Intentional embarrassment: A look at embarrassors' and targets' perspectives

Personality and Individual Differences

Volumn 31, Issue 8, 2001, Pages 1261-1272

  Sharkey, William F ^a   Kim, Min Sun ^a   Diggs, Rhunette C ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII   (United States)

^b DENISON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Attribution theory; Embarrassment; Embarrassors; Intentionality; Perception; Perspectives; Self reports; Strategic; Targets

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035623222     PISSN: 01918869     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00214-2     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Arkin, R. M., & Shepherd, J. A. (1990). Strategic self-presentation: An overview. In M. J. Cody, & M. L. McLaughlin, The psychology of tactical communication (pp. 175-193). Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters.
2. Baumeister, R. F., Stillwell, A., & Wotman, S. R. (1990). Victim and perpetrator accounts of interpersonal conflict: Autobiographical narratives about anger. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 994-1005.
3. Baumeister, R. F., Wotman, S. R., & Stillwell, A. (1993). Unrequited love: On heartbreak, anger, guilt, scriptlessness, and humiliation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 337-394.
4. Berger, C. R. (1995). A plan-based approach to strategic communication. In D. E. Hewes, The cognitive bases of interpersonal communication (pp. 141-179). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
5. Bradford, L. (1993). A cross-cultural study of strategic embarrassment in adolescent socialization. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.
6. Bradford, L., & Petronio, S. (1998). Strategic embarrassment: The culprit of emotion. In P. A. Anderson, & L. K. Guerrero, Handbook of communication and emotion: Research, theory, applications, and contexts (pp. 99-121). New York: Academic Press.
7. Braithwaite, D. O. (1995). Ritualized embarrassment at "coed" wedding and baby showers. Communication Reports, 8, 145-157.
8. Edelmann, R. J. (1982). The effect of embarrassed reactions upon others. Australian Journal of Psychology, 34, 359-367.
9. Emerson, R. M. (1962). Power-dependence relations. American Sociological Review, 27, 31-41.
10. Goffman, E. (1956). The nature of deference and demeanor. American Anthropologist, 58, 473-502.
11. Griffin, D. W., & Ross, L. (1991). Subjective construal, social inference, and human misunderstanding. In M. P. Zanna, Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol. 24 (pp. 319-359). New York: Academic Press.
12. Gross, E., & Stone, G. P. (1964). Embarrassment and the analysis of role requirements. American Journal of Sociology, 70, 1-15.
13. Haberman, S. J. (1973). The analysis of residuals in cross-classified tables. Biometrics, 29, 205-220.
14. Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: John Wiley.
15. Katz, D. (1960). The functional approach to the study of attitudes. Public Opinion Quarterly, 24, 163-204.
16. Kellermann, K. (1992). Communication: Inherently strategic and primarily automatic. Communication Monographs, 59, 288-300.
17. Kennedy, J. J. (1983). Analyzing qualitative data: Introductory log-linear analysis for behavioral research. New York: Praeger.
18. Leary, M. R., Springer, C., Negel, L., Ansell, E., & Evans, K. (1998). The causes, phenomenology, and consequences of hurt feelings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1225-1237.
19. Martin, W. B. W. (1987). Students' perceptions of causes and consequences of embarrassment in the school. Canadian Journal of Education, 12, 277-293.
20. McCall, G. J., & Simmons, J. L. (1978). Identities and interactions: An examination of human associations in everyday life (revised ed.). New York: Free Press.
21. Metts, S., & Cupach, W. R. (1989). Situational influence on the use of remedial strategies in embarrassing predicaments. Communication Monographs, 56, 151-162.
22. Miller, R. S. (1992). The nature and severity of self-reported embarrassing circumstances. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 190-198.
23. Parrott, W. G., & Smith, S. F. (1991). Embarrassment: Actual vs. typical cases, classical vs. prototypical representations. Cognition and Emotion, 5, 467-488.
24. Petronio, S. (1984). Communication strategies to reduce embarrassment differences between men and women. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 48, 28-38.
25. Petronio, S., Olson, C., & Dollar, N. (1988). Relational embarrassment: Impact on relational quality and communication satisfaction. In D. O'Hair, & B. R. Patterson, Advances in interpersonal communication research: Proceedings of the annual conference of the Western States Communication Association (pp. 195-206). Las Cruces, NM: Communication Resources Center.
26. Scott, W. A. (1955). Reliability of content analysis: The case of nominal scale coding. Public Opinion Quarterly, 19, 321-325.
27. Sharkey, W. F. (1992). The use of and responses to intentional embarrassment. Communication Studies, 42, 50-69.
28. Sharkey, W. F. (1993). Who embarrasses whom?: Relational and sex differences in the use of intentional embarrassment. In P. Kalbfleisch, Interpersonal communication: Evolving interpersonal relationships (pp. 147-168). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
29. Sharkey, W. F. (1995, February). Intentional embarrassment: The issue of "Trust." Paper presented at the Sixty-Fifth Annual Conference of the Western States Communication Association, Portland, OR.
30. Sharkey, W. F. (1997). Why would anyone want to intentionally embarrass me?. In R. Kowalski, Aversive interpersonal behaviors (pp. 57-90). New York: Plenum.
31. Sharkey, W. F., Kim, R., & Park, H. S. (2000, November). Why would I ever want to intentionally embarrass myself? Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the National Communication Association, Seattle, WA.
32. Sharkey, W. F., Kulp, C., Carpenter, B. M., Lee, C., & Rodillas, U. (1997). Embarrassment: The effects of embarrassor and target perceptions. Communication Research Reports, 14, 460-469.
33. Sharkey, W. F., & Stafford, L. (1990). Responses to embarrassment. Human Communication Research, 17, 315-342.
34. Sharkey, W. F., Tamashiro, P., Igawa, C., & Muranaka, D. (1996). [Various cultures' use of intentional embarrassment]. Unpublished raw data.
35. Sharkey, W. F., & Waldron, V. (1990, November). The intentional embarrassment of subordinates in the work place. Paper presented at the Seventy-Sixth Annual Conference of the Speech Communication Association, Chicago, IL.
36. Surra, C. A., & Ridley, C. A. (1991). Multiple perspectives on interaction: Participants, peers, and observers. In B. M. Montgomery, & S. Duck, Studying interpersonal interaction (pp. 35-55). New York: Guilford.