Sir Roger Casement and the international humanitarian movement

Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History

Volumn 29, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 59-74

  Porter, Andrew ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 0035592624     PISSN: 03086534     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03086530108583119     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Roger Sawyer (ed.), Roger Casement's Diaries 1910: The Black and the White (London, 1996), 2; Angus Mitchell (ed.), The Amazon Journal of Roger Casement (London, 1997), 24. For an introduction to the humanitarianism of the period, see The Oxford History of the British Empire, 5 vols (Oxford, 1998-9), esp. III chaps. 10-11, and IV chaps. 8 and 11.
2. Roger Sawyer (ed.), Roger Casement's Diaries 1910: The Black and the White (London, 1996), 2; Angus Mitchell (ed.), The Amazon Journal of Roger Casement (London, 1997), 24. For an introduction to the humanitarianism of the period, see The Oxford History of the British Empire, 5 vols (Oxford, 1998-9), esp. III chaps. 10-11, and IV chaps. 8 and 11.
3. Roger Sawyer (ed.), Roger Casement's Diaries 1910: The Black and the White (London, 1996), 2; Angus Mitchell (ed.), The Amazon Journal of Roger Casement (London, 1997), 24. For an introduction to the humanitarianism of the period, see The Oxford History of the British Empire, 5 vols (Oxford, 1998-9), esp. III chaps. 10-11, and IV chaps. 8 and 11.
4. By Charles Roberts, 12 Aug. 1913, Hansard Parliamentary Debates 5th Series, LVI, cols.2328-9.
5. William Roger Louis, 'Roger Casement and the Congo', Journal of African History, 5 (1964), 120.
6. Ibid., 99-120; William Roger Louis, 'The Triumph of the Congo Reform Movement, 1905-1908', in Jeffrey Butler (ed.), Boston University Papers on Africa, 2 (Boston, 1966), 269-302; William Roger Louis and Jean Stengers (eds.), E.D. Morel's History of the Congo Reform Movement (Oxford, 1967).
7. Ibid., 99-120; William Roger Louis, 'The Triumph of the Congo Reform Movement, 1905-1908', in Jeffrey Butler (ed.), Boston University Papers on Africa, 2 (Boston, 1966), 269-302; William Roger Louis and Jean Stengers (eds.), E.D. Morel's History of the Congo Reform Movement (Oxford, 1967).
8. Ibid., 99-120; William Roger Louis, 'The Triumph of the Congo Reform Movement, 1905-1908', in Jeffrey Butler (ed.), Boston University Papers on Africa, 2 (Boston, 1966), 269-302; William Roger Louis and Jean Stengers (eds.), E.D. Morel's History of the Congo Reform Movement (Oxford, 1967).
9. Casement to E.D. Morel, 23 March 1908, E.D. Morel Papers, London School of Economics (hereafter EDMP), F8/23.
10. Report and Special Report from the Select Committee on Putumayo, Parliamentary Papers [hereafter PP](1913) xiv, 148.
11. Brian Inglis, Roger Casement (London, 1973), Pt.III;
12. B.L.Reid, The Lives of Roger Casement (New Haven, 1976);
13. Roger Sawyer, Roger Casement: The Flawed Hero (London, 1984) .
14. Michael Taussig, 'Culture of Terror - Space of Death. Roger Casement's Putumayo Report and the Explanation of Torture', Comparative Studies in Society and History, 26 (1984), 467-97; Seamas O'Siochain, 'Roger Casement, Ethnography, and the Putumayo', Eire-Ireland, 29, 2 (1995), 29-11.
15. Michael Taussig, 'Culture of Terror - Space of Death. Roger Casement's Putumayo Report and the Explanation of Torture', Comparative Studies in Society and History, 26 (1984), 467-97; Seamas O'Siochain, 'Roger Casement, Ethnography, and the Putumayo', Eire-Ireland, 29, 2 (1995), 29-11.
16. Brian Inglis, Roger Casement (London, 1973), Pt.III; Sawyer, Roger Casement's Diaries, like Inglis earlier, takes the view that both diaries are genuine; this is disputed by Mitchell, Amazon Journal, Introduction, 17-56.
17. Brian Inglis, Roger Casement (London, 1973), Pt.III; Sawyer, Roger Casement's Diaries, like Inglis earlier, takes the view that both diaries are genuine; this is disputed by Mitchell, Amazon Journal, Introduction, 17-56.
18. Brian Inglis, Roger Casement (London, 1973), Pt.III; Sawyer, Roger Casement's Diaries, like Inglis earlier, takes the view that both diaries are genuine; this is disputed by Mitchell, Amazon Journal, Introduction, 17-56.
19. The important research by Kevin Grant, '"A Civilised Savagery": British Humanitarian Politics and European Imperialism in Africa, 1884-1926' (Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 1997), chaps 2-3, examines the role of the religious networks in sustaining the humanitarian movement; John B. Osborne, 'Wilfred G. Thesiger, Sir Edward Grey, and the British Campaign to Reform the Congo, 1905-9', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 27 (1999), 59-80.
20. The important research by Kevin Grant, '"A Civilised Savagery": British Humanitarian Politics and European Imperialism in Africa, 1884-1926' (Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 1997), chaps 2-3, examines the role of the religious networks in sustaining the humanitarian movement; John B. Osborne, 'Wilfred G. Thesiger, Sir Edward Grey, and the British Campaign to Reform the Congo, 1905-9', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 27 (1999), 59-80.
21. Quotations from L.H. Gann, 'The Berlin Conference and the Humanitarian Conscience', and Suzanne Miers, 'Humanitarianism at Berlin: Myth or Reality?', in Stig Förster, Wolfgang J. Mommsen, and Ronald Robinson (eds.), Bismarck, Europe and Africa: The Berlin Africa Conference 1884-1885 and the Onset of Partition (Oxford, 1988), 321, 323.
22. Quotations from L.H. Gann, 'The Berlin Conference and the Humanitarian Conscience', and Suzanne Miers, 'Humanitarianism at Berlin: Myth or Reality?', in Stig Förster, Wolfgang J. Mommsen, and Ronald Robinson (eds.), Bismarck, Europe and Africa: The Berlin Africa Conference 1884-1885 and the Onset of Partition (Oxford, 1988), 321, 323.
23. Gann, 'The Berlin Conference', 329-30.
24. Jean Stengers, 'Leopold II and the Association Internationale du Congo', in Bismarck Europe and Africa, 229-44, quotation at 230.
25. 5 Jan. 1885, quoted in ibid., 237.
26. Inglis, Roger Casement, 24-32. For Sanford, businessman and one-time American envoy in Brussels, L.H.Gann and Peter Duignan, The United States and Africa: A History (Cambridge, 1987 ed.), 128, 136-7, 393 n.6.
27. Inglis, Roger Casement, 24-32. For Sanford, businessman and one-time American envoy in Brussels, L.H.Gann and Peter Duignan, The United States and Africa: A History (Cambridge, 1987 ed.), 128, 136-7, 393 n.6.
28. For the conversion, W.H.Bentley quoted in Inglis, Roger Casement, 30.
29. See e.g. Casement's Report to Sir Claude MacDonald, 10 April 1894, C. 7596 Report on the Administration of the Niger Coast Protectorate, 38, PP (1895) Ixxi; Inglis, Roger Casement, 35-6.
30. See e.g. Casement's Report to Sir Claude MacDonald, 10 April 1894, C. 7596 Report on the Administration of the Niger Coast Protectorate, 38, PP (1895) Ixxi; Inglis, Roger Casement, 35-6.
31. See Gervase Clarence-Smith, The Third Portuguese Empire 1825-1975 (Manchester, 1985), 100-3, 109; Philip R. Warhurst, Anglo-Portuguese Relations in South Central Africa 1890-1900 (London, 1962), chap.3.
32. See Gervase Clarence-Smith, The Third Portuguese Empire 1825-1975 (Manchester, 1985), 100-3, 109; Philip R. Warhurst, Anglo-Portuguese Relations in South Central Africa 1890-1900 (London, 1962), chap.3.
33. Michael Havinden and David Meredith, Colonialism and Development: Britain and its Tropical Colonies, 1850-1960 (London, 1993); Bernard Porter, Critics of Empire: British Radical Attitudes to Colonialism in Africa, 1895-1914 (London, 1968).
34. Michael Havinden and David Meredith, Colonialism and Development: Britain and its Tropical Colonies, 1850-1960 (London, 1993); Bernard Porter, Critics of Empire: British Radical Attitudes to Colonialism in Africa, 1895-1914 (London, 1968).
35. Casement to Alice Stopford Green, mid-1907, quoted in Mitchell, Amazon Journal, 280 n.208.
36. For example, on Natal, O'Siochain, 'Roger Casement', 40; on Egypt, Casement to Morel, 23 June and 15 Sept. 1909, EDMP F8/23; and India, ibid., 31 July 1909.
37. For example, on Natal, O'Siochain, 'Roger Casement', 40; on Egypt, Casement to Morel, 23 June and 15 Sept. 1909, EDMP F8/23; and India, ibid., 31 July 1909.
38. Casement to Morel, 23 June and 31 July 1909, EDMP F8/23; for the South and West African cases, most recently, Grant, 'A Civilized Savagery', chaps.4-5; and on West Africa, James Duffy, A Question of Slavery (Oxford, 1967).
39. Casement to Morel, 23 June and 31 July 1909, EDMP F8/23; for the South and West African cases, most recently, Grant, 'A Civilized Savagery', chaps.4-5; and on West Africa, James Duffy, A Question of Slavery (Oxford, 1967).
40. Sawyer, Roger Casement's Diaries, 144, 159.
41. Inglis, Roger Casement, 37; Mitchell, Amazon Journal, 28.
42. Inglis, Roger Casement, 37; Mitchell, Amazon Journal, 28.
43. For the historical survey, probably written on board ship as he returned from his second Amazon journey in 1911, Mitchell, Amazon Journal, 497-505; PP (1913) xiv, 148, xviii.
44. For the historical survey, probably written on board ship as he returned from his second Amazon journey in 1911, Mitchell, Amazon Journal, 497-505; PP (1913) xiv, 148, xviii.
45. Roger Casement, 'The Putumayo Indians', Contemporary Review, 12 Sept. 1912, 322-3; entry for 14 Oct. 1910, Sawyer, Roger Casement's Diaries, 180.
46. Roger Casement, 'The Putumayo Indians', Contemporary Review, 12 Sept. 1912, 322-3; entry for 14 Oct. 1910, Sawyer, Roger Casement's Diaries, 180.
47. A. Mitchell Innes, 'Love and the Law: A Study of Oriental Justice', The Hibbert Journal, 11, 2 (1912), 273-96, quotations from 296; Casement recommended and sent a draft to Morel, 29 April 1912, EDMP F8/24.
48. 7 June 1910, EDMP F8/23.
49. Casement to Morel, 1 and 7 June 1910, EDMP F8/23.
50. Diary entry, 25 Oct. 1910, Sawyer, Roger Casement's Diaries, 214.
51. Diary entry, 31 Oct. 1910, ibid., 243. For the reform of German colonial policy, J. Iliffe, Tanganyika under German Rule, 1905-1912 (Cambridge, 1969); L.H.Gann and P.Duignan, The Rulers of German Africa, 1884-1914 (Stanford, 1977).
52. Diary entry, 31 Oct. 1910, ibid., 243. For the reform of German colonial policy, J. Iliffe, Tanganyika under German Rule, 1905-1912 (Cambridge, 1969); L.H.Gann and P.Duignan, The Rulers of German Africa, 1884-1914 (Stanford, 1977).
53. Diary entry, 31 Oct. 1910, ibid., 243. For the reform of German colonial policy, J. Iliffe, Tanganyika under German Rule, 1905-1912 (Cambridge, 1969); L.H.Gann and P.Duignan, The Rulers of German Africa, 1884-1914 (Stanford, 1977).
54. Casement to Morel, n.d., EDMP F8/25.
55. Casement to Morel, 29 April 1912, EDMP F8/24.
56. Casement to Morel, 16 July [1910?], EDMP F8/23; cf. Mitchell, Amazon Journal, 504-5.
57. Diary entry, [10?] Oct. 1910, Sawyer, Roger Casement's Diaries, 170-1.
58. Casement to Morel, 22 April 1911, EDMP F8/24.
59. Casement to Morel, 30 Nov. 1909, 12 July 1910, EDMP F8/23; also ibid., 8 Nov. 1909, quoted in Louis, 'Triumph of the Congo Reform Movement', 285 n.89.
60. Casement to Morel, 29 June 1909, EDMP F8/23.
61. Grant, 'Civilised Savagery', 89-90.
62. Casement to Morel, 22 April 1911, EDMP F8/24.
63. Casement to Morel, 14 Oct. 1909, EDMP F8/23.
64. Casement to Morel, 7 June 1910, EDMP F8/23.
65. Casement to Morel, 29 April 1912, EDMP F8/24. For the debates about Islam, Thomas R. Prasch, 'Which God for Africa: The Islamic-Christian Missionary Debate in Late-Victorian England', Victorian Studies, 33 (1989), 51-73; Andrew Porter, 'Evangelicalism, Islam, and Millennial Expectation in the Nineteenth Century', in Dana Robert (ed.) Christian Missions and the Enlightenment of the West (forthcoming, London, 2002).
66. Casement to Morel, 29 April 1912, EDMP F8/24. For the debates about Islam, Thomas R. Prasch, 'Which God for Africa: The Islamic-Christian Missionary Debate in Late-Victorian England', Victorian Studies, 33 (1989), 51-73; Andrew Porter, 'Evangelicalism, Islam, and Millennial Expectation in the Nineteenth Century', in Dana Robert (ed.) Christian Missions and the Enlightenment of the West (forthcoming, London, 2002).
67. Diary entry, [10?] Oct. 1910, Sawyer, Roger Casement's Diaries, 173.
68. Casement to Morel, 31 July 1912, EDMP F8/24; Contemporary Review, Sept. 1912, 326-8.
69. Diary entry, 6 Dec. 1910, Sawyer, Roger Casement's Diaries, 263.
70. J. Forbes Munro, 'Monopolists and Speculators: British Investment in West African Rubber, 1905-1914', Journal of African History, 22 (1981), 263-78; and 'British Rubber Companies in East Africa before the First World War', ibid., 24 (1983), 369-79. This circumstance seems to argue against the idea of connivance in forging the 'black' diaries in 1915-16 by either rubber interests or defenders of the moral reputation of the empire, as seems to be suggested by Mitchell, Amazon Journal, 53-5.
71. J. Forbes Munro, 'Monopolists and Speculators: British Investment in West African Rubber, 1905-1914', Journal of African History, 22 (1981), 263-78; and 'British Rubber Companies in East Africa before the First World War', ibid., 24 (1983), 369-79. This circumstance seems to argue against the idea of connivance in forging the 'black' diaries in 1915-16 by either rubber interests or defenders of the moral reputation of the empire, as seems to be suggested by Mitchell, Amazon Journal, 53-5.
72. J. Forbes Munro, 'Monopolists and Speculators: British Investment in West African Rubber, 1905-1914', Journal of African History, 22 (1981), 263-78; and 'British Rubber Companies in East Africa before the First World War', ibid., 24 (1983), 369-79. This circumstance seems to argue against the idea of connivance in forging the 'black' diaries in 1915-16 by either rubber interests or defenders of the moral reputation of the empire, as seems to be suggested by Mitchell, Amazon Journal, 53-5.
73. Report from the Select Committee, xix-xx, PP (1913) xiv, 148.
74. Ibid., xxi.
75. Hugh Tinker, A New System of Slavery: The Export of Indian Labour Overseas 1830-1920 (London, 1974); David Northrup, Indentured Labour in the Age of Imperialism, 1834-1922 (Cambridge, 1995).
76. Hugh Tinker, A New System of Slavery: The Export of Indian Labour Overseas 1830-1920 (London, 1974); David Northrup, Indentured Labour in the Age of Imperialism, 1834-1922 (Cambridge, 1995).
77. F. Maynard Smith, Frank, Bishop of Zanzibar: Life of Frank Weston, D.D. 1871-1924 (London, 1926), 191-202; most recently, Keith Clements, Faith on the Frontier: A Life of J.H. Oldham (Edinburgh, 1999), 185-8.
78. F. Maynard Smith, Frank, Bishop of Zanzibar: Life of Frank Weston, D.D. 1871-1924 (London, 1926), 191-202; most recently, Keith Clements, Faith on the Frontier: A Life of J.H. Oldham (Edinburgh, 1999), 185-8.
79. Evidence, 546 Q.13377, PP (1913) xiv, 148.