Designing effective environmental regimes: The conditional keys

Global Governance

Volumn 7, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 317-341

  Wettestad, Jørgen ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0035612972     PISSN: 10752846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/19426720-00703008     Document Type: Review

References (43)

1. See, for instance, "Much remains to be done in order to arrive at results that will prove helpful to policymakers in a general way, much less serve as a useful guide for focused efforts in the realm of institutional design," in Oran R. Young, "The Effectiveness of International Environmental Regimes: What We Know and What We Need to Know," paper prepared for the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Philadelphia, 12-17 February 1998, p. 34.
2. Several relevant but more general and extensive projects have been concluded or are under way: for example, "The Tübingen Regime Project," in Volker Rittberger, ed., International Regimes in East-West Politics (London and New York: Pinter, 1990); Rittberger, Regime Theory and International Relations (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993); Andreas Hasenclever, Peter Mayer, and Volker Rittberger, Theories of International Regimes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Peter M. Haas, Robert O. Keohane, and Marc A. Levy, eds., Institutions for the Earth: Sources of Effective International Environmental Protection (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1993); "The Oslo/Seattle Effectiveness Project," in Edward L. Miles et al., Explaining Regime Effectiveness: The Interplay of Problem Type and Response Capacity (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2001); "The Dartmouth/Harvard Effectiveness Project," in Oran R. Young et al., The Effectiveness of International Environmental Regimes (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999); "The Brown-Weiss Project on Compliance," in Edith Brown-Weiss and Harold K. Jacobson, eds., Engaging Countries: Strengthening Compliance with International Accords (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998); "The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments (IEC) Project," in David G. Victor, Kal Raustiala, and Eugene B. Skolnikoff, eds., The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998). For a more comprehensive overview of relevant contributions, see Jørgen Wettestad, Designing Effective Environmental Regimes: The Key Conditions (Cheltenham, England: Edward Elgar, 1999), chap. 2.
3. Several relevant but more general and extensive projects have been concluded or are under way: for example, "The Tübingen Regime Project," in Volker Rittberger, ed., International Regimes in East-West Politics (London and New York: Pinter, 1990); Rittberger, Regime Theory and International Relations (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993); Andreas Hasenclever, Peter Mayer, and Volker Rittberger, Theories of International Regimes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Peter M. Haas, Robert O. Keohane, and Marc A. Levy, eds., Institutions for the Earth: Sources of Effective International Environmental Protection (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1993); "The Oslo/Seattle Effectiveness Project," in Edward L. Miles et al., Explaining Regime Effectiveness: The Interplay of Problem Type and Response Capacity (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2001); "The Dartmouth/Harvard Effectiveness Project," in Oran R. Young et al., The Effectiveness of International Environmental Regimes (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999); "The Brown-Weiss Project on Compliance," in Edith Brown-Weiss and Harold K. Jacobson, eds., Engaging Countries: Strengthening Compliance with International Accords (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998); "The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments (IEC) Project," in David G. Victor, Kal Raustiala, and Eugene B. Skolnikoff, eds., The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998). For a more comprehensive overview of relevant contributions, see Jørgen Wettestad, Designing Effective Environmental Regimes: The Key Conditions (Cheltenham, England: Edward Elgar, 1999), chap. 2.
4. Several relevant but more general and extensive projects have been concluded or are under way: for example, "The Tübingen Regime Project," in Volker Rittberger, ed., International Regimes in East-West Politics (London and New York: Pinter, 1990); Rittberger, Regime Theory and International Relations (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993); Andreas Hasenclever, Peter Mayer, and Volker Rittberger, Theories of International Regimes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Peter M. Haas, Robert O. Keohane, and Marc A. Levy, eds., Institutions for the Earth: Sources of Effective International Environmental Protection (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1993); "The Oslo/Seattle Effectiveness Project," in Edward L. Miles et al., Explaining Regime Effectiveness: The Interplay of Problem Type and Response Capacity (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2001); "The Dartmouth/Harvard Effectiveness Project," in Oran R. Young et al., The Effectiveness of International Environmental Regimes (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999); "The Brown-Weiss Project on Compliance," in Edith Brown-Weiss and Harold K. Jacobson, eds., Engaging Countries: Strengthening Compliance with International Accords (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998); "The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments (IEC) Project," in David G. Victor, Kal Raustiala, and Eugene B. Skolnikoff, eds., The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998). For a more comprehensive overview of relevant contributions, see Jørgen Wettestad, Designing Effective Environmental Regimes: The Key Conditions (Cheltenham, England: Edward Elgar, 1999), chap. 2.
5. Several relevant but more general and extensive projects have been concluded or are under way: for example, "The Tübingen Regime Project," in Volker Rittberger, ed., International Regimes in East-West Politics (London and New York: Pinter, 1990); Rittberger, Regime Theory and International Relations (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993); Andreas Hasenclever, Peter Mayer, and Volker Rittberger, Theories of International Regimes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Peter M. Haas, Robert O. Keohane, and Marc A. Levy, eds., Institutions for the Earth: Sources of Effective International Environmental Protection (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1993); "The Oslo/Seattle Effectiveness Project," in Edward L. Miles et al., Explaining Regime Effectiveness: The Interplay of Problem Type and Response Capacity (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2001); "The Dartmouth/Harvard Effectiveness Project," in Oran R. Young et al., The Effectiveness of International Environmental Regimes (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999); "The Brown-Weiss Project on Compliance," in Edith Brown-Weiss and Harold K. Jacobson, eds., Engaging Countries: Strengthening Compliance with International Accords (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998); "The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments (IEC) Project," in David G. Victor, Kal Raustiala, and Eugene B. Skolnikoff, eds., The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998). For a more comprehensive overview of relevant contributions, see Jørgen Wettestad, Designing Effective Environmental Regimes: The Key Conditions (Cheltenham, England: Edward Elgar, 1999), chap. 2.
6. Several relevant but more general and extensive projects have been concluded or are under way: for example, "The Tübingen Regime Project," in Volker Rittberger, ed., International Regimes in East-West Politics (London and New York: Pinter, 1990); Rittberger, Regime Theory and International Relations (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993); Andreas Hasenclever, Peter Mayer, and Volker Rittberger, Theories of International Regimes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Peter M. Haas, Robert O. Keohane, and Marc A. Levy, eds., Institutions for the Earth: Sources of Effective International Environmental Protection (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1993); "The Oslo/Seattle Effectiveness Project," in Edward L. Miles et al., Explaining Regime Effectiveness: The Interplay of Problem Type and Response Capacity (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2001); "The Dartmouth/Harvard Effectiveness Project," in Oran R. Young et al., The Effectiveness of International Environmental Regimes (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999); "The Brown-Weiss Project on Compliance," in Edith Brown-Weiss and Harold K. Jacobson, eds., Engaging Countries: Strengthening Compliance with International Accords (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998); "The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments (IEC) Project," in David G. Victor, Kal Raustiala, and Eugene B. Skolnikoff, eds., The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998). For a more comprehensive overview of relevant contributions, see Jørgen Wettestad, Designing Effective Environmental Regimes: The Key Conditions (Cheltenham, England: Edward Elgar, 1999), chap. 2.
7. Several relevant but more general and extensive projects have been concluded or are under way: for example, "The Tübingen Regime Project," in Volker Rittberger, ed., International Regimes in East-West Politics (London and New York: Pinter, 1990); Rittberger, Regime Theory and International Relations (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993); Andreas Hasenclever, Peter Mayer, and Volker Rittberger, Theories of International Regimes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Peter M. Haas, Robert O. Keohane, and Marc A. Levy, eds., Institutions for the Earth: Sources of Effective International Environmental Protection (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1993); "The Oslo/Seattle Effectiveness Project," in Edward L. Miles et al., Explaining Regime Effectiveness: The Interplay of Problem Type and Response Capacity (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2001); "The Dartmouth/Harvard Effectiveness Project," in Oran R. Young et al., The Effectiveness of International Environmental Regimes (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999); "The Brown-Weiss Project on Compliance," in Edith Brown-Weiss and Harold K. Jacobson, eds., Engaging Countries: Strengthening Compliance with International Accords (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998); "The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments (IEC) Project," in David G. Victor, Kal Raustiala, and Eugene B. Skolnikoff, eds., The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998). For a more comprehensive overview of relevant contributions, see Jørgen Wettestad, Designing Effective Environmental Regimes: The Key Conditions (Cheltenham, England: Edward Elgar, 1999), chap. 2.
8. Several relevant but more general and extensive projects have been concluded or are under way: for example, "The Tübingen Regime Project," in Volker Rittberger, ed., International Regimes in East-West Politics (London and New York: Pinter, 1990); Rittberger, Regime Theory and International Relations (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993); Andreas Hasenclever, Peter Mayer, and Volker Rittberger, Theories of International Regimes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Peter M. Haas, Robert O. Keohane, and Marc A. Levy, eds., Institutions for the Earth: Sources of Effective International Environmental Protection (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1993); "The Oslo/Seattle Effectiveness Project," in Edward L. Miles et al., Explaining Regime Effectiveness: The Interplay of Problem Type and Response Capacity (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2001); "The Dartmouth/Harvard Effectiveness Project," in Oran R. Young et al., The Effectiveness of International Environmental Regimes (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999); "The Brown-Weiss Project on Compliance," in Edith Brown-Weiss and Harold K. Jacobson, eds., Engaging Countries: Strengthening Compliance with International Accords (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998); "The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments (IEC) Project," in David G. Victor, Kal Raustiala, and Eugene B. Skolnikoff, eds., The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998). For a more comprehensive overview of relevant contributions, see Jørgen Wettestad, Designing Effective Environmental Regimes: The Key Conditions (Cheltenham, England: Edward Elgar, 1999), chap. 2.
9. Several relevant but more general and extensive projects have been concluded or are under way: for example, "The Tübingen Regime Project," in Volker Rittberger, ed., International Regimes in East-West Politics (London and New York: Pinter, 1990); Rittberger, Regime Theory and International Relations (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993); Andreas Hasenclever, Peter Mayer, and Volker Rittberger, Theories of International Regimes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Peter M. Haas, Robert O. Keohane, and Marc A. Levy, eds., Institutions for the Earth: Sources of Effective International Environmental Protection (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1993); "The Oslo/Seattle Effectiveness Project," in Edward L. Miles et al., Explaining Regime Effectiveness: The Interplay of Problem Type and Response Capacity (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2001); "The Dartmouth/Harvard Effectiveness Project," in Oran R. Young et al., The Effectiveness of International Environmental Regimes (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999); "The Brown-Weiss Project on Compliance," in Edith Brown-Weiss and Harold K. Jacobson, eds., Engaging Countries: Strengthening Compliance with International Accords (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998); "The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments (IEC) Project," in David G. Victor, Kal Raustiala, and Eugene B. Skolnikoff, eds., The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998). For a more comprehensive overview of relevant contributions, see Jørgen Wettestad, Designing Effective Environmental Regimes: The Key Conditions (Cheltenham, England: Edward Elgar, 1999), chap. 2.
10. Several relevant but more general and extensive projects have been concluded or are under way: for example, "The Tübingen Regime Project," in Volker Rittberger, ed., International Regimes in East-West Politics (London and New York: Pinter, 1990); Rittberger, Regime Theory and International Relations (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993); Andreas Hasenclever, Peter Mayer, and Volker Rittberger, Theories of International Regimes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Peter M. Haas, Robert O. Keohane, and Marc A. Levy, eds., Institutions for the Earth: Sources of Effective International Environmental Protection (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1993); "The Oslo/Seattle Effectiveness Project," in Edward L. Miles et al., Explaining Regime Effectiveness: The Interplay of Problem Type and Response Capacity (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2001); "The Dartmouth/Harvard Effectiveness Project," in Oran R. Young et al., The Effectiveness of International Environmental Regimes (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999); "The Brown-Weiss Project on Compliance," in Edith Brown-Weiss and Harold K. Jacobson, eds., Engaging Countries: Strengthening Compliance with International Accords (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998); "The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments (IEC) Project," in David G. Victor, Kal Raustiala, and Eugene B. Skolnikoff, eds., The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998). For a more comprehensive overview of relevant contributions, see Jørgen Wettestad, Designing Effective Environmental Regimes: The Key Conditions (Cheltenham, England: Edward Elgar, 1999), chap. 2.
11. The most similar contribution so far is probably found in Lawrence E. Susskind, Environmental Diplomacy: Negotiating More Effective Global Agreements (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994). Although clearly interesting and valuable, it is empirically and theoretically quite general, has more of a negotiation perspective, and does not cover all the institutional factors discussed in my book.
12. Wettestad, Designing Effective Environmental Regimes.
13. According to Oran Young, "We know enough to lay to rest the sterile debate about whether international regimes matter at all or are properly understood as epiphenomena that merely reflect deeper driving forces in international society." See Young, "The Effectiveness of International Environmental Regimes," p. 15. See also Marc A. Levy, Oran R. Young, and Michael Zürn, "The Study of International Regimes," European Journal of International Relations, no. 3 (September 1995): 267-331.
14. According to Oran Young, "We know enough to lay to rest the sterile debate about whether international regimes matter at all or are properly understood as epiphenomena that merely reflect deeper driving forces in international society." See Young, "The Effectiveness of International Environmental Regimes," p. 15. See also Marc A. Levy, Oran R. Young, and Michael Zürn, "The Study of International Regimes," European Journal of International Relations, no. 3 (September 1995): 267-331.
15. At the EC-funded "Concerted Action on Global and Regional Regime Effectiveness" workshop held in Noordwijk in October 1998, there was a specific subgroup on institutional issues. A summary report of the discussions within this group, including the tentative list of around twenty subissues, can be found in the proceedings of the meeting. See M. L. Honkanen, Konrad von Moltke, and Matthias Hisschemoller (1999), "Report of the Concerted Action on the Effectiveness of International Environmental Agreements," Noordwijk Workshop, 15-18 October 1998, Report No. R-99/05, April 1999, IVM, Amsterdam.
16. As noted by Levy, Young, and Zürn in "The Study of International Regimes," p. 275: "Innumerable regime attributes or properties can be used for classificatory purposes, and we lack good a priori criteria regarding what sorts of classifications will prove useful in future research."
17. See Wettestad, Designing Effective Environmental Regimes, chap. 2, for an elaboration of the following points.
18. x Policy-making and Implementation in the Netherlands, U.K. and Norway: Different Approaches, but Similar Results?" in Victor, Raustiala, and Skolnikoff, The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments, pp. 381-431; Steinar Andresen and Jørgen Wettestad, "International Resource Cooperation and the Greenhouse Problem," Global Environmental Change 2, no. 4 (December 1992): 277-291; Andresen and Wettestad, "The Effectiveness of International Resource Cooperation: Some Preliminary Notes on Institutional Design," International Challenges 13, no. 2 (1993): 61-75; Andresen and Wettestad, "International Problem-solving Effectiveness: The Oslo Project Story So Far," International Environmental Affairs 7, no. 2 (spring 1995): 127-150; Andresen, "Effectiveness and Implementation Within the 'North Sea/North East Atlantic Cooperation': Development, Status and Future Perspectives," in The Effectiveness of Multilateral Environmental Agreements, workshop proceedings and study reports, Nord 1996: 18 (Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, 1996), pp. 60-83.
19. x Policy-making and Implementation in the Netherlands, U.K. and Norway: Different Approaches, but Similar Results?" in Victor, Raustiala, and Skolnikoff, The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments, pp. 381-431; Steinar Andresen and Jørgen Wettestad, "International Resource Cooperation and the Greenhouse Problem," Global Environmental Change 2, no. 4 (December 1992): 277-291; Andresen and Wettestad, "The Effectiveness of International Resource Cooperation: Some Preliminary Notes on Institutional Design," International Challenges 13, no. 2 (1993): 61-75; Andresen and Wettestad, "International Problem-solving Effectiveness: The Oslo Project Story So Far," International Environmental Affairs 7, no. 2 (spring 1995): 127-150; Andresen, "Effectiveness and Implementation Within the 'North Sea/North East Atlantic Cooperation': Development, Status and Future Perspectives," in The Effectiveness of Multilateral Environmental Agreements, workshop proceedings and study reports, Nord 1996: 18 (Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, 1996), pp. 60-83.
20. x Policy-making and Implementation in the Netherlands, U.K. and Norway: Different Approaches, but Similar Results?" in Victor, Raustiala, and Skolnikoff, The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments, pp. 381-431; Steinar Andresen and Jørgen Wettestad, "International Resource Cooperation and the Greenhouse Problem," Global Environmental Change 2, no. 4 (December 1992): 277-291; Andresen and Wettestad, "The Effectiveness of International Resource Cooperation: Some Preliminary Notes on Institutional Design," International Challenges 13, no. 2 (1993): 61-75; Andresen and Wettestad, "International Problem-solving Effectiveness: The Oslo Project Story So Far," International Environmental Affairs 7, no. 2 (spring 1995): 127-150; Andresen, "Effectiveness and Implementation Within the 'North Sea/North East Atlantic Cooperation': Development, Status and Future Perspectives," in The Effectiveness of Multilateral Environmental Agreements, workshop proceedings and study reports, Nord 1996: 18 (Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, 1996), pp. 60-83.
21. x Policy-making and Implementation in the Netherlands, U.K. and Norway: Different Approaches, but Similar Results?" in Victor, Raustiala, and Skolnikoff, The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments, pp. 381-431; Steinar Andresen and Jørgen Wettestad, "International Resource Cooperation and the Greenhouse Problem," Global Environmental Change 2, no. 4 (December 1992): 277-291; Andresen and Wettestad, "The Effectiveness of International Resource Cooperation: Some Preliminary Notes on Institutional Design," International Challenges 13, no. 2 (1993): 61-75; Andresen and Wettestad, "International Problem-solving Effectiveness: The Oslo Project Story So Far," International Environmental Affairs 7, no. 2 (spring 1995): 127-150; Andresen, "Effectiveness and Implementation Within the 'North Sea/North East Atlantic Cooperation': Development, Status and Future Perspectives," in The Effectiveness of Multilateral Environmental Agreements, workshop proceedings and study reports, Nord 1996: 18 (Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, 1996), pp. 60-83.
22. x Policy-making and Implementation in the Netherlands, U.K. and Norway: Different Approaches, but Similar Results?" in Victor, Raustiala, and Skolnikoff, The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments, pp. 381-431; Steinar Andresen and Jørgen Wettestad, "International Resource Cooperation and the Greenhouse Problem," Global Environmental Change 2, no. 4 (December 1992): 277-291; Andresen and Wettestad, "The Effectiveness of International Resource Cooperation: Some Preliminary Notes on Institutional Design," International Challenges 13, no. 2 (1993): 61-75; Andresen and Wettestad, "International Problem-solving Effectiveness: The Oslo Project Story So Far," International Environmental Affairs 7, no. 2 (spring 1995): 127-150; Andresen, "Effectiveness and Implementation Within the 'North Sea/North East Atlantic Cooperation': Development, Status and Future Perspectives," in The Effectiveness of Multilateral Environmental Agreements, workshop proceedings and study reports, Nord 1996: 18 (Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, 1996), pp. 60-83.
23. x Policy-making and Implementation in the Netherlands, U.K. and Norway: Different Approaches, but Similar Results?" in Victor, Raustiala, and Skolnikoff, The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments, pp. 381-431; Steinar Andresen and Jørgen Wettestad, "International Resource Cooperation and the Greenhouse Problem," Global Environmental Change 2, no. 4 (December 1992): 277-291; Andresen and Wettestad, "The Effectiveness of International Resource Cooperation: Some Preliminary Notes on Institutional Design," International Challenges 13, no. 2 (1993): 61-75; Andresen and Wettestad, "International Problem-solving Effectiveness: The Oslo Project Story So Far," International Environmental Affairs 7, no. 2 (spring 1995): 127-150; Andresen, "Effectiveness and Implementation Within the 'North Sea/North East Atlantic Cooperation': Development, Status and Future Perspectives," in The Effectiveness of Multilateral Environmental Agreements, workshop proceedings and study reports, Nord 1996: 18 (Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, 1996), pp. 60-83.
24. x Policy-making and Implementation in the Netherlands, U.K. and Norway: Different Approaches, but Similar Results?" in Victor, Raustiala, and Skolnikoff, The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments, pp. 381-431; Steinar Andresen and Jørgen Wettestad, "International Resource Cooperation and the Greenhouse Problem," Global Environmental Change 2, no. 4 (December 1992): 277-291; Andresen and Wettestad, "The Effectiveness of International Resource Cooperation: Some Preliminary Notes on Institutional Design," International Challenges 13, no. 2 (1993): 61-75; Andresen and Wettestad, "International Problem-solving Effectiveness: The Oslo Project Story So Far," International Environmental Affairs 7, no. 2 (spring 1995): 127-150; Andresen, "Effectiveness and Implementation Within the 'North Sea/North East Atlantic Cooperation': Development, Status and Future Perspectives," in The Effectiveness of Multilateral Environmental Agreements, workshop proceedings and study reports, Nord 1996: 18 (Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, 1996), pp. 60-83.
25. x Policy-making and Implementation in the Netherlands, U.K. and Norway: Different Approaches, but Similar Results?" in Victor, Raustiala, and Skolnikoff, The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments, pp. 381-431; Steinar Andresen and Jørgen Wettestad, "International Resource Cooperation and the Greenhouse Problem," Global Environmental Change 2, no. 4 (December 1992): 277-291; Andresen and Wettestad, "The Effectiveness of International Resource Cooperation: Some Preliminary Notes on Institutional Design," International Challenges 13, no. 2 (1993): 61-75; Andresen and Wettestad, "International Problem-solving Effectiveness: The Oslo Project Story So Far," International Environmental Affairs 7, no. 2 (spring 1995): 127-150; Andresen, "Effectiveness and Implementation Within the 'North Sea/North East Atlantic Cooperation': Development, Status and Future Perspectives," in The Effectiveness of Multilateral Environmental Agreements, workshop proceedings and study reports, Nord 1996: 18 (Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, 1996), pp. 60-83.
26. x Policy-making and Implementation in the Netherlands, U.K. and Norway: Different Approaches, but Similar Results?" in Victor, Raustiala, and Skolnikoff, The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments, pp. 381-431; Steinar Andresen and Jørgen Wettestad, "International Resource Cooperation and the Greenhouse Problem," Global Environmental Change 2, no. 4 (December 1992): 277-291; Andresen and Wettestad, "The Effectiveness of International Resource Cooperation: Some Preliminary Notes on Institutional Design," International Challenges 13, no. 2 (1993): 61-75; Andresen and Wettestad, "International Problem-solving Effectiveness: The Oslo Project Story So Far," International Environmental Affairs 7, no. 2 (spring 1995): 127-150; Andresen, "Effectiveness and Implementation Within the 'North Sea/North East Atlantic Cooperation': Development, Status and Future Perspectives," in The Effectiveness of Multilateral Environmental Agreements, workshop proceedings and study reports, Nord 1996: 18 (Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, 1996), pp. 60-83.
27. x Policy-making and Implementation in the Netherlands, U.K. and Norway: Different Approaches, but Similar Results?" in Victor, Raustiala, and Skolnikoff, The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments, pp. 381-431; Steinar Andresen and Jørgen Wettestad, "International Resource Cooperation and the Greenhouse Problem," Global Environmental Change 2, no. 4 (December 1992): 277-291; Andresen and Wettestad, "The Effectiveness of International Resource Cooperation: Some Preliminary Notes on Institutional Design," International Challenges 13, no. 2 (1993): 61-75; Andresen and Wettestad, "International Problem-solving Effectiveness: The Oslo Project Story So Far," International Environmental Affairs 7, no. 2 (spring 1995): 127-150; Andresen, "Effectiveness and Implementation Within the 'North Sea/North East Atlantic Cooperation': Development, Status and Future Perspectives," in The Effectiveness of Multilateral Environmental Agreements, workshop proceedings and study reports, Nord 1996: 18 (Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, 1996), pp. 60-83.
28. x Policy-making and Implementation in the Netherlands, U.K. and Norway: Different Approaches, but Similar Results?" in Victor, Raustiala, and Skolnikoff, The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments, pp. 381-431; Steinar Andresen and Jørgen Wettestad, "International Resource Cooperation and the Greenhouse Problem," Global Environmental Change 2, no. 4 (December 1992): 277-291; Andresen and Wettestad, "The Effectiveness of International Resource Cooperation: Some Preliminary Notes on Institutional Design," International Challenges 13, no. 2 (1993): 61-75; Andresen and Wettestad, "International Problem-solving Effectiveness: The Oslo Project Story So Far," International Environmental Affairs 7, no. 2 (spring 1995): 127-150; Andresen, "Effectiveness and Implementation Within the 'North Sea/North East Atlantic Cooperation': Development, Status and Future Perspectives," in The Effectiveness of Multilateral Environmental Agreements, workshop proceedings and study reports, Nord 1996: 18 (Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, 1996), pp. 60-83.
29. x Policy-making and Implementation in the Netherlands, U.K. and Norway: Different Approaches, but Similar Results?" in Victor, Raustiala, and Skolnikoff, The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments, pp. 381-431; Steinar Andresen and Jørgen Wettestad, "International Resource Cooperation and the Greenhouse Problem," Global Environmental Change 2, no. 4 (December 1992): 277-291; Andresen and Wettestad, "The Effectiveness of International Resource Cooperation: Some Preliminary Notes on Institutional Design," International Challenges 13, no. 2 (1993): 61-75; Andresen and Wettestad, "International Problem-solving Effectiveness: The Oslo Project Story So Far," International Environmental Affairs 7, no. 2 (spring 1995): 127-150; Andresen, "Effectiveness and Implementation Within the 'North Sea/North East Atlantic Cooperation': Development, Status and Future Perspectives," in The Effectiveness of Multilateral Environmental Agreements, workshop proceedings and study reports, Nord 1996: 18 (Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, 1996), pp. 60-83.
30. x Policy-making and Implementation in the Netherlands, U.K. and Norway: Different Approaches, but Similar Results?" in Victor, Raustiala, and Skolnikoff, The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments, pp. 381-431; Steinar Andresen and Jørgen Wettestad, "International Resource Cooperation and the Greenhouse Problem," Global Environmental Change 2, no. 4 (December 1992): 277-291; Andresen and Wettestad, "The Effectiveness of International Resource Cooperation: Some Preliminary Notes on Institutional Design," International Challenges 13, no. 2 (1993): 61-75; Andresen and Wettestad, "International Problem-solving Effectiveness: The Oslo Project Story So Far," International Environmental Affairs 7, no. 2 (spring 1995): 127-150; Andresen, "Effectiveness and Implementation Within the 'North Sea/North East Atlantic Cooperation': Development, Status and Future Perspectives," in The Effectiveness of Multilateral Environmental Agreements, workshop proceedings and study reports, Nord 1996: 18 (Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, 1996), pp. 60-83.
31. x Policy-making and Implementation in the Netherlands, U.K. and Norway: Different Approaches, but Similar Results?" in Victor, Raustiala, and Skolnikoff, The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments, pp. 381-431; Steinar Andresen and Jørgen Wettestad, "International Resource Cooperation and the Greenhouse Problem," Global Environmental Change 2, no. 4 (December 1992): 277-291; Andresen and Wettestad, "The Effectiveness of International Resource Cooperation: Some Preliminary Notes on Institutional Design," International Challenges 13, no. 2 (1993): 61-75; Andresen and Wettestad, "International Problem-solving Effectiveness: The Oslo Project Story So Far," International Environmental Affairs 7, no. 2 (spring 1995): 127-150; Andresen, "Effectiveness and Implementation Within the 'North Sea/North East Atlantic Cooperation': Development, Status and Future Perspectives," in The Effectiveness of Multilateral Environmental Agreements, workshop proceedings and study reports, Nord 1996: 18 (Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, 1996), pp. 60-83.
32. x Policy-making and Implementation in the Netherlands, U.K. and Norway: Different Approaches, but Similar Results?" in Victor, Raustiala, and Skolnikoff, The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments, pp. 381-431; Steinar Andresen and Jørgen Wettestad, "International Resource Cooperation and the Greenhouse Problem," Global Environmental Change 2, no. 4 (December 1992): 277-291; Andresen and Wettestad, "The Effectiveness of International Resource Cooperation: Some Preliminary Notes on Institutional Design," International Challenges 13, no. 2 (1993): 61-75; Andresen and Wettestad, "International Problem-solving Effectiveness: The Oslo Project Story So Far," International Environmental Affairs 7, no. 2 (spring 1995): 127-150; Andresen, "Effectiveness and Implementation Within the 'North Sea/North East Atlantic Cooperation': Development, Status and Future Perspectives," in The Effectiveness of Multilateral Environmental Agreements, workshop proceedings and study reports, Nord 1996: 18 (Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, 1996), pp. 60-83.
33. x Policy-making and Implementation in the Netherlands, U.K. and Norway: Different Approaches, but Similar Results?" in Victor, Raustiala, and Skolnikoff, The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments, pp. 381-431; Steinar Andresen and Jørgen Wettestad, "International Resource Cooperation and the Greenhouse Problem," Global Environmental Change 2, no. 4 (December 1992): 277-291; Andresen and Wettestad, "The Effectiveness of International Resource Cooperation: Some Preliminary Notes on Institutional Design," International Challenges 13, no. 2 (1993): 61-75; Andresen and Wettestad, "International Problem-solving Effectiveness: The Oslo Project Story So Far," International Environmental Affairs 7, no. 2 (spring 1995): 127-150; Andresen, "Effectiveness and Implementation Within the 'North Sea/North East Atlantic Cooperation': Development, Status and Future Perspectives," in The Effectiveness of Multilateral Environmental Agreements, workshop proceedings and study reports, Nord 1996: 18 (Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, 1996), pp. 60-83.
34. x Policy-making and Implementation in the Netherlands, U.K. and Norway: Different Approaches, but Similar Results?" in Victor, Raustiala, and Skolnikoff, The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments, pp. 381-431; Steinar Andresen and Jørgen Wettestad, "International Resource Cooperation and the Greenhouse Problem," Global Environmental Change 2, no. 4 (December 1992): 277-291; Andresen and Wettestad, "The Effectiveness of International Resource Cooperation: Some Preliminary Notes on Institutional Design," International Challenges 13, no. 2 (1993): 61-75; Andresen and Wettestad, "International Problem-solving Effectiveness: The Oslo Project Story So Far," International Environmental Affairs 7, no. 2 (spring 1995): 127-150; Andresen, "Effectiveness and Implementation Within the 'North Sea/North East Atlantic Cooperation': Development, Status and Future Perspectives," in The Effectiveness of Multilateral Environmental Agreements, workshop proceedings and study reports, Nord 1996: 18 (Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, 1996), pp. 60-83.
35. x Policy-making and Implementation in the Netherlands, U.K. and Norway: Different Approaches, but Similar Results?" in Victor, Raustiala, and Skolnikoff, The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments, pp. 381-431; Steinar Andresen and Jørgen Wettestad, "International Resource Cooperation and the Greenhouse Problem," Global Environmental Change 2, no. 4 (December 1992): 277-291; Andresen and Wettestad, "The Effectiveness of International Resource Cooperation: Some Preliminary Notes on Institutional Design," International Challenges 13, no. 2 (1993): 61-75; Andresen and Wettestad, "International Problem-solving Effectiveness: The Oslo Project Story So Far," International Environmental Affairs 7, no. 2 (spring 1995): 127-150; Andresen, "Effectiveness and Implementation Within the 'North Sea/North East Atlantic Cooperation': Development, Status and Future Perspectives," in The Effectiveness of Multilateral Environmental Agreements, workshop proceedings and study reports, Nord 1996: 18 (Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, 1996), pp. 60-83.
36. Wettestad, Designing Effective Environmental Regimes, chap. 7. Institutional design issues within perhaps the currently most debated international environmental regime - the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) -are discussed in a separate chapter at the end of the book, in the light of lessons from the more "mature" and long-functioning four regimes. The climate change issues are not covered in this article.
37. The Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping from Ships and Aircraft (OSCON) was signed in Oslo in 1972 by thirteen contracting parties, while the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR) was signed in Paris in 1974 by twelve parties.
38. The Standing Advisory Committee for Scientific Advice (SACSA), in the case of OSCON (see note 11), and the Technical Working Group (TWG) in the case of PARCON.
39. Moreover, twelve European signatories went a step further and signed an additional (and separate) joint declaration committing them to a 30 percent reduction of emissions by 1998, with a flexible baseline between 1980 and 1986.
40. Among the signatories, fifteen countries and the EC committed themselves to the regular 30 percent reduction; four chose the freeze option; and three chose the TOMA option. See Thomas Gehring, Dynamic International Regimes: Institutions for International Environmental Governance (Berlin: Peter Lang Verlag, 1994), p. 180.
41. The IRD was built up as part of the project on the Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments at IIASA; see Helmut Breitmeier et al., "The International Regimes Database as a Tool for the Study of International Cooperation," IIASA Working Paper WP-96-160, Laxenburg, Austria, 1996. The IHDP institutional work was started in 1996 by Oran Young and Arild Underdal; see Young and Underdal, "Institutional Dimensions of Global Change, Scoping Report for the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change (IHDP)," (1998). Presented at "Voices from the Commons," the sixth annual conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property, Berkeley, Calif., 5-8 June 1996. Available online at http://www.indiana.edu/~iascp/abstracts/ 655ihtml.
42. The IRD was built up as part of the project on the Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments at IIASA; see Helmut Breitmeier et al., "The International Regimes Database as a Tool for the Study of International Cooperation," IIASA Working Paper WP-96-160, Laxenburg, Austria, 1996. The IHDP institutional work was started in 1996 by Oran Young and Arild Underdal; see Young and Underdal, "Institutional Dimensions of Global Change, Scoping Report for the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change (IHDP)," (1998). Presented at "Voices from the Commons," the sixth annual conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property, Berkeley, Calif., 5-8 June 1996. Available online at http://www.indiana.edu/~iascp/abstracts/ 655ihtml.
43. The IRD was built up as part of the project on the Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments at IIASA; see Helmut Breitmeier et al., "The International Regimes Database as a Tool for the Study of International Cooperation," IIASA Working Paper WP-96-160, Laxenburg, Austria, 1996. The IHDP institutional work was started in 1996 by Oran Young and Arild Underdal; see Young and Underdal, "Institutional Dimensions of Global Change, Scoping Report for the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change (IHDP)," (1998). Presented at "Voices from the Commons," the sixth annual conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property, Berkeley, Calif., 5-8 June 1996. Available online at http://www.indiana.edu/~iascp/abstracts/ 655ihtml.