Democratization backwards: The problem of third-wave democracies

British Journal of Political Science

Volumn 31, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 331-354

  Rose, Richard ^b   Shin, Doh Chull ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035635292     PISSN: 00071234     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0007123401000138     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Samuel P. Huntingon, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remarking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996). Cf. Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991).
2. Samuel P. Huntingon, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remarking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996). Cf. Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991).
3. Larry Diamond, Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation (Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), p. 10.
4. See 'Documents on Democracy', Journal of Democracy, 10 (1999), 177-81, p. 178, italics in the original. Cf. Robert A. Dahl, Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1971).
5. See 'Documents on Democracy', Journal of Democracy, 10 (1999), 177-81, p. 178, italics in the original. Cf. Robert A. Dahl, Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1971).
6. Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, 'Toward Consolidated Democracies', Journal of Democracy, 7 (1996), 14-33, p. 30.
7. Freedom House, Freedom in the World: 1997-98 (New York: Freedom House, 1998), pp. 3ff. Consistent with Dahl's concerns about the imperfections of democratic systems, Freedom House places only twenty-six of 191 countries at the highest point in its seven-point scale.
8. Transparency International. 'Transparency International Ranks 85 Countries in Largest Ever Corruption Perception Index' (Berlin: Transparency International press release, 22 September 1998), p. 3
9. For reviews of new democracies, see Richard Rose, William Mishler and Christian Haerpfer, Democracy and Its Alternatives: Understanding Post-Communist Societies (Oxford: Polity Press, and Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998); Guillermo O'Donnell, 'Delegative Democracy', Journal of Democracy, 5 (1994), 55-69; and Michael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
10. For reviews of new democracies, see Richard Rose, William Mishler and Christian Haerpfer, Democracy and Its Alternatives: Understanding Post-Communist Societies (Oxford: Polity Press, and Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998); Guillermo O'Donnell, 'Delegative Democracy', Journal of Democracy, 5 (1994), 55-69; and Michael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
11. For reviews of new democracies, see Richard Rose, William Mishler and Christian Haerpfer, Democracy and Its Alternatives: Understanding Post-Communist Societies (Oxford: Polity Press, and Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998); Guillermo O'Donnell, 'Delegative Democracy', Journal of Democracy, 5 (1994), 55-69; and Michael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
12. Max Weber, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization (Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press, 1947); Ira J. Cohen, 'The Underemphasis on Democracy in Marx and Weber', in R. J. Antonio and R. M. Glassman, eds, A Weber-Marx Dialogue (Manhattanville: Kansas State University Press, 1985), 274-95.
13. Max Weber, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization (Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press, 1947); Ira J. Cohen, 'The Underemphasis on Democracy in Marx and Weber', in R. J. Antonio and R. M. Glassman, eds, A Weber-Marx Dialogue (Manhattanville: Kansas State University Press, 1985), 274-95.
14. Joseph A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, 4th edn (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1952), p. 269.
15. Guy Hermet, Richard Rose and Alain Rouquié, eds, Elections without Choice (London: Macmillan, 1978); Jorgen Elklit and Palle Svensson, 'What Makes Elections Free and Fair?' Journal of Democracy, 8 (1997), 32-46.
16. Guy Hermet, Richard Rose and Alain Rouquié, eds, Elections without Choice (London: Macmillan, 1978); Jorgen Elklit and Palle Svensson, 'What Makes Elections Free and Fair?' Journal of Democracy, 8 (1997), 32-46.
17. Freedom House, Freedom in the World: 1997-1998, p. 5.
18. Terry Lynn Karl, 'Electoralism', in Richard Rose, ed., The International Encyclopedia of Elections (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2000), pp. 95-6.
19. Likewise, S. M. Lipset's emphasis in Political Man (New York: Doubleday, 1960) on a high level of economic development as a prerequisite for democracy presupposes the existence of institutions of a modern state. But there are good theoretical and empirical grounds for arguing that causation can also run in the opposite direction, that the legal rights of a modern Rechtsstaat and freedom of association in civil society have a positive influence on economic development. See, for example, Amartya Sen, 'Democracy as a Universal Value', Journal of Democracy, 10 (1999), 3-17, and Surjit S. Bhalla, 'Freedom and Economic Growth: A Virtuous Circle?' in Axel Hadenius, ed., Democracy's Victory and Crisis (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 195-241.
20. Likewise, S. M. Lipset's emphasis in Political Man (New York: Doubleday, 1960) on a high level of economic development as a prerequisite for democracy presupposes the existence of institutions of a modern state. But there are good theoretical and empirical grounds for arguing that causation can also run in the opposite direction, that the legal rights of a modern Rechtsstaat and freedom of association in civil society have a positive influence on economic development. See, for example, Amartya Sen, 'Democracy as a Universal Value', Journal of Democracy, 10 (1999), 3-17, and Surjit S. Bhalla, 'Freedom and Economic Growth: A Virtuous Circle?' in Axel Hadenius, ed., Democracy's Victory and Crisis (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 195-241.
21. Likewise, S. M. Lipset's emphasis in Political Man (New York: Doubleday, 1960) on a high level of economic development as a prerequisite for democracy presupposes the existence of institutions of a modern state. But there are good theoretical and empirical grounds for arguing that causation can also run in the opposite direction, that the legal rights of a modern Rechtsstaat and freedom of association in civil society have a positive influence on economic development. See, for example, Amartya Sen, 'Democracy as a Universal Value', Journal of Democracy, 10 (1999), 3-17, and Surjit S. Bhalla, 'Freedom and Economic Growth: A Virtuous Circle?' in Axel Hadenius, ed., Democracy's Victory and Crisis (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 195-241.
22. Robert A. Dahl, On Democracy (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1998), especially Appendix C, 'On Counting Democratic Countries', pp. 196-9.
23. Adam Przeworski, Michael Alvarez, Jose Antonio Cheibub and Fernando Limongi, 'What Makes Democracies Endure', Journal of Democracy, 7 (1996) 39-55.
24. Historically, the great majority of states have been neither modern nor democratic. The modern state enters three-quarters of the way through S. E. Finer's account of The History of Government (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), vol. 3, pp. 1261ff.
25. See the various references to India in Henry Parris, Constitutional Bureaucracy: The Development of British Central Administration since the Eighteenth Century (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1969).
26. See for example, Dankwarts A. Rustow, The Politics of Compromise: A Study of Parties and Cabinet Government in Sweden (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1955); Hans Daalder, 'Paths Toward State Formation in Europe', in H. E. Chehabi and Alfred Stepan, eds, Politics, Society and Democracy: Comparative Studies in Honor of Juan J. Linz (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press 1995), pp. 113-30.
27. See for example, Dankwarts A. Rustow, The Politics of Compromise: A Study of Parties and Cabinet Government in Sweden (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1955); Hans Daalder, 'Paths Toward State Formation in Europe', in H. E. Chehabi and Alfred Stepan, eds, Politics, Society and Democracy: Comparative Studies in Honor of Juan J. Linz (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press 1995), pp. 113-30.
28. See Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, eds, The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes (Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978).
29. Linz, 'Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes', in Fred I. Greenstein and Nelson W. Polsby, eds, Handbook of Political Science, vol. 3 (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1975), pp. 175-411.
30. The opening of Janos Kornai's classic, The Socialist System: The Political Economy of Communism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992), has chapters about power and ideology and bureaucratic control before chapters about money and investment and wages.
31. Dichotomizing the four characteristics of a democratic modern state - the rule of law, civil society, free elections and accountability - yields sixteen logical categories, including fourteen intermediate categories. However, because of interdependencies, new democracies are not evenly distributed in all of these intermediate categories and some, for example, those in which free and fair elections are missing, are not democratizing.
32. See M. Steven Fish, Democracy from Scratch: Opposition and Regime in the New Russian Revolution (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995).
33. On the move from unfree to free elections, see Stephen White, Richard Rose and Ian McAllister, How Russia Votes (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1997).
34. Richard Rose, 'Living in an Antimodern Society', East European Constitutional Review (1999), 68-75.
35. The sub-title of a book by Jon Elster, Claus Offe and Ulrich K. Preuss, Institutional Design in Post-communist Societies: Rebuilding the Ship at Sea (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
36. Cf. Hagen Koo, ed., State and Society in Contemporary Korea (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993); Sun Hyuk Kim, 'Civil Society in South Korea', Journal of Northeast Asian Studies, 15 (1996), 81-97.
37. Cf. Hagen Koo, ed., State and Society in Contemporary Korea (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993); Sun Hyuk Kim, 'Civil Society in South Korea', Journal of Northeast Asian Studies, 15 (1996), 81-97.
38. Cf. Robin Luckham, 'Crafting Democratic Control over the Military: A Comparative Analysis of South Korea, Chile and Ghana', Demoralization, 3 (1996), 215-45; Guillermo O'Donnell, Modernization and Bureaucratic Authoritarianism: Studies in South American Politics (Berkeley: University of California Institute of International Studies, 1979), and contributions by Koreans and non-Koreans to Chung-in Moon and Jongryn Mo, eds, Democratization and Globalization in Korea: Assessments and Prospects (Seoul: Yonsei University Press, 1999).
39. Cf. Robin Luckham, 'Crafting Democratic Control over the Military: A Comparative Analysis of South Korea, Chile and Ghana', Demoralization, 3 (1996), 215-45; Guillermo O'Donnell, Modernization and Bureaucratic Authoritarianism: Studies in South American Politics (Berkeley: University of California Institute of International Studies, 1979), and contributions by Koreans and non-Koreans to Chung-in Moon and Jongryn Mo, eds, Democratization and Globalization in Korea: Assessments and Prospects (Seoul: Yonsei University Press, 1999).
40. Cf. Robin Luckham, 'Crafting Democratic Control over the Military: A Comparative Analysis of South Korea, Chile and Ghana', Demoralization, 3 (1996), 215-45; Guillermo O'Donnell, Modernization and Bureaucratic Authoritarianism: Studies in South American Politics (Berkeley: University of California Institute of International Studies, 1979), and contributions by Koreans and non-Koreans to Chung-in Moon and Jongryn Mo, eds, Democratization and Globalization in Korea: Assessments and Prospects (Seoul: Yonsei University Press, 1999).
41. Cf. Alice Amsden, Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989); En Mee Kim, Big Business, Strong State: Collusion and Conflict in South Korean Development, 1960-1990 (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997).
42. Cf. Alice Amsden, Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989); En Mee Kim, Big Business, Strong State: Collusion and Conflict in South Korean Development, 1960-1990 (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997).
43. Cf. Vaclav Havel et al., The Power of the Powerless: Citizens against the State in Central Eastern Europe (London: Hutchinson, 1985); Victor Mamatey and Radomir Luza, eds, A History of the Czechoslovak Republic, 1919-1948 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1973); and David M. Olson, 'Democratization and Political Participation: The Experience of the Czech Republic', in K. Dawisha and B. Parrott, eds, The Consolidation of Democracy in East-Central Europe (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 150-96.
44. Cf. Vaclav Havel et al., The Power of the Powerless: Citizens against the State in Central Eastern Europe (London: Hutchinson, 1985); Victor Mamatey and Radomir Luza, eds, A History of the Czechoslovak Republic, 1919-1948 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1973); and David M. Olson, 'Democratization and Political Participation: The Experience of the Czech Republic', in K. Dawisha and B. Parrott, eds, The Consolidation of Democracy in East-Central Europe (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 150-96.
45. Cf. Vaclav Havel et al., The Power of the Powerless: Citizens against the State in Central Eastern Europe (London: Hutchinson, 1985); Victor Mamatey and Radomir Luza, eds, A History of the Czechoslovak Republic, 1919-1948 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1973); and David M. Olson, 'Democratization and Political Participation: The Experience of the Czech Republic', in K. Dawisha and B. Parrott, eds, The Consolidation of Democracy in East-Central Europe (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 150-96.
46. Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963); Harry Eckstein, Frederic J. Fleron Jr, Erik P. Hoffmann and William M. Reisinger, eds, Can Democracy Take Root in Post-Soviet Russia: Explorations in State-Society Relations (Lanham, Md: Rowman &Littlefield, 1998); Robert D. Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993).
47. Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963); Harry Eckstein, Frederic J. Fleron Jr, Erik P. Hoffmann and William M. Reisinger, eds, Can Democracy Take Root in Post-Soviet Russia: Explorations in State-Society Relations (Lanham, Md: Rowman &Littlefield, 1998); Robert D. Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993).
48. Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963); Harry Eckstein, Frederic J. Fleron Jr, Erik P. Hoffmann and William M. Reisinger, eds, Can Democracy Take Root in Post-Soviet Russia: Explorations in State-Society Relations (Lanham, Md: Rowman &Littlefield, 1998); Robert D. Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993).
49. Data as reported in Hans-Dieter Klingemann, 'Mapping Political Support in the 1990s: A Global Analysis', in Pippa Norris, ed., Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Governance (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 31-56, at Table 2.10. For a fuller discussion of different survey measures of popular support for democracy, see Rose, Mishler and Haerpfer, Democracy and Its Alternatives, chap. 5.
50. Data as reported in Hans-Dieter Klingemann, 'Mapping Political Support in the 1990s: A Global Analysis', in Pippa Norris, ed., Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Governance (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 31-56, at Table 2.10. For a fuller discussion of different survey measures of popular support for democracy, see Rose, Mishler and Haerpfer, Democracy and Its Alternatives, chap. 5.
51. Calculated from twelve European Union countries plus Norway, as reported by Dieter Fuchs, Giovanna Guidorossi and Palle Svensson, 'Support for the Democratic System', in Hans-Dieter Klingemann and Dieter Fuchs, eds, Citizens and the State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 323-53, at Table 11.4.
52. Fieldwork by Korea-Gallup. For full survey details, see Doh Chull Shin and Richard Rose, Koreans Evaluate Democracy (Glasgow: University of Strathclyde Studies in Public Policy, No. 292, 1997); and Doh Chull Shin and Richard Rose Responding to Economic Crisis: The 1998 New Korea Barometer Survey (Glasgow: University of Strathclyde Studies in Public Policy, No. 311, 1998).
53. Fieldwork by Korea-Gallup. For full survey details, see Doh Chull Shin and Richard Rose, Koreans Evaluate Democracy (Glasgow: University of Strathclyde Studies in Public Policy, No. 292, 1997); and Doh Chull Shin and Richard Rose Responding to Economic Crisis: The 1998 New Korea Barometer Survey (Glasgow: University of Strathclyde Studies in Public Policy, No. 311, 1998).
54. For details, see Richard Rose, Getting Things Done with Social Capital: New Russia Barometer VII (Glasgow: University of Strathclyde Studies in Public Policy, No. 303, 1998).
55. Richard Rose and Christian Haerpfer, New Democracies Barometer V: A 12-Nation Survey (Glasgow: University of Strathclyde Studies in Public Policy, No. 306, 1998).
56. Klingemann, 'Mapping Political Support in the 1990s', Table 2.10.
57. For systematic comparisons of Austria with post-Communist country data, see Rose and Haerpfer, New Democracies Barometer V, chap. 5.
58. Isaiah Berlin, Two Concepts of Liberty (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1958).
59. See Diamond, Developing Democracy, pp. 90ff.
60. Stefan Hedlund and Niclas Surdström, 'Does Palermo Represent the Future for Moscow?' Journal of Public Policy, 16 (1996), 113-55; Jeffrey D. Sachs and Katharina Pistor, The Rule of Law and Economic Reform in Russia (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1997).
61. Stefan Hedlund and Niclas Surdström, 'Does Palermo Represent the Future for Moscow?' Journal of Public Policy, 16 (1996), 113-55; Jeffrey D. Sachs and Katharina Pistor, The Rule of Law and Economic Reform in Russia (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1997).
62. T. Wing Lo, Corruption and Politics in Hong Kong and China (Buckingham: Open University Press, 1993); Tianjian Shi, Political Participation in Beijing (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997).
63. T. Wing Lo, Corruption and Politics in Hong Kong and China (Buckingham: Open University Press, 1993); Tianjian Shi, Political Participation in Beijing (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997).
64. For a detailed discussion of strategies in a Russian context, see Richard Rose, 'Getting Things Done in an Anti-Modern Society: Social Capital Networks in Russia', in Partha Dasgupta and Ismail Serageldin, eds, Social Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1999), pp. 147-71.
65. Quoted in David M. Olson, 'Political Parties and Party Systems in Regime Transformation', American Review of Politics, 13 (1993), 619-58, p. 642.
66. For more details, see Doh C. Shin, Mass Politics and Culture in Democratizing Korea (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999), chap. 4; and Rose, Getting Things Done with Social Capital, pp. 56ff.
67. For more details, see Doh C. Shin, Mass Politics and Culture in Democratizing Korea (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999), chap. 4; and Rose, Getting Things Done with Social Capital, pp. 56ff.
68. See William Mishler and Richard Rose, 'Trust, Distrust and Skepticism: Popular Evaluations of Civil and Political Institutions in Post-Communist Societies', Journal of Politics, 59 (1997), 418-51. Because the World Values Survey asks about confidence in institutions rather than trust, and evaluation is on a four-point scale without a neutral mid-point, it is not comparable with figures discussed here. See Ronald Inglehart, Miguel Basanez and Alejandro Moreno, Human Values and Beliefs: A Cross-Cultural Sourcebook (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998), variable 279.
69. See William Mishler and Richard Rose, 'Trust, Distrust and Skepticism: Popular Evaluations of Civil and Political Institutions in Post-Communist Societies', Journal of Politics, 59 (1997), 418-51. Because the World Values Survey asks about confidence in institutions rather than trust, and evaluation is on a four-point scale without a neutral mid-point, it is not comparable with figures discussed here. See Ronald Inglehart, Miguel Basanez and Alejandro Moreno, Human Values and Beliefs: A Cross-Cultural Sourcebook (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998), variable 279.
70. See William Mishler and Richard Rose, 'What Are the Origins of Political Trust? Testing Institutional and Cultural Theories in Post-Communist Societies', Comparative Political Studies (forthcoming, 2001), and Kenneth Newton, 'Social and Political Trust in Established Democracies', in Norris, Critical Citizens, pp. 169-87.
71. See William Mishler and Richard Rose, 'What Are the Origins of Political Trust? Testing Institutional and Cultural Theories in Post-Communist Societies', Comparative Political Studies (forthcoming, 2001), and Kenneth Newton, 'Social and Political Trust in Established Democracies', in Norris, Critical Citizens, pp. 169-87.
72. See Richard Rose, 'The End of Consensus in Austria and Switzerland', Journal of Democracy, 10 (2000), 26-40.
73. For a detailed analysis, see Richard Rose, Doh C. Shin and Neil Munro, 'Tension between the Democratic Ideal and Reality: Evidence from Korea', in Norris, ed., Critical Citizens, pp. 146-68.
74. Cf. Lee Kwan Yew, 'Interview with Fareed Zakaria', Foreign Affairs, 73 (1994), 109-27; Dae Jung Kim, 'Is Culture Destiny?' Foreign Affairs, 73 (1994), 189-94; Francis Fukuyama, 'Asian Values and Asian Crisis', Commentary, 105 (1998), 23-7; David Kelly and Anthony Reid, eds, Asian Freedoms: The Idea of Freedom in East and Southeast Asia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 1998).
75. Cf. Lee Kwan Yew, 'Interview with Fareed Zakaria', Foreign Affairs, 73 (1994), 109-27; Dae Jung Kim, 'Is Culture Destiny?' Foreign Affairs, 73 (1994), 189-94; Francis Fukuyama, 'Asian Values and Asian Crisis', Commentary, 105 (1998), 23-7; David Kelly and Anthony Reid, eds, Asian Freedoms: The Idea of Freedom in East and Southeast Asia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 1998).
76. Cf. Lee Kwan Yew, 'Interview with Fareed Zakaria', Foreign Affairs, 73 (1994), 109-27; Dae Jung Kim, 'Is Culture Destiny?' Foreign Affairs, 73 (1994), 189-94; Francis Fukuyama, 'Asian Values and Asian Crisis', Commentary, 105 (1998), 23-7; David Kelly and Anthony Reid, eds, Asian Freedoms: The Idea of Freedom in East and Southeast Asia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 1998).
77. Cf. Lee Kwan Yew, 'Interview with Fareed Zakaria', Foreign Affairs, 73 (1994), 109-27; Dae Jung Kim, 'Is Culture Destiny?' Foreign Affairs, 73 (1994), 189-94; Francis Fukuyama, 'Asian Values and Asian Crisis', Commentary, 105 (1998), 23-7; David Kelly and Anthony Reid, eds, Asian Freedoms: The Idea of Freedom in East and Southeast Asia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 1998).
78. John F. Helliwell, 'Empirical Linkages between Democracy and Economic Growth', British Journal of Political Science, 24 (1994), 225-48. See also Sen, 'Democracy as a Universal Value'.
79. John F. Helliwell, 'Empirical Linkages between Democracy and Economic Growth', British Journal of Political Science, 24 (1994), 225-48. See also Sen, 'Democracy as a Universal Value'.
80. For an elaboration of this argument, see Richard Rose, William Mishler and Christian Haerpfer, Democracy and Its Alternatives: Understanding Post-Communist Societies (Oxford: Polity Press, and Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1998).
81. See Rose, 'Getting Things Done in an Anti-Modern Society'; and Alena V. Ledeneva, Russia's Economy of Favours: Blat, Networking and Informal Exchange (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
82. See Rose, 'Getting Things Done in an Anti-Modern Society'; and Alena V. Ledeneva, Russia's Economy of Favours: Blat, Networking and Informal Exchange (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
83. Horst Köhler, in Transition Report 1999 (London: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 1999).
84. See Peter Flora and Jens Alber, 'Modernization, Democratization, and the Development of Welfare States in Western Europe', in P. Flora and Arnold J. Heidenheimer, eds, The Development of Welfare States in Europe and America (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1981), pp. 37-80.
85. The State in a Changing World (Washington, DC: World Bank World Development Report, 1997), p. iii.
86. OECD, OECD in Figures 1998 (Paris: Supplement to OECD Observer, No. 212, 1998), pp. 50, 54, 46. These data call into question Adam Przeworski's claim that democratization depends on the state providing a high level of material welfare benefits.
87. Linda J. Cook, The Soviet Social Contract and Why It Failed (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993).
88. See Richard Rose, What is Europe? (Harlow: Longmans, 1996), Figure 7.2, at p. 153.
89. 'How Different Are Postcommunist Transitions?' Journal of Democracy, 7 (1996), 15-29, at p. 26.
90. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay, The Federalist Papers (New York: The Modern Library edition, 1948), Number 51, p. 337.