The medicalization of menopause: Critique and consequences

International Journal of Health Services

Volumn 31, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 769-792

  Meyer, Vicki F ^a  

^a NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HEALTH SERVICES; WOMENS HEALTH;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; FEMALE; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HEART DISEASE; HORMONE DEFICIENCY; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; MENOPAUSE; OSTEOPOROSIS; PRIMARY PREVENTION; REVIEW;

AGED; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; CLIMACTERIC; EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES; ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY; FEMALE; HEART DISEASES; HUMANS; MENOPAUSE; MIDDLE AGED; OSTEOPOROSIS; PRIMARY PREVENTION; RISK FACTORS; SOCIOLOGY, MEDICAL; WOMEN'S HEALTH;

EID: 0035683207     PISSN: 00207314     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2190/M77D-YV2Y-D5NU-FXNW     Document Type: Review

References (178)

1. Medicalization and social control
2. Treatment of disorders of the menopause
3. The fate of the nontreated postmenopausal woman: A plea for the maintenance of adequate estrogen from puberty to the grave
4. Minimizing the menopause
5. The fate of the untreated menopause
6. Hormone replacement therapy for all? Universal prescription is desirable
7. Menopause
8. Postmenopausal hormone therapy
9. Uncertainty about postmenopausal estrogen: Time for action, not debate
10. The selling of HRT: Playing on the fear factor
11. Hormone replacement therapy: The need for reconsideration
12. One voice on menopause
13. Estrogens for prevention of coronary heart disease: Putting the breaks on the bandwagon
14. The social construction of menopause at risk
15. Estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women: Effects on cognitive function and dementia
16. Epidemiology and risk factors of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women
17. Cardiovascular research: Estrogen key player in heart disease among women
18. Menopause and hormone replacement therapy: An overview
19. Prospective study of endogenous sex hormones and fatal cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women
20. Serum estrone concentrations and coronary artery disease in postmenopausal women
21. Urinary sex hormone excretions in premenopausal women and coronary heart disease risk: A nested case-referent study in the DOM-cohort
22. Relationship of endogenous sex hormones to lipids and blood pressure in mid-aged women
23. Relationship between serum sex hormones and coronary artery disease in postmenopausal women
24. The development of sex differences in cardiovascular disease mortality: A historical perspective
25. Sex differences in coronary disease: Two opposing views
26. Are gonadal hormones (estrogen and androgens) of significance in the development of ischemic heart disease?
27. Coronary heart disease in relation to age, sex and the menopause
28. Some contributions from the social system to gender inequalities in heart disease
29. Myth and paradox of coronary risk and the menopause
30. Cardiovascular risk in menopause: Myth, paradox or reality: The importance of clinical observations vs statistical data interpretation
31. The gynecologist and the prevention of cardiovascular disease
32. Estrogen deprivation rather than age is responsible for the poor lipid profile and carbohydrate metabolism in women
33. Menopause and risk of coronary heart disease in women
34. Menopause and heart disease: A review
35. Cigarette smoking, relative weight, and menopause
36. Relative and absolute risks of coronary heart disease among women who smoke cigarettes
37. Menopause and risk of cardiovascular disease
38. Patterns of coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality in the sexes: A 26-year follow-up of the Framingham population
39. Effects of postmenopausal estrogen replacement on the concentrations and metabolism of plasma lipoprotein
40. Estrogen and coronary heart disease in women
41. Relationship of blood pressure, serum cholesterol, smoking habit, relative weight and ECG abnormalities to incidence of major coronary events: Final report of the Pooling Project
42. Serum cholesterol, blood pressure, cigarette smoking, and death from coronary heart disease: Overall findings and differences by age for 316,099 white men
43. Serum total cholesterol and long-term coronary heart disease mortality in different cultures: Twenty- five-year follow-up of the seven countries study
44. Cholesterol, lipoproteins, and coronary heart disease in women
45. Relation between coronary risk and coronary mortality in women of the Renfrew and Paisley Survey: Comparison with men
46. Estrogen replacement therapy and coronary heart disease: A quantitative assessment of the epidemiologic evidence
47. Prevalence and determinants of estrogen replacement therapy in elderly women
48. Postmenopausal estrogen and prevention bias
49. Cardioprotective effect of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women: Is the evidence biased?
50. Prior to use of estrogen replacement therapy: Are users healthier than nonusers?
51. Prior and current health characteristics of postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy users compared with nonusers
52. Estrogen replacement therapy: Indications, contraindications, and agent selection
53. A review of postmenopausal hormone therapy recommendations: Potential for selection bias
54. The effect of estrogen replacement therapy on platelet aggregation and adenosine triphosphate release in postmenopausal women
55. Ethinyl estradiol acutely attenuates abnormal coronary vasomotor responses to acetylcholine in postmenopausal women
56. Cardiovascular protection by oestrogen - A calcium antagonist effect?
57. Ischemic heart disease risk in postmenopausal women: Effect of estrogen use on glucose and insulin levels
58. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Investigators. Relation of hormone-replacement therapy to measures of plasma fibrinolytic activity
59. Effects of hormone replacement therapy on fibrinolysis in postmenopausal women
60. Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women: The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial
61. Risk of venous thromboembolism in users of hormone replacement therapy
62. Risk of hospital admission for idiopathic venous thromboembolism among users of postmenopausal estrogens
63. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women
64. Estrogen replacement therapy decreases platelet-activating factoracetylhydrolase activity in post-menopausal women
65. Impaired procoagulant-anticoagulant balance during hormone replacement therapy? A randomized, placebo-controlled 12-week study
66. Hormone replacement therapy, inflammation, and hemostasis in elderly women
67. Guidelines for counseling postmenopausal women about preventive hormone therapy
68. Estrogen replacement and coronary artery disease-Effect of survival in postmenopausal women
69. Coronary heart disease in women: Gender differences and effects of menopause
70. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and mortality
71. Postmenopausal hormone therapy: Is it useful for coronary prevention?
72. Guide to primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Task Force on Risk Reduction
73. Effects of estrogen replacement on the progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis
74. Estrogen use tied to slight increase in risks to heart? Data is not conclusive
75. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and coronary heart disease: Clinical implications of recent randomized trial results
76. Estrogen replacement therapy is underutilized among postmenopausal women at high risk for coronary heart disease
77. The menopause and osteoporosis
78. Postmenopausal osteoporosis
79. The brittle bone: How to save women from osteoporosis
80. Osteoporosis and fractures in Norway: Occurrence and risk fractures
81. Sex-specific and race-specific hip fracture rates
82. The variable incidence of hip fractures in Southern Europe. The MEDOS study
83. The incidence of femoral neck fractures in New Zealand
84. Very low rates of hip fractures in Beijing, People's Republic of China
85. Downturn in hip fracture incidence
86. Secular trends in the incidence of hip fractures
87. Hip fracture and the use of estrogens in postmenopausal women
88. The effect of postmenopausal estrogen therapy on bone density in elderly women
89. Exercise and other factors in the prevention of hip fracture: The Leisure World Study
90. Waning effect of postmenopausal estrogen therapy on osteoporosis
91. Involutional osteoporosis
92. Timing of peak bone mass in Caucasian females and its implication for the prevention of osteoporosis: Inference from a cross-sectional model
93. Primary prevention of osteoporosis: Pediatric approach to disease of the elderly
94. Risk factors for hip fractures in white women
95. Effects of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older
96. Habitual physical activity and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women in England
97. Prevention of osteoporosis and fractures
98. Alternative therapies for menopause
99. Alzheimer disease: Adverse effects
100. Gender differences in the incidence of AD and vascular dementia: The EURODEM Studies
101. Very old women at highest risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: Incidence data from the Kungsholmen Project, Stockholm
102. Epidemiology of dementia in Rochester, Minnesota
103. The prevalence of dementia: A quantitative integration of the literature
104. The prevalence of dementia in Europe: A collaborative study of 1980-1990 findings
105. Gender differences in the relation between comorbidity and mortality of patients with Alzheimer's disease
106. Effects of age, gender and education on selected neuropsychological tests in an elderly community
107. The meaning of cognitive impairment in the elderly
108. Sex differences in brain aging: A quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study
109. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and cognitive function in healthy older women
110. Estrogen replacement therapy for treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: A randomized controlled trial
111. Alzheimer's disease: An estrogen link?
112. Risk factor changes and mortality results
113. Epidemiology and risk factors of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women
114. Epidemiology of osteoporosis
115. A comparative study of prescribing of hormone replacement therapy in USA and Europe
116. Prevalence of hormone replacement therapy and user's characteristics: A community survey in Japan
117. Dietary phytoestrogens in the prevention of long-term postmenopausal diseases
118. Long-term blood cholesterol-lowering effects of a dietary fiber supplement
119. Diet and the prevention of cardiovascular diseases
120. Long-term (5-year) changes in HDL cholesterol in cardiac rehabilitation patients: Do sex differences exist?
121. Primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women through diet and lifestyle
122. Individualizing therapy to prevent long-term consequences of estrogen deficiency in postmenopausal women
123. Large-scale hormone replacement therapy and life expectancy: Results from an international comparison among European and North American populations
124. Relationship between estrogen levels, use of hormone replacement therapy, and breast cancer
125. The use of estrogen and progestins and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women
126. Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy: Collaborative reanalysis of data from 51 epidemiological studies of 52,705 women with breast cancer and 108,411 women without breast cancer
127. Menopausal estrogen and estrogen-progestin replacement therapy and breast cancer risk
128. Effect of hormone replacement therapy on breast cancer risk: Estrogen versus estrogen plus progestin
129. Hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer risk in a nationally representative cohort
130. Oestrogen therapy after menopause - Boon or bane?
131. Menopausal hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer: A meta-analysis
132. Hormones and heart disease: Medical bias disregards best evidence
133. Risk of endometrial cancer in relation to use of oestrogen combined with cyclic progestogen therapy in postmenopausal women
134. Increased risk of cholecystectomy in users of supplemental estrogen
135. Impact of postmenopausal hormone therapy on cardiovascular events and cancer: Pooled data from clinical trials
136. Effect of postmenopausal estrogen replacement on circulating androgens
137. Androgens and women's health: Genetic and epidemiologic aspects of lipid metabolism
138. Elevated serum testosterone, hirsutism, and virilism associated with combined androgen-estrogen hormone replacement therapy
139. The role of androgens in menopausal hormone replacement
140. Androgen replacement therapy in women: Myths and realities
141. The decline in U.S. cancer mortality from 1991 to 1995: What's behind the numbers?
142. American Cancer Society: The world's wealthiest "nonprofit" institution
143. Racism, sexism, and social class: Implications for studies of health, disease, and well-being
144. Socioeconomic factors, health behaviors, and mortality: Results from a nationally representative prospective study of US adults
145. Lower socioeconomic status and increased mortality: Early childhood roots and the potential for successful interventions
146. Physician policies on the use of preventive hormone therapy
147. Migration patterns and breast cancer risk in Asian-American women
148. The increasing disparity in mortality between socio-economic groups in the United States, 1960 and 1986
149. The widening gap in death rates among income groups in the United States from 1967 to 1986
150. The associations between health and domestic violence in older women: Results of a pilot study
151. Somatic consequences of violence against women
152. Disempowering midlife women: The science and politics of hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
153. Medicalization of menopausepublic health
154. Menopause: Taking the cures or curing the takes?
155. Preservation of the ovary: A reevaluation
156. The marketing of estrogen for menopausal and postmenopausal women
157. The menopausethe pharmaceutical industry
158. Top brand name drugs
159. High-tech stealth being used to sway doctor prescriptions
160. Gifts to physicians in the consumer marketing era
161. Is academic medicine for sale?
162. The uncertainty principle and industry sponsored research
163. FDA advisors tied to industry