A wider Europe: The view from Moscow and Kyiv

International Affairs

Volumn 76, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 77-88

  Light, Margot ^a   White, Stephen ^b   Löwenhardt, John ^b  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0008930068     PISSN: 00205850     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1468-2346.00121     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Regular Report from the Commission on Progress towards Accession, 13 Oct. 1999. IP/99/751, .
2. The texts of the two documents can be found at and .
3. For the PCA with Ukraine, see the Official Journal of the European Communities, OJ L 049, 19/02/1998; for Russia's PCA agreement, see OJ L 327, 28/11/1997. The Common Strategy on Russia is published in OJ L 15, 24/06/1999. An unofficial translation of Russia's Medium-Term Strategy can be found at .
4. The full project will involve nationwide opinion surveys, 16 focus groups (including four among military personnel), and approximately 140 elite interviews in the four countries concerned.
5. These terms are simply a convenient way of categorizing views about Russian foreign policy. They are used in Neil Malcolm, Alex Pravda, Roy Allison and Margot Light, Internal factors in Russian foreign policy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), where the authors point out that the analytical convenience of using these terms does not imply strict categories. There are overlaps between them, and some individuals change their views over time.
6. A detailed blueprint is offered, for example, in Alexei Podberezkin, Russkii put', 4th edn (Moscow: RAU-Universitet, 1999).
7. For the liberal westernizer arguments about PfP, see the article by A. Konovalov and S. Oznobishchev in Segodnya, 26 March 1994. Alexei Pushkov's interview with Vladimir Lukin in Moskovskie novosti, no. 16, 1994 gives the pragmatic nationalist doubts. See also Alexander Sergounin, Post-communist security thinking in Russia: changing paradigms, Copenhagen Peace Research Institute Working Papers 4, 1997, p. 52.
8. For the liberal westernizer arguments about PfP, see the article by A. Konovalov and S. Oznobishchev in Segodnya, 26 March 1994. Alexei Pushkov's interview with Vladimir Lukin in Moskovskie novosti, no. 16, 1994 gives the pragmatic nationalist doubts. See also Alexander Sergounin, Post-communist security thinking in Russia: changing paradigms, Copenhagen Peace Research Institute Working Papers 4, 1997, p. 52.
9. For the liberal westernizer arguments about PfP, see the article by A. Konovalov and S. Oznobishchev in Segodnya, 26 March 1994. Alexei Pushkov's interview with Vladimir Lukin in Moskovskie novosti, no. 16, 1994 gives the pragmatic nationalist doubts. See also Alexander Sergounin, Post-communist security thinking in Russia: changing paradigms, Copenhagen Peace Research Institute Working Papers 4, 1997, p. 52.
10. President Yeltsin's remarks are quoted in Krasnaya zvezda, 28 May 1997; President Clinton's Rose Garden speech appears in . These contending expectations explain why there is a widespread feeling in Russia that more consultation should have taken place over NATO expansion.
11. Boris Kazantsev, 'Posledstviya rasshireniya NATO', Mezhdunaronaya zhizn', 11-12, 1997, p. 20. See also I. Maksimychev, 'K kakim beregam plyvet Evropa', Mezhdunaronaya zhizn', 10, 1997, pp. 29-36; P. Ivanov and B. Khalosha, 'Rossiya-NATO: chto dal'she', Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 6, 1999, pp. 5-15.
12. Boris Kazantsev, 'Posledstviya rasshireniya NATO', Mezhdunaronaya zhizn', 11-12, 1997, p. 20. See also I. Maksimychev, 'K kakim beregam plyvet Evropa', Mezhdunaronaya zhizn', 10, 1997, pp. 29-36; P. Ivanov and B. Khalosha, 'Rossiya-NATO: chto dal'she', Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 6, 1999, pp. 5-15.
13. Boris Kazantsev, 'Posledstviya rasshireniya NATO', Mezhdunaronaya zhizn', 11-12, 1997, p. 20. See also I. Maksimychev, 'K kakim beregam plyvet Evropa', Mezhdunaronaya zhizn', 10, 1997, pp. 29-36; P. Ivanov and B. Khalosha, 'Rossiya-NATO: chto dal'she', Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 6, 1999, pp. 5-15.
14. 'Opinion Analysis', Office of Research and Media Reaction, USIA, Washington DC, 24 Jan. 1997, M-12-97 and 27 May 1997, M-87-97.
15. The new strategic concept and the Membership Action Plan are published in The reader's guide to the NATO summit in Washington, 22-25 April 1999 (Brussels: NATO Office of Information and Press, 1999).
16. Public Opinion Foundation Poll, 10-11 July, 1999. The results are available at .
17. V. Pozdnyakov and S. Ganzha, 'Novye strany na poroge Evropeiskogo soyuza', Mezhdunarodnaya zhizn', 3, 1999, pp. 37-44. On the EU's Kaliningrad dilemma, see Lyndelle D. Fairlie, Will the EU use northern Dimension to solve its Kaliningrad dilemma?, Copenhagen Peace Research Institute Working Papers 21, 1999.
18. V. Pozdnyakov and S. Ganzha, 'Novye strany na poroge Evropeiskogo soyuza', Mezhdunarodnaya zhizn', 3, 1999, pp. 37-44. On the EU's Kaliningrad dilemma, see Lyndelle D. Fairlie, Will the EU use northern Dimension to solve its Kaliningrad dilemma?, Copenhagen Peace Research Institute Working Papers 21, 1999.
19. Leshoukov, Beyond satisfaction, p. 12. Russia's Medium-Term Strategy for the Development of Relations between the Russian Federation and the European Union (2000-10) reflects these concerns. Section 5 mentions 'the ambivalent impact' of enlargement on Russian interests and sets as a priority the task of 'achieving the best advantages' and 'preventing, eliminating or setting off possible adverse consequences' of enlargement. It calls for consultations to secure Russia's interests as the acquis is adopted in the CEE countries, and draws particular attention to Kaliningrad's problems. Russia's preference for EU rather than NATO expansion is also revealed. Section 1.5.2 calls for practical cooperation with the Western European Union in the area of security, 'which could counterbalance … the NATO-centrism in Europe'.
20. 'Slavic choice' views of Ukrainian foreign policy were represented by the election manifestos of Petro Simonenko, Natalya Vitrenko and Oleksandr Tkachenko. Leonid Kuchma and Gennady Udovenko both expressed 'European choice' views in their manifestos. For the election manifestos of all candidates in the 1999 presidential election, see Pravo Vibory: President Ukraini 1999 (Kyiv: Smoloskip, 1999). The Strategy of Ukraine's Integration into the EU was adopted by presidential decree no. 615/98 on 11 June 1998.
21. 3 of the 'Alternative scenarios for the future of Ukraine' in O. Belov et al., eds, Ukraine 2000 and beyond: geopolitical priorities and scenarios of development (Kyiv: National Security and Defence Council of Ukraine, National Institute for Strategic Studies, National Institute for Ukrainian-Russian Relations, 1999).
22. Ilya Prizel, National identity and foreign policy: nationalism and leadership in Poland, Russia, and Ukraine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 400.
23. On the importance of the friendship treaty, see Volodymyr Ohryzko, 'Zovnischnya polityka Ukrayiny: pohlyad i maibytne', Akzenti Sychastnosti, March 1998, pp. 173-9-On the Black Sea Fleet accords, see James Sherr, 'Russia-Ukraine rapprochement: The Black Sea Fleet Accords', Survival 39: 3, 1997, pp. 33-50. The NATO charter can be found at .
24. On the importance of the friendship treaty, see Volodymyr Ohryzko, 'Zovnischnya polityka Ukrayiny: pohlyad i maibytne', Akzenti Sychastnosti, March 1998, pp. 173-9-On the Black Sea Fleet accords, see James Sherr, 'Russia-Ukraine rapprochement: The Black Sea Fleet Accords', Survival 39: 3, 1997, pp. 33-50. The NATO charter can be found at .
25. On the importance of the friendship treaty, see Volodymyr Ohryzko, 'Zovnischnya polityka Ukrayiny: pohlyad i maibytne', Akzenti Sychastnosti, March 1998, pp. 173-9-On the Black Sea Fleet accords, see James Sherr, 'Russia-Ukraine rapprochement: The Black Sea Fleet Accords', Survival 39: 3, 1997, pp. 33-50. The NATO charter can be found at .
26. 'The state and prospects of Ukraine's foreign policy: expert discussion', Foreign and security policy of Ukraine 1998/1999 (Center for Peace, Conversion and Foreign Policy of Ukraine, 1998), p. 27. The experts who participate in this monitoring programme comprise foreign ministry officials, Supreme Rada deputies, senior military officers and leading journalists.
27. 'Opinion Analysis', Office of Research and Media Reaction, USIA, Washington DC, 24 Feb. 1998, M-28-98; Foreign and security policy of Ukraine 1998/1999, p. 12.
28. 'Opinion Analysis', Office of Research and Media Reaction, USIA, Washington DC, 24 Feb. 1998, M-28-98; Foreign and security policy of Ukraine 1998/1999, p. 12.
29. For the May 1999 poll, see Foreign and security policy of Ukraine 1998/1999, pp. 78-80. The results of the July poll can be found in 'Opinion Analysis', Office of Research and Media Reaction, USIA, Washington DC, 2 Sept. 1999, M-172-99.
30. 'Geopolitical context of the situation around Kosovo: a view from Ukraine', Foreign and security policy of Ukraine 1998/1999, pp. 46-52, quote on p. 52.
31. O. Honcharenko and B. Parakhonsky, 'Main conclusions and recommendations', in Belov et al., eds, Ukraine 2000 and beyond, pp. 10-11, emphasis in original. They derive some support from Zbigniew Brzezinski, who does not rule out eventual NATO membership for Ukraine. See Zbigniew Brzezinski, 'A plan for Europe', Foreign Affairs 74: 1, Jan./Feb. 1995, pp. 26-42.
32. O. Honcharenko and B. Parakhonsky, 'Main conclusions and recommendations', in Belov et al., eds, Ukraine 2000 and beyond, pp. 10-11, emphasis in original. They derive some support from Zbigniew Brzezinski, who does not rule out eventual NATO membership for Ukraine. See Zbigniew Brzezinski, 'A plan for Europe', Foreign Affairs 74: 1, Jan./Feb. 1995, pp. 26-42.
33. 'On Approvement the Strategy of Ukraine's Integration into the European Union', Decree no. 615/98, 11 June 1998, unofficial translation. See also Volodymyr Horbulin, 'Nasha meta, Nasha dolya - Mistse Ukrayiny v suchasniy Yevropy', Polityka i Chas, no. 1, Jan. 1996, pp. 3-8. Cited in Tor Bukkvoll, Ukraine and Europe, Chatham House Papers (Pinter/Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1997), p. 66.
34. 'On Approvement the Strategy of Ukraine's Integration into the European Union', Decree no. 615/98, 11 June 1998, unofficial translation. See also Volodymyr Horbulin, 'Nasha meta, Nasha dolya - Mistse Ukrayiny v suchasniy Yevropy', Polityka i Chas, no. 1, Jan. 1996, pp. 3-8. Cited in Tor Bukkvoll, Ukraine and Europe, Chatham House Papers (Pinter/Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1997), p. 66.
35. 'On Approvement the Strategy of Ukraine's Integration into the European Union', Decree no. 615/98, 11 June 1998, unofficial translation. See also Volodymyr Horbulin, 'Nasha meta, Nasha dolya - Mistse Ukrayiny v suchasniy Yevropy', Polityka i Chas, no. 1, Jan. 1996, pp. 3-8. Cited in Tor Bukkvoll, Ukraine and Europe, Chatham House Papers (Pinter/Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1997), p. 66.
36. Olekasndr Pavliuk, 'The European Union and Ukraine: the need for a new vision', Policy Paper, East-West Institute, July 1999, p. 2; James Sherr, 'Ukraine's new time of troubles', G67, Conflict Studies Research Centre, Oct. 1998, quote on p. 12.
37. Olekasndr Pavliuk, 'The European Union and Ukraine: the need for a new vision', Policy Paper, East-West Institute, July 1999, p. 2; James Sherr, 'Ukraine's new time of troubles', G67, Conflict Studies Research Centre, Oct. 1998, quote on p. 12.
38. Pavliuk, 'The European Union and Ukraine', pp. 5-7.
39. Ohryzko, 'Zovnischnya polityka Ukrayiny'.
40. 'The state and prospects of Ukraine's foreign policy', p. 23.
41. Paul Goble, 'Giving Yalta a new meaning', RFE/RL Newsline 3: 178, Part II, 13 Sept. 1999.
42. The Communist Party captured 24.7 per cent of the party list vote and 37 of the 114 single mandate seats.