Wilfred G. Thesiger, Sir Edward Grey, and the British campaign to reform the Congo, 1905-9

Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History

Volumn 27, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 59-80

  Osborne, John B ^a  

^a MILLERSVILLE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033422083     PISSN: 03086534     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03086539908583047     Document Type: Review

References (103)

1. Jean Stengers and Jan Vansina, 'King Leopold's Congo, 1886-1908', in R. Oliver and G.N. Sanderson (ed.), Cambridge History of Africa, VI, (Cambridge, 1985), 325; W.R. Louis, 'Roger Casement and the Congo', Journal of African History, V, 1 (1964), 99.
2. Jean Stengers and Jan Vansina, 'King Leopold's Congo, 1886-1908', in R. Oliver and G.N. Sanderson (ed.), Cambridge History of Africa, VI, (Cambridge, 1985), 325; W.R. Louis, 'Roger Casement and the Congo', Journal of African History, V, 1 (1964), 99.
3. Hansard, 9 June 1904, 4th ser., cxxxv, 1273.
4. Arthur Hardinge, A Diplomatist in the East (London, 1928), 196.
5. Phipps to Lansdowne, 13 June 1902, no. 38, Africa, confidential, Public Record Office London, FO 403/327.
6. The Congo: A Report of the Commission of Enquiry (New York, 1906), 12-14.
7. Louis, 109; S. J. S. Cookey, Britain and the Congo Question, 1885-1913 (London, 1968), 93.
8. Cited in P. Singleton-Gates and M. Girodias, The Black Diaries (New York, 1959), 196.
9. Lansdowne to Phipps, 10 June 1905, no. 52, Africa, FO 403/364.
10. Farnall to Morel, 4 June 1905, Morel Papers, London School of Economics and Political Science (hereafter cited as Morel Papers), F8/61.
11. Memorandum by F.H. Villiers, 6 June 1904, FO 403/351.
12. Who Was Who 1920-1940.
13. Viscount Mountmorres, The Congo Independent State (London, 1906), 119.
14. Ibid., 159.
15. The Congo: A Report of Commission of Enquiry, 102-03.
16. Edward Grey, Twenty-Five Years: 1892-1916, 2 vols. (London, 1925), I, xxvii.
17. Ibid., 133.
18. Hansard, 9 June 1904, 4th ser., cxxxv, 1285-86.
19. Grey, 196.
20. Grey to Phipps, 9 Jan. 1906, no. 2, Africa, FO 403/372.
21. Grey to Hardinge, 16 April 1906, no. 44, Africa, FO 403/373.
22. Grey, 197.
23. Ibid., 197-98.
24. Ibid., 198-99.
25. A. Hardinge to E. Grey, 10 April 1907, no. 56, 'Confidential, General Report on Belgium for Year 1906', Charles Hardinge Archive, Cambridge University Library, Kent 02.
26. Hansard, 9 June 1904, 4th ser., cxxxv, 1288; 7 March 1905, ibid., cxlii, 1176.
27. Hansard, 9 June 1904, 4th ser., cxxxv, 1288; 7 March 1905, ibid., cxlii, 1176.
28. Ibid., 9 June 1904, 4th ser., cxxxv, 1289; 5 July 1906, ibid., clx, 323.
29. Ibid., 9 June 1904, 4th ser., cxxxv, 1289; 5 July 1906, ibid., clx, 323.
30. Morel to Cadbury, 18 July 1908, Cadbury Papers, cited in Louis, 'Morel and the Congo Reform Association', in W. R. Louis and J. Stengers, E.D. Morel's History of the Congo Reform Movement (Oxford, 1968), 218.
31. Zara Steiner, The Foreign Office and Foreign Policy, 1898-1914 (Cambridge, 1969), 197-98.
32. Ponsonby, 'EDM Rough Notes', n.d. Ponsonby Papers, Bodleian Library, Oxford University, C684.
33. Hansard, 22 July 1909, 5th ser., viii, 689.
34. Ibid., 690.
35. H. Temperley and L. M. Penson, A Century of Diplomatic Blue Books, 1814-1914 (Cambridge, 1938), 500.
36. Hansard, 22 July 1909, 5th ser., viii, 653.
37. Chirol to Morel, 18 Jan. 1907, Morel Papers, F8/30.
38. Ibid., 20 Oct. 1907.
39. Ibid., 9 June 1907.
40. Hardinge to Bryce, FO 19 Dec. 1907, Bryce Papers, Bodleian Library, Oxford University (hereafter cited as Bryce Papers) U.S.A. 27, fols. 197-200.
41. A. Hardinge to Barrington, 22 June 1906, private, FO 367/32: C. Hardinge, n.d., minute on Hardinge to Barrington, 22 June 1906, ibid.
42. Pearson, 11 June 1906, minute on Hardinge to Grey, 7 June 1906, no. 62, Africa, ibid.
43. Clarke, 27 June 1906, minute on Hardinge to Barrington, 22 June 1906, private, FO 367/32.
44. Clarke, 10 June 1906, minute on Hardinge to Grey, 7 June 1906, no. 62 Africa, ibid.
45. Cookey, 162.
46. Foreign Office to Michell, 24 July 1905, FO 403/364.
47. Grey to Nightingale, 28 March 1906, no. 4, Africa, telegraphic, FO 403/372.
48. Beak to Nightingale, 3 April 1907, no. 16, inc. in Cromie to Grey, 15 May 1907, no. 41, FO 403/387.
49. Michell to Nightingale, 23 March 1907, no. 11, inc. in Cromie to Grey, 18 April 1907, no. 30, FO 403/387.
50. Thesiger, n.d. memorandum, inc. in Thesiger to Grey, 31 Dec. 1907, FO 403/399.
51. Beak to Foreign Office, 6 Sept. 1907, no. 2, FO 403/399.
52. Hardinge to Grey, 10 March 1906, private letter, FO 800/42.
53. Clarke, n.d., minute on Nightingale to Clarke, 15 June 1907, FO 367/37.
54. J. O. Thorne (ed.), Chambers Biographical Dictionary (Edinburgh, 1968), 267-68.
55. Casement to Morel, 21 Oct. 1907, Morel Papers, F8/22.
56. D.C.M. Platt, The Cinderella Service, British Consuls since 1825 (Hamden, CT, 1971), 5-6.
57. Who Was Who: 1916-1928.
58. C. Hardinge to A. Nicholson, 14 Oct. 1907, FO 800/340.
59. Hansard, 24 Feb. 1908, 4th ser., clxxxiv, 1875.
60. Thesiger to Morel, 1 May 1909, Morel Papers, F8/115.
61. Thesiger to Mother [Adria Fanny Heath Thesiger], 16 Jan. 1908, Private papers of Wilfred G. Thesiger in the possession of Sir Wilfred Patrick Thesiger (hereafter cited as Thesiger Papers). I am grateful to Sir Wilfred for allowing me to use his father's papers in preparing this essay.
62. Ibid., 9 Feb. 1908.
63. Ibid., n.d.
64. Morel to Grey, 25 April 1908, FO 403/399.
65. Thesiger to Mother, 1 April 1908, Thesiger Papers.
66. Ibid., 29 April 1908.
67. Ibid., 1 April 1908, also memorandum, inc. in Thesiger to Grey, 23 April 1908, FO 403/399.
68. Ibid.
69. Thesiger to Katie (his brother Percy's wife), 14 May 1908, ibid.
70. Memorandum, inc. in Thesiger to Grey, 23 April 1908, FO 403/399.
71. Thesiger to Grey, 14 Sept. 1908, no. 80, FO 403/400.
72. Thesiger to Mother 16 June 1908, Thesiger Papers.
73. Thesiger to Grey, 14 Sept. 1908, No. 80, FO 403/400.
74. Ibid.
75. Ibid.
76. Thesiger to Mother, 17 July 1908, Thesiger Papers.
77. Thesiger to Grey, 14 Sept. 1908, no. 80, FO 403/400.
78. Ibid.
79. Thesiger to Mother, 17 March 1908, Thesiger Papers.
80. Memorandum, inc. in Thesiger to Grey, 23 April 1908, FO 403/399.
81. Grey, n.d., minute on memorandum, inc. in Thesiger to Grey, 23 April 1908, FO 403/399.
82. Clerk, n.d. minute on Thesiger to Grey, 23 April 1908, ibid.
83. Armstrong to Thesiger, 2 May 1909, no. 29, inc. in Thesiger to Grey, 5 June 1909, no. 59, FO 403/410.
84. Thesiger to Grey, 5 June 1909, ibid.
85. Foreign Office to Baptist Missionary Society, 18 May 1909, no. 108, FO 403/409.
86. Armstrong to Grey, 21 July 1909, no. 35, FO 403/410.
87. Grey, 19 Oct., 1909, memorandum, FO 899/7, also Cookey, 251.
88. Thesiger, 22 Aug. 1909, memorandum, FO 403/410.
89. Thesiger, 2 Sept. 1909, memorandum, FO 367/167; summarized in Cookey, 251-52.
90. Ibid.
91. C. Hardinge, n.d., minute on Thesiger, 2 Sept. 1909, ibid.
92. Grey, n.d. minute on Thesiger, 2 Sept. 1909, ibid.
93. Barrington, 1 Jan. 1910, memorandum, FO 367/211.
94. Hardinge to Grey, 4 Feb. 1910, no. 14, Africa, FO 403/417.
95. Thesiger to Mother, 17 March 1908, Thesiger Papers.
96. Ibid., 14 May 1908.
97. Ibid., 12 Jan. 1909.
98. Copy, Tyrell to Thesiger, 15 Jan. 1909, Private and Confidential!, ibid.
99. Thesiger to Mother, 10 March 1909, ibid.
100. Grey, memorandum, 19 Oct. 1909, FO 899/7.
101. Thesiger to Katie, Balmoral, n.d., Thesiger Papers.
102. Casement to Morel, 1 Aug. 1909, Morel Papers F8/23.
103. C. Hardinge to Bryce, 22 May 1908, Bryce Papers, U.S.A. 28, fols. 38-41.