A wider Europe: The view from Minsk and Chisinau

International Affairs

Volumn 77, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 605-620

  Löwenhardt, John ^a   Hill, Ronald J ^b   Light, Margot ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

^b TRINITY COLLEGE DUBLIN   (Ireland)

^c LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035626911     PISSN: 00205850     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1468-2346.00209     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Presidency Conclusions, Nice European Council Meeting, 7, 8 and 9 December 2000, 〈http://europa.eu.int/council/off/conclu/dec2000/dec2000_en.pdf〉, retrieved 31 Jan. 2001
2. Margot Light, Stephen White and John Löwenhardt, 'A wider Europe: the view from Moscow and Kyiv', International Affairs 76: 1, Jan. 2000, pp. 77-88. This article is based on research conducted by Stephen White and the authors in Belarus and Moldova, June-July 2000. Unreferenced quotations in the text are taken from our elite interview transcripts. The research project, entitled 'The outsiders: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova and the new Europe' (Project Grant L213252007) is part of the ESRC 'One Europe or several?' programme
3. Sǎnǎtate publica in Moldova (Chisinau: Centre for Health Care, Ministry of Health, 2000)
4. The DMR is located between the river Dnestr and the Ukrainian border. It includes the city of Tighina (Bendery, Moldova's fourth largest city) and a number of villages on the right (west) bank of the Dnestr
5. Estimates for 1999 from the EBRD Transition Report 1999 (London: EBRD, 1999), pp. 196, 248, and the CIA World Factbook 2000 at 〈http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/〉, retrieved 13 Nov. 2000
6. Estimates for 1999 from the EBRD Transition Report 1999 (London: EBRD, 1999), pp. 196, 248, and the CIA World Factbook 2000 at 〈http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/〉, retrieved 13 Nov. 2000
7. East European Constitutional Review 9: 4, Fall 2000, p. 26
8. EBRD Transition Report 1999, p. 73. The CIS average was 53 per cent; Poland stood at 117, Slovakia at 100
9. Charles King, The Moldovans: Romania, Russia, and the politics of culture (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 2000), p. 203
10. See 〈http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/belarus/intro/index. htm〉, retrieved 4 Feb. 2001
11. Sherman W. Garnett and Robert Legvold, eds, Belarus at the crossroads (Washington DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1999), p. 175
12. David R. Marples, Belarus: a denationalised nation (Amsterdam: Harwood, 1999), p. 121
13. Used respectively by Olga Belova, 'The difficulties of elite formation in Belarus after 1991', paper for the special workshop on Belarus at the European Research Institute, University of Bath, 11-12 Feb. 2000, and David Marples, speaking at the workshop, which was entitled 'The forgotten heart of Europe
14. Used respectively by Olga Belova, 'The difficulties of elite formation in Belarus after 1991', paper for the special workshop on Belarus at the European Research Institute, University of Bath, 11-12 Feb. 2000, and David Marples, speaking at the workshop, which was entitled 'The forgotten heart of Europe
15. Margarita M. Balmaceda, 'Myth and reality in the Belarusian-Russian relationship: what the West must know', Problems of Post-Communism 46: 3, May/June 1999, pp. 3-14
16. See Denis Krivosheev, 'Contesting Belarus's international relations' and Margarita M. Balmaceda, 'Belarus and Russia after Yeltsin', both papers presented to the special workshop on Belarus at the European Research Institute, University of Bath, 11-12 February 2000
17. See Denis Krivosheev, 'Contesting Belarus's international relations' and Margarita M. Balmaceda, 'Belarus and Russia after Yeltsin', both papers presented to the special workshop on Belarus at the European Research Institute, University of Bath, 11-12 February 2000
18. See also V. I. Karbalevich, 'Problemy politicheskoi bezopasnosti', in Leonid Zaiko, ed., Natsional'nogosudarstvennye interesy respubliki Belarus' (Minsk: Izd. V. M. Skakun, 1999), pp. 89-113 at p. 109
19. Leonid Zaiko, 'Sistema i struktura natsional'no-gosudarstvennykh interesov', in Natsional' nogosudarstvennye interesy, pp. 31-46 at p. 32
20. Ed Jocelyn, 'Nationalism, identity and the Belarusian state', in Ray Taras, ed., National identities and ethnic minorities in eastern Europe (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998), pp. 74, 81
21. Slavomir Antonovich, Petr Masherov: Zhizn', sud'ba, pamyat'… (Minzk: Yunatsva, 1998), p.3
22. Krivosheev, 'Contesting Belarus's international relations
23. Astrid Zam, 'Rasshirenie Evropeiskogo Soiuza i NATO na vostok: shansy i riski dlia Belarusi' in Evropa XXI: Novye ugrozy i riski bezopasnosti, materialy Minskogo foruma po problemam evropeiskoi bezopasnosti, Minsk, 11-12 June 1999 (Minsk: Fond Makarturov, Analiticheskii tsentr 'Strategiia', 2000), pp. 77-82 at p. 81
24. See also L. F. Zaiko, 'Sistema i struktura natsional'no-gosudarstvennykh interesov', in Natsional'nogosudarstvennye interesy, pp. 31-46 at p. 36
25. See the report of Ambassador Wieck, head of the Advisory and Monitoring Group in Belarus, of 1 Nov. 2000 at 〈http://www.usis.minsk.by/html/wieck_report.html〉, retrieved 4 March 2001
26. Krivosheev, 'Contesting Belarus's international relations
27. Military cooperation is considered the most successful part of the Union. See Anatolii Rozanov, Belarusiia: vektory vneshnei politiki, research paper no. 4 (Moscow: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1999)
28. Annual message to the Parliament, 11 April 2000, Sovetskaya Belorussiya, 12 April 2000
29. On economic and military aspects of the Russian-Belarusian union, see Clelia Rontoyanni, Building the wider Europe: ambitions and constraints in Russia's policies towards Belarus and Ukraine, Glasgow Papers no. 3 (Glasgow: Institute of Central and East European Studies, 2000)
30. 'Vozmozhnye posledstviia dlia Respubliki Belarus's rasshireniia Evropeiskogo Soiuza', Vestnik Ministerstva Inostrannykh Del (Respubliki Belarus'), no. 3, 1999, pp. 54-62 at p. 60
31. See also Oleg Laptyonok, 'Plurality of foreign policy vectors in Belarus in new international setting', Belarus in the World 4: 4, 1999, pp. 43-7; he states that 'various technical, ecological and other artificial restrictions have to be dealt with in order to clear the way for Belarus products to the European and international markets' (emphasis added)
32. Calculated from 〈http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/ceeca/tacis/figures. pdf〉, retrieved 5 Feb. 2001
33. Laptyonok, 'Plurality of foreign policy vectors', p. 44
34. 'Vozmozhnye posledstviia dlia Respubliki Belarus', p. 58
35. Strategiia dlia Belarusi. Kontseptsiia natsional'nogo razvitiia (Minsk, 2000), p. 20
36. See 'Can Moldova get worse?', The Economist, 15-21 July 2000, p. 29. For the question of Moldova's identity and the difficult problems encountered in establishing statehood, see the special issue of Nationalities Papers, Moldova: The Forgotten Republic, ed. Michael F. Hamm, 26: 1 (March 1998)
37. See 'Can Moldova get worse?', The Economist, 15-21 July 2000, p. 29. For the question of Moldova's identity and the difficult problems encountered in establishing statehood, see the special issue of Nationalities Papers, Moldova: The Forgotten Republic, ed. Michael F. Hamm, 26: 1 (March 1998)
38. Survey commissioned by the 'Outsiders' project in Moldova, Feb. 2000; sample on territory between Prut and Dnestr, not including DMR, N=1, 000, adult population 18+
39. Prince Antoine Bibesco, quoted by King, The Moldovans, p. 39
40. Sǎnǎtate publica in Moldova
41. Quoted by Andrei Brezianu, Historical dictionary of the Republic of Moldova (Lanham, MD and London: Scarecrow, 2000), p. liv. On the conflict, see King, The Moldovans, pp. 178-208; Jeff Chin, 'The case of Transdniestr (Moldova)', in Lena Jonson and Clive Archer, eds, Peacekeeping and the role of Russia in Eurasia (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1996), pp. 103-19; and Paul Kolstoe, Russians in the former Soviet republics (London: Hurst, 1995), pp. 143-65
42. Quoted by Andrei Brezianu, Historical dictionary of the Republic of Moldova (Lanham, MD and London: Scarecrow, 2000), p. liv. On the conflict, see King, The Moldovans, pp. 178-208; Jeff Chin, 'The case of Transdniestr (Moldova)', in Lena Jonson and Clive Archer, eds, Peacekeeping and the role of Russia in Eurasia (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1996), pp. 103-19; and Paul Kolstoe, Russians in the former Soviet republics (London: Hurst, 1995), pp. 143-65
43. Quoted by Andrei Brezianu, Historical dictionary of the Republic of Moldova (Lanham, MD and London: Scarecrow, 2000), p. liv. On the conflict, see King, The Moldovans, pp. 178-208; Jeff Chin, 'The case of Transdniestr (Moldova)', in Lena Jonson and Clive Archer, eds, Peacekeeping and the role of Russia in Eurasia (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1996), pp. 103-19; and Paul Kolstoe, Russians in the former Soviet republics (London: Hurst, 1995), pp. 143-65
44. Quoted by Andrei Brezianu, Historical dictionary of the Republic of Moldova (Lanham, MD and London: Scarecrow, 2000), p. liv. On the conflict, see King, The Moldovans, pp. 178-208; Jeff Chin, 'The case of Transdniestr (Moldova)', in Lena Jonson and Clive Archer, eds, Peacekeeping and the role of Russia in Eurasia (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1996), pp. 103-19; and Paul Kolstoe, Russians in the former Soviet republics (London: Hurst, 1995), pp. 143-65
45. King, The Moldovans, p. 100
46. Brezianu, Historical dictionary, pp. li, lviii
47. In addition, Moldova as a whole has about 3.5 per cent Gagauzy, most of whom live in their own autonomous region, as well as Belarusians, Poles, Jews, Bulgarians and other minorities
48. King, The Moldovans, p. 205
49. See 'The EU's relations with Moldova - An overview', 〈http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/moldova/intro〉, retrieved 6 Aug. 2000
50. See King, The Moldovans, pp. 198-208 and Pål Kolstø, 'Moldova and the Dniester Republic', 〈http://www.prio.no/html/osce-moldova.asp〉, retrieved 1 Feb. 2001
51. See King, The Moldovans, pp. 198-208 and Pål Kolstø, 'Moldova and the Dniester Republic', 〈http://www.prio.no/html/osce-moldova.asp〉, retrieved 1 Feb. 2001
52. Summit declaration at 〈http://www.osce.org/docs/english/1990-1999/summits/istadecl99e.htm〉, retrieved 1 Feb. 2001
53. Statement by the chairperson-in-office, Vienna, 28 Nov. 2000, 〈http://www.osce.org/docs/english/1990-1999/mcs/8vienna00e.htm〉, retrieved 2 Feb. 2001
54. The Swedish presidency news, 〈http://www.eu2001.se/eu2…ews/news_read.asp?iInformationID=11893〉, retrieved 27 Feb. 2001
55. RFE/RL Newsline 4: 230, Part II, 29 Nov. 2000
56. On the conflict, see East European Constitutional Review 8: 3, 1999; 8: 4, Fall 1999; 9: 4, Fall 2000, pp. 26-8
57. On the conflict, see East European Constitutional Review 8: 3, 1999; 8: 4, Fall 1999; 9: 4, Fall 2000, pp. 26-8
58. On the conflict, see East European Constitutional Review 8: 3, 1999; 8: 4, Fall 1999; 9: 4, Fall 2000, pp. 26-8
59. Constitutia Republicii Moldova, Konstitutsiia Respubliki Moldova (Chisinau: Moldpres, 1998), art. 11
60. 'Direcţiile principale ale politicii externe în perioada 1998-2002', at 〈http://www.moldova.md/ro/government/oll/FOREIGN/ro/DIREC_POL_ro.htm〉, retrieved 4 February 2001. This document was based on the 'Concepţia politicii externe a Republicii Moldova', published in Monitorul oficial al Republicii Moldova, 6 April 1995, pp. 10-14
61. 'Direcţiile principale ale politicii externe în perioada 1998-2002', at 〈http://www.moldova.md/ro/government/oll/FOREIGN/ro/DIREC_POL_ro.htm〉, retrieved 4 February 2001. This document was based on the 'Concepţia politicii externe a Republicii Moldova', published in Monitorul oficial al Republicii Moldova, 6 April 1995, pp. 10-14
62. 'The EU's relations with Moldova - An overview'. Due to raised exports to the EU, in 2000 the deficit was down to €127 million
63. 〈http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/ceeca/tacis/figures. pdf〉, retrieved 5 Feb. 2001, and '2000-2003 Tacis indicative programme for the Republic of Moldova', draft, 8 June 2000, at 〈http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations.ceeca/tacis/ip2003_moldova.pdf〉, retrieved 5 Feb. 2001
64. 〈http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/ceeca/tacis/figures. pdf〉, retrieved 5 Feb. 2001, and '2000-2003 Tacis indicative programme for the Republic of Moldova', draft, 8 June 2000, at 〈http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations.ceeca/tacis/ip2003_moldova.pdf〉, retrieved 5 Feb. 2001
65. Calculated on the basis of July 2000 population estimates of the CIA and TACIS figures for 1991-9, the average per person in Moldova was approximately €16 (DMR population excluded), in Ukraine €9.37, in Russia €8.72 and in Belarus €5.45. The total net foreign direct investment per head for 1993-7 was also far higher in Moldova than in than Belarus: about $62 per head (DMR population excluded), against $30.83 for Belarus. The figure for Romania was $103.62. Calculated on the basis of the EBRD Transition Report 1999, pp. 197, 249
66. Kolstø refers to support for political organizations favouring unification with Romania of between 16 and 33 per cent in 1991-2; Kolstø, Russians in the former Soviet Republics, p. 144 n. 3
67. Reported in 〈http://www.ifes.md/cdpd/commentaries/10010226.html〉
68. Quoted by Brezianu, Historical dictionary, pp. 125-6
69. Anna Lindh, statement at 〈http://www.eu2001.se/eu2…ews/news_read.asp?iInformationID=11893〉, retrieved 27 Feb. 2001; See also RFE/RL Newsline, 20 Feb. 2001
70. Anna Lindh, statement at 〈http://www.eu2001.se/eu2…ews/news_read.asp?iInformationID=11893〉, retrieved 27 Feb. 2001; See also RFE/RL Newsline, 20 Feb. 2001