Political Decision Making (New York: Basic Books, 1997); Stone, "Beyond Moral Hazard, Insurance as Moral Opportunity," Connecticut Insurance Law Journal, 6 (1999-2000): 11-46.
22. Brian J. Glenn, The Shifting Rhetoric of Insurance Denial," Law & Society Review 34 (2000): 779-808; Helen Ingram and Anne L. Schneider, "Social Construction of Target Populations: Implications for Politics and Policy," American Political Science Review 87 (1993): 334-47; M. Kent Jennings, "Political Responses to Pain and Loss," American Political Science Review 93 (1999): 1-13; Michele Landis, "Fate, Responsibility, and Natural Disaster Relief," Law & Society Review 33 (1999): 257-318; Deborah Stone, "The Struggle for the Soul of Health Care," Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 18 (1993): 287-317; Stone, "Promises and the Public Trust," Texas Law Review 72 (1994): 1435-46; Stone, Policy Paradox: The Art of Political Decision Making (New York: Basic Books, 1997); Stone, "Beyond Moral Hazard, Insurance as Moral Opportunity," Connecticut Insurance Law Journal, 6 (1999-2000): 11-46.
23. For a related discussion concerning ethnicity, see Ira Katznelson, City Trenches: Urban Politics and the Patterning of Class in the United States (New York: Pantheon Books, 1981).
24. Basye, History and Operations of Fraternal Insurance; Ferguson, Fifty Million Brothers, 163-64, 181, 295; Kip, Fraternal Life Insurance in America; B.H. Meyer, "Fraternal Beneficiary Societies in the United States," American Journal of Sociology 6 (1901): 646-61; Nicols, "Fraternal Insurance in the United States," 113.
25. Basye, History and Operations of Fraternal Insurance; Ferguson, Fifty Million Brothers, 163-64, 181, 295; Kip, Fraternal Life Insurance in America; B.H. Meyer, "Fraternal Beneficiary Societies in the United States," American Journal of Sociology 6 (1901): 646-61; Nicols, "Fraternal Insurance in the United States," 113.
26. Basye, History and Operations of Fraternal Insurance; Ferguson, Fifty Million Brothers, 163-64, 181, 295; Kip, Fraternal Life Insurance in America; B.H. Meyer, "Fraternal Beneficiary Societies in the United States," American Journal of Sociology 6 (1901): 646-61; Nicols, "Fraternal Insurance in the United States," 113.
27. Basye, History and Operations of Fraternal Insurance; Ferguson, Fifty Million Brothers, 163-64, 181, 295; Kip, Fraternal Life Insurance in America; B.H. Meyer, "Fraternal Beneficiary Societies in the United States," American Journal of Sociology 6 (1901): 646-61; Nicols, "Fraternal Insurance in the United States," 113.
28. Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldier and Mothers (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), pts. 1, 3; Theda Skocpol, Marshall Ganza and Ziad Munson, "A Nation of Organizers: The Institutional Origins of Civic Voluntarism in the United States," American Political Science Review 94 (2000): 527-46.
29. Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldier and Mothers (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), pts. 1, 3; Theda Skocpol, Marshall Ganza and Ziad Munson, "A Nation of Organizers: The Institutional Origins of Civic Voluntarism in the United States," American Political Science Review 94 (2000): 527-46.
30. Basye, History and Operations of Fraternal Insurance, 75.
31. See also, Nicols, 'Fraternal Insurance in the United States," 113.
32. Basye, History and Operations of Fraternal Insurance, 83.
33. Ibid., 131.
34. Beito, From Mutual Aid to Welfare State, 143-60.
35. Isaac Rubinow, "20,000 Miles over the Land: A Survey of the Spreading Health Insurance Movement," Survey 37 (1917): 634, also in Beito, From Mutual Aid to Welfare State, 148.
36. Isaac Rubinow, "20,000 Miles over the Land: A Survey of the Spreading Health Insurance Movement," Survey 37 (1917): 634, also in Beito, From Mutual Aid to Welfare State, 148.
37. Eagle Magazine 11 (1923): 5, also in Jill Quadagno, The Transformation of Old Age Security (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 67.
38. Eagle Magazine 11 (1923): 5, also in Jill Quadagno, The Transformation of Old Age Security (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 67.
39. Basye, History and Operations of Fraternal Insurance, 131. Alas, Basye does not name the state.
40. Mark Lawrence Kornbluh, "From Participatory to Administrative Politics: A Social History of American Political Behavior, 1880-1918," (Ph.D. diss., Johns Hopkins University, 1987); Theda Skocpol and Gretchen Ritter, "Gender and the Origins of Modern Social Policies in Britain and the United States," Studies in American Political Development 5 (1991): 65.
41. Mark Lawrence Kornbluh, "From Participatory to Administrative Politics: A Social History of American Political Behavior, 1880-1918," (Ph.D. diss., Johns Hopkins University, 1987); Theda Skocpol and Gretchen Ritter, "Gender and the Origins of Modern Social Policies in Britain and the United States," Studies in American Political Development 5 (1991): 65.
42. Meyer, "Fraternal Beneficiary Societies in the United States," 655.
43. See, Simon Cordery, "Fraternal Orders in the United States: A Quest for Protection and Identity," in Social Security Mutualism: The Comparative History of Mutual Benefit Societies, ed. Marcel van der Linden (New York: Peter Lang, 1996); Greenberg, "Worker and Community"; James R. Orr and Scott G. McNall, "Nineteenth Century Fraternal Organizations: Blocks to Class Formation," paper presented at the Midwest Sociology Conference (Minneapolis, MN, 1988); James R. Orr and Scott G. McNall, "Fraternal Orders and Working-Class Formation in Nineteenth Century Kansas," in Bringing Class Back In: Contemporary and History Perspectives, eds. Scott G. McNall, Rhonda F. Levine, and Rick Fantasia, (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991); Conrad Edick Wright, The Transformation of Charity in Postrevolutionary New England (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1992).
44. See, Simon Cordery, "Fraternal Orders in the United States: A Quest for Protection and Identity," in Social Security Mutualism: The Comparative History of Mutual Benefit Societies, ed. Marcel van der Linden (New York: Peter Lang, 1996); Greenberg, "Worker and Community"; James R. Orr and Scott G. McNall, "Nineteenth Century Fraternal Organizations: Blocks to Class Formation," paper presented at the Midwest Sociology Conference (Minneapolis, MN, 1988); James R. Orr and Scott G. McNall, "Fraternal Orders and Working-Class Formation in Nineteenth Century Kansas," in Bringing Class Back In: Contemporary and History Perspectives, eds. Scott G. McNall, Rhonda F. Levine, and Rick Fantasia, (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991); Conrad Edick Wright, The Transformation of Charity in Postrevolutionary New England (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1992).
45. See, Simon Cordery, "Fraternal Orders in the United States: A Quest for Protection and Identity," in Social Security Mutualism: The Comparative History of Mutual Benefit Societies, ed. Marcel van der Linden (New York: Peter Lang, 1996); Greenberg, "Worker and Community"; James R. Orr and Scott G. McNall, "Nineteenth Century Fraternal Organizations: Blocks to Class Formation," paper presented at the Midwest Sociology Conference (Minneapolis, MN, 1988); James R. Orr and Scott G. McNall, "Fraternal Orders and Working-Class Formation in Nineteenth Century Kansas," in Bringing Class Back In: Contemporary and History Perspectives, eds. Scott G. McNall, Rhonda F. Levine, and Rick Fantasia, (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991); Conrad Edick Wright, The Transformation of Charity in Postrevolutionary New England (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1992).
46. See, Simon Cordery, "Fraternal Orders in the United States: A Quest for Protection and Identity," in Social Security Mutualism: The Comparative History of Mutual Benefit Societies, ed. Marcel van der Linden (New York: Peter Lang, 1996); Greenberg, "Worker and Community"; James R. Orr and Scott G. McNall, "Nineteenth Century Fraternal Organizations: Blocks to Class Formation," paper presented at the Midwest Sociology Conference (Minneapolis, MN, 1988); James R. Orr and Scott G. McNall, "Fraternal Orders and Working-Class Formation in Nineteenth Century Kansas," in Bringing Class Back In: Contemporary and History Perspectives, eds. Scott G. McNall, Rhonda F. Levine, and Rick Fantasia, (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991); Conrad Edick Wright, The Transformation of Charity in Postrevolutionary New England (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1992).
47. See, Simon Cordery, "Fraternal Orders in the United States: A Quest for Protection and Identity," in Social Security Mutualism: The Comparative History of Mutual Benefit Societies, ed. Marcel van der Linden (New York: Peter Lang, 1996); Greenberg, "Worker and Community"; James R. Orr and Scott G. McNall, "Nineteenth Century Fraternal Organizations: Blocks to Class Formation," paper presented at the Midwest Sociology Conference (Minneapolis, MN, 1988); James R. Orr and Scott G. McNall, "Fraternal Orders and Working-Class Formation in Nineteenth Century Kansas," in Bringing Class Back In: Contemporary and History Perspectives, eds. Scott G. McNall, Rhonda F. Levine, and Rick Fantasia, (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991); Conrad Edick Wright, The Transformation of Charity in Postrevolutionary New England (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1992).
48. Orr and McNall, "Fraternal Orders and Working-Class Formation in Nineteenth Century Kansas," 102.
49. Ibid.; Orr and McNall, "Nineteenth Century Fraternal Organizations: Blocks to Class Formation."
50. Ibid.; Orr and McNall, "Nineteenth Century Fraternal Organizations: Blocks to Class Formation."
51. Lynn Dumenil, Freemasonry and American Culture, 1880-1930 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984); Orr and McNall, "Nineteenth Century Fraternal Organizations: Blocks to Class Formation"; Clawson, "Fraternal Orders and Class Formation in Nineteenth-Century United States"; Mary Ann Clawson, Constructing Brotherhood: Class, Gender, and Fraternalism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); George Emery and J.C. Herbert Emery, A Young Man's Benefit: The Independent Order of Odd Fellows and Sickness Insurance in the United States and Canada, 1860-1929 (Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 1998), 26-46.
52. Lynn Dumenil, Freemasonry and American Culture, 1880-1930 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984); Orr and McNall, "Nineteenth Century Fraternal Organizations: Blocks to Class Formation"; Clawson, "Fraternal Orders and Class Formation in Nineteenth-Century United States"; Mary Ann Clawson, Constructing Brotherhood: Class, Gender, and Fraternalism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); George Emery and J.C. Herbert Emery, A Young Man's Benefit: The Independent Order of Odd Fellows and Sickness Insurance in the United States and Canada, 1860-1929 (Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 1998), 26-46.
53. Lynn Dumenil, Freemasonry and American Culture, 1880-1930 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984); Orr and McNall, "Nineteenth Century Fraternal Organizations: Blocks to Class Formation"; Clawson, "Fraternal Orders and Class Formation in Nineteenth-Century United States"; Mary Ann Clawson, Constructing Brotherhood: Class, Gender, and Fraternalism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); George Emery and J.C. Herbert Emery, A Young Man's Benefit: The Independent Order of Odd Fellows and Sickness Insurance in the United States and Canada, 1860-1929 (Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 1998), 26-46.
54. Lynn Dumenil, Freemasonry and American Culture, 1880-1930 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984); Orr and McNall, "Nineteenth Century Fraternal Organizations: Blocks to Class Formation"; Clawson, "Fraternal Orders and Class Formation in Nineteenth-Century United States"; Mary Ann Clawson, Constructing Brotherhood: Class, Gender, and Fraternalism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); George Emery and J.C. Herbert Emery, A Young Man's Benefit: The Independent Order of Odd Fellows and Sickness Insurance in the United States and Canada, 1860-1929 (Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 1998), 26-46.
55. Lynn Dumenil, Freemasonry and American Culture, 1880-1930 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984); Orr and McNall, "Nineteenth Century Fraternal Organizations: Blocks to Class Formation"; Clawson, "Fraternal Orders and Class Formation in Nineteenth-Century United States"; Mary Ann Clawson, Constructing Brotherhood: Class, Gender, and Fraternalism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); George Emery and J.C. Herbert Emery, A Young Man's Benefit: The Independent Order of Odd Fellows and Sickness Insurance in the United States and Canada, 1860-1929 (Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 1998), 26-46.
56. David T. Beito, "Mutual Aid, State Welfare, and Organized Charity: Fraternal Societies and the "Deserving" and "Undeserving" Poor, 1900-1930," Journal of Policy History 5 (1993).
57. Cordery, "Fraternal Orders in the United States," 98.
58. Greenberg, "Worker and Community," 39.
59. Ibid.
60. Greenberg, "Worker and Community," 47.
61. Cordery, "Fraternal Orders in the United States," 98.
62. John Jordan Upchurch, The Life, Labors and Travels of Father J.J. Upchurch, Founder of the Ancient Order of United Workmen (San Francisco: A.T. Dewey, 1887).
63. Clawson, Constructing Brotherhood, 105.
64. Wright, The Transformation of Charity in Postrevolutionary New England, 209, also in Beito, From Mutual Aid to Welfare State, 9.
65. Wright, The Transformation of Charity in Postrevolutionary New England, 209, also in Beito, From Mutual Aid to Welfare State, 9.
66. Frank H. Hankins, "Fraternal Orders," Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences (New York: Macmillan, 1937), 423.
67. Illinois Health Insurance Commission, "Report," (Chicago, IL: IHIC, 1919), also in Beito, From Mulual Aid to Welfare State, 23.
68. Beito, "Mutual Aid, State Welfare, and Organized Charity," 428.
69. Margaret Galey, "Ethnicity, Fraternalism, Social and Mental Health," Ethnicity 4 (1977): 24-25.
70. For simplicity's sake, I will refer to it using only the second name.
71. Christopher J. Kauffman, Faith and Fraternalism: The History of the Knights of Columbus 1882-1982 (New York: Harper & Row, 1982), 13.
72. Beito, From Mutual Aid to Welfare State, 15.
73. Vivian A. Rotman Zelizer, Morals and Markets: The Development of Life Insurance in the United States (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979).
74. Columbia, May 1920,9 (advertisement for insurance policy offerred by the Knights of Columbus organization).
75. Columbia, Aug. 1925, 47.
76. "The Best Gift of All," Columbia, Dec. 1927, 3.
77. "Fraternity," Columbia, Apr. 1905, 8.
78. Columbia, Feb. 1906, 8.
79. Henry Noble MacCracken, "Educated Women in American Life," Columbia, Jan. 1922, 5, 25.
80. Philip Burke, "Sister Goes to College," Columbia, Dec. 1927, 27, 34.
81. Ibid., 34.
82. Columbia, Dec. 1922, 6; Commission on Religious Prejudice, "Tuskegee," Columbia, Mar. 1916, 9.
83. Columbia, Dec. 1922, 6; Commission on Religious Prejudice, "Tuskegee," Columbia, Mar. 1916, 9.
84. Columbia, Nov. 1916, front cover.
85. Columbia, Feb. 1911.
86. PeterJ. Zimmerman, "The Remedy: Justice and Charity," Columbia, Jan. 1921, 6.
87. Ibid.
88. Beito, From Mutuat Aid to Welfare State, 29.
89. Edward L. Hearn, "Annual Report of the Supreme Knight," Columbia, Dec. 1903, 12.
90. Joseph A. McNamee, "The Personal Factor in Fraternal Work," Columbia, Feb. 1906, 1.
91. Joseph H. Defrees, "American Business Gathering Strength," Columbia, Mar. 1922; Julius Barnes, "Machine Production and Prosperity," Columbia, Mar. 1924, 7. Thomas B. McAdams, "American Business Reports Progress," Columbia, Apr. 1922, 5.
92. Joseph H. Defrees, "American Business Gathering Strength," Columbia, Mar. 1922; Julius Barnes, "Machine Production and Prosperity," Columbia, Mar. 1924, 7. Thomas B. McAdams, "American Business Reports Progress," Columbia, Apr. 1922, 5.
93. Joseph H. Defrees, "American Business Gathering Strength," Columbia, Mar. 1922; Julius Barnes, "Machine Production and Prosperity," Columbia, Mar. 1924, 7. Thomas B. McAdams, "American Business Reports Progress," Columbia, Apr. 1922, 5.
94. Herbert Hoover, "Facing Our Economic Facts," Columbia, Aug. 1921, 3.
95. Charles B. Fenwick, "Newer Conceptions of Freedom," Columbia, Feb. 1921, 5.
96. The Mission of the Order," Columbia, Jan. 1913, 4.
97. Columbia, Oct. 1931, 7.
98. Albert J. Steiss, "This Age of Problems," Columbia, May 1934, 9.
99. Stone, Policy Paradox.
100. Orr and McNall, "Fraternal Orders and Working-Class Formation in Nineteenth Century Kansas," 102-3.
101. Knights of Columbus, Some Reasons Why You Should Become an Insurance Member of the Knights of Columbus, (pamphlet on file, Knights of Columbus archives, 1925).
102. Samuel Gompers, "Through the Eyes of Labor," Columbia, Feb. 1919,9; William Mackenzie King, "A Path to Industrial Peace," Columbia, July 1923, 3, 18; James M. Lynch, "Arbitration An Actual Success," Columbia, Dec. 1920, 5.
103. Samuel Gompers, "Through the Eyes of Labor," Columbia, Feb. 1919,9; William Mackenzie King, "A Path to Industrial Peace," Columbia, July 1923, 3, 18; James M. Lynch, "Arbitration An Actual Success," Columbia, Dec. 1920, 5.
104. Samuel Gompers, "Through the Eyes of Labor," Columbia, Feb. 1919,9; William Mackenzie King, "A Path to Industrial Peace," Columbia, July 1923, 3, 18; James M. Lynch, "Arbitration An Actual Success," Columbia, Dec. 1920, 5.
105. Columbia, Mar. 1914, 8; John A. Heffernan, "Peace and Industrial Readjustment," Columbia, Sept. 1916; Rev. D. A. McLean, "Re-Christianizing Industry," Columbia, Jan. 1926, 16, 33, 37; Kenneth Coolbaugh, "Hope for the Jobless," Columbia, Jan. 1929, 24-25.
106. Columbia, Mar. 1914, 8; John A. Heffernan, "Peace and Industrial Readjustment," Columbia, Sept. 1916; Rev. D. A. McLean, "Re-Christianizing Industry," Columbia, Jan. 1926, 16, 33, 37; Kenneth Coolbaugh, "Hope for the Jobless," Columbia, Jan. 1929, 24-25.
107. Columbia, Mar. 1914, 8; John A. Heffernan, "Peace and Industrial Readjustment," Columbia, Sept. 1916; Rev. D. A. McLean, "Re-Christianizing Industry," Columbia, Jan. 1926, 16, 33, 37; Kenneth Coolbaugh, "Hope for the Jobless," Columbia, Jan. 1929, 24-25.
108. Columbia, Mar. 1914, 8; John A. Heffernan, "Peace and Industrial Readjustment," Columbia, Sept. 1916; Rev. D. A. McLean, "Re-Christianizing Industry," Columbia, Jan. 1926, 16, 33, 37; Kenneth Coolbaugh, "Hope for the Jobless," Columbia, Jan. 1929, 24-25.
109. Martin J. Scott, "What About Property Rights," Columbia, June 1935, 13, 22.
110. Mary Ann Clawson, "Early Modern Fraternalism and the Patriarchal Family," Feminist Studies 6 (1980): 374.
111. For an excellent summary of the financial condition of the worker at the turn of the century see, Lee Welling Squier, Old Age Dependency in the United States (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1912); see also, Brian J. Glenn, "Understanding Mutual Benefit Societies, 1860-1960," Journal of Health Politics, Policy & Law 26 (2001): 636-49.
112. For an excellent summary of the financial condition of the worker at the turn of the century see, Lee Welling Squier, Old Age Dependency in the United States (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1912); see also, Brian J. Glenn, "Understanding Mutual Benefit Societies, 1860-1960," Journal of Health Politics, Policy & Law 26 (2001): 636-49.