The Kurdish question in Turkish politics

Orbis

Volumn 45, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 31-46

  Cornell, Svante E ^a  

^a UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0035624596     PISSN: 00304387     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0030-4387(00)00056-9     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. 1 Based on estimates, given that the ethnicity of members of parliament is not published, and that census data do not include ethnicity.
2. 2 Populism (halkçilik) carries the meaning of a "government for the people" rather than the present-day meaning of the term, used to define political opportunism.
3. 3 For Atatürk's ideas, see e.g. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Nutuk (Ankara: Kültür Bakanligi Yayinlari, 1980). Nutuk is the Great Six-Day Speech held by Ataturk on October 15-20, 1927.
4. 4 Dogu Ergil, Secularism in Turkey: Past and Present (Ankara: Foreign Policy Institute, 1988), p. 61.
5. 5 Patrick Kinross, Atatürk: The Rebirth of a Nation (London: Weidenfeld, 1964), p. 397.
6. 6 Justin McCarthy, Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922 (Princeton, N.J.: Darwin Press, 1995).
7. 7 For a useful introduction, see David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds (London: I. B. Tauris, 1996), pp. 1-18.
8. 8 See, for example, Jack David Eller, From Culture to Ethnicity to Conflict (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999), p. 149-51.
9. 9 McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, pp. 15-16.
10. 10 See Martin van Bruinessen, Agha, Shaikh and State (Utrecht: Rijswijk, 1978).
11. 11 Gérard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, trans. Philip Black (London: Zed Books, 1994).
12. 12 McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, p. 15.
13. 13 The present-day center-right True Path Party (Dogru Yol Partisi-DYP), Motherland Party (Anavatan Partisi-ANAP), Welfare Party (Refah Partisi-RP), Virtue Party (Fazlet Partisi-FP), and Nationalist Movement Party all originate from the DP, which existed from 1950 to 1960.
14. 14 For the 1995 elections, see Harald Schüler, "Parlamentswahlen in der Türkei" (Parliamentary elections in Turkey), Orient, vol. 37, no. 2 (1996).
15. 15 See Erik Cornell, Turkey in the Twenty-First Century: Challenges, Opportunities, Threats (Richmond, U.K.: Curzon Press, 2000), p. 101.
16. 16 McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, pp. 396-400.
17. 17 See Nader Entessar, Kurdish Ethnonationalism (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1992), p. 90. The Workers' Party is unrelated to the PKK.
18. 18 See Michael M. Gunter, The Kurds in Turkey: A Political Dilemma (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1990), p. 60. For details on the PKK's ideology and tactics, see Michael Radu's article, "The Rise and Fall of the PKK," in this issue of Orbis.
19. 18 See Michael M. Gunter, The Kurds in Turkey: A Political Dilemma (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1990), p. 60. For details on the PKK's ideology and tactics, see Michael Radu's article, "The Rise and Fall of the PKK," in this issue of Orbis.
20. 19 See Nicole and Hugh Pope, Turkey Unveiled (New York: Overlook Press, 1998), p. 261.
21. 20 Ismet G. Imset, PKK: Ayrilikçi Siddetin 20 Yili (The PKK: Twenty years of separatist terror) (Ankara: TDN, 1992).
22. 21 Henri J. Barkey and Graham E. Fuller, Turkey's Kurdish Question (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1998), p. 30.
23. 22 Nimet Beriker-Atiyas, "The Kurdish Conflict in Turkey: Issues, Parties, Prospects," Security Dialogue, vol. 28, no. 4 (1997), p. 440; Nur Bilge Criss, "The Nature of PKK Terrorism in Turkey," Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, vol. 18, no. 1 (1995), pp. 17-38.
24. 22 Nimet Beriker-Atiyas, "The Kurdish Conflict in Turkey: Issues, Parties, Prospects," Security Dialogue, vol. 28, no. 4 (1997), p. 440; Nur Bilge Criss, "The Nature of PKK Terrorism in Turkey," Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, vol. 18, no. 1 (1995), pp. 17-38.
25. 23 See Süha Bölükbasi, "Ankara, Damascus, Baghdad, and the Regionalization of Turkey's Kurdish Secessionism," Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, Summer 1991, pp. 15-36.
26. 24 See Philip Robins, Turkey and the Middle East (London: Pinter/RIIA, 1991), p. 50.
27. 25 Robert Olson, "The Kurdish Question and Chechnya: Turkish and Russian Foreign Policies since the Gulf War," Middle East Policy, vol. 3, no. 4 (1996), pp. 106-18.
28. 26 See Kemal Kirisçi and Gareth Winrow, The Kurdish Question and Turkey (London: Frank Cass, 1997), pp. 161-67.
29. 27 See Milliyet, Sept. 6, 1992, for the results of the poll; and Hugh Poulton, Top Hat, Grey Wolf and Crescent: Turkish Nationalism and the Turkish Republic (London: C. Hurst, 1997), pp. 245-48.
30. 27 See Milliyet, Sept. 6, 1992, for the results of the poll; and Hugh Poulton, Top Hat, Grey Wolf and Crescent: Turkish Nationalism and the Turkish Republic (London: C. Hurst, 1997), pp. 245-48.
31. 28 On the perils of autonomy, see Svante E. Cornell, "Autonomy: A Catalyst of Conflict in the Caucasus?" paper presented at the Fifth Annual Convention of the Association for the Study of Nationalities, New York, Apr. 2000 (http://www.geocities.com/svantec/ASNCornell.pdo. Also see Henry J. Steiner, "Ideals and Counter-Ideals in the Struggle over Autonomy Regimes for Minorities," Notre Dame Law Review, vol. 66 (1991), pp. 1539-60.
32. 28 On the perils of autonomy, see Svante E. Cornell, "Autonomy: A Catalyst of Conflict in the Caucasus?" paper presented at the Fifth Annual Convention of the Association for the Study of Nationalities, New York, Apr. 2000 (http://www.geocities.com/svantec/ASNCornell.pdo. Also see Henry J. Steiner, "Ideals and Counter-Ideals in the Struggle over Autonomy Regimes for Minorities," Notre Dame Law Review, vol. 66 (1991), pp. 1539-60.
33. 29 On human rights problems and legislation in Turkey, see Dilnewaz Begum, International Protection of Human Rights: The Case of Turkey, report no. 43 (Uppsala, Sweden: Department of East European Studies, 1998).
34. 30 For a development of this argument, see Svante E. Cornell, "Turkey: Return to Stability?" Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 35, no. 4 (1999), pp. 209-34.