The privatization of security

Armed Forces and Society

Volumn 28, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 129-151

  Mandel, Robert ^a  

^a LEWIS AND CLARK COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035568697     PISSN: 0095327X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X0102800107     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Mark Thompson, "Generals for Hire," Time, 147 (January 15, 1996): 34.
2. Michael T. Klare, "The Global Trade in Light Weapons and the International System in the Post-Cold War Era," in Lethal Commerce, eds. Jeffrey Boutwell, Michael T. Klare, and Laura W. Reed (Cambridge, MA: Committee on International Security Studies of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1995), 40.
3. Paul Lewis, "It's Not Just Governments that Make War and Peace Now," New York Times (November 28, 1998): B9, B11.
4. Robert Mandel, Deadly Transfers and the Global Playground (Westport. CT: Praeger, 1999), 39-46.
5. Michael Renner, "Curbing the Proliferation of Small Arms," in State of the World 1998, eds. Lester R. Brown and others (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1998), 134; and Michael Renner, Small Arms, Big Impact: The Next Challenge of Disarmament (Washington, D.C.: Worldwatch Institute Paper 137, October 1997), 17.
6. Michael Renner, "Curbing the Proliferation of Small Arms," in State of the World 1998, eds. Lester R. Brown and others (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1998), 134; and Michael Renner, Small Arms, Big Impact: The Next Challenge of Disarmament (Washington, D.C.: Worldwatch Institute Paper 137, October 1997), 17.
7. International Alert, "An Assessment of the Mercenary Issue at the Fifty-Fifth Session of the UN Commission on Human Rights" (unpublished paper, May 1999).
8. Ibid.
9. David Shearer, Private Armies and Military Intervention (London: Oxford University Press, International Institute for Strategic Studies Adelphi Paper #316, 1998), 27-29.
10. Ken Silverstein, "Privatizing War," Nation 265 (July 28/August 4, 1997): 12.
11. Mandel, Deadly Transfers and the Global Playground, 1-13, 95-102.
12. Shearer, Private Armies and Military Intervention, 32-34.
13. Edward J. Blakely and Mary Gail Snyder, Fortress America: Gated Communities in the United States (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1997), 26.
14. Shearer, Private Armies and Military Intervention, 74.
15. Harvey Feigenbaum, Jeffrey Henig, and Chris Hamnett, Shrinking the State: The Political Underpinnings of Privatization (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
16. Summary of Proceedings, Defense Intelligence Agency Conference, "The Privatization of Security in Sub-Saharan Africa" (Washington, DC: unpublished document, July 24, 1998), 1-2.
17. Shearer, Private Armies and Military Intervention, 69-72.
18. David Isenberg, Soldiers of Fortune Ltd.: A Profile of Today's Private Sector Corpo-rate Mercenary Firms (Washington DC: Center for Defense Information Monograph, November 1997), 1.
19. Jeff Herbst, "The Regulation of Private Security Forces," in The Privatisation of Security in Africa, eds. Greg Mills and John Stremlau (Johannesburg: South African Institute of International Affairs, 1999), 109; and Robert Mandel, "What Are We Protecting?" Armed Forces & Society 22 (Spring 1996): 335-355.
20. Jeff Herbst, "The Regulation of Private Security Forces," in The Privatisation of Security in Africa, eds. Greg Mills and John Stremlau (Johannesburg: South African Institute of International Affairs, 1999), 109; and Robert Mandel, "What Are We Protecting?" Armed Forces & Society 22 (Spring 1996): 335-355.
21. Janice E. Thomson, Mercenaries, Pirates, and Sovereigns: Slate-Building and Extraterritorial Violence in Early Modern Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), 2.
22. Ibid., 21.
23. David Shearer, "Outsourcing War," Foreign Policy 112 (Fall 1998): 75.
24. Owen Greene, "From Mercenaries to Private Security Companies: Options for Future Policy Research." Presentation at a Consultation on Private Military Companies held at the International Alert Offices in London on December 8, 1998.
25. Herbert M. Howe, "Global Order and the Privatization of Security," Fletcher Forum of World Affairs 22 (Summer/Fall 1998): 4.
26. Edward J. Blakely and Mary Gail Snyder, "Places to Hide," American Demographics 19 (May 1997): 25.
27. John Harker, "Mercenaries: Private Power, Public Insecurity?" Life & Peace Institute (April 1998), http://www.life-peace.org/nroutes/merc498.htm, 7.
28. Silverstein, "Privatizing War," 12.
29. Brace D. Grant, "U.S. Military Expenditure for Sale: Private Military Consultants as a Tool of Foreign Policy." Unpublished paper entered in the 1998 Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Strategy Essay Competition, Institute for National Strategic Studies, 1998.
30. Summary of Proceedings, 1-2.
31. Howe, "Global Order and the Privatization of Security," 4.
32. Interview with Ed Soyster, Vice President for Operations, MPRI, Alexandria, VA, July 23, 1999.
33. David Isenberg, "Have Lawyer, Accountant, and Guns, Will Fight: The New Post-Cold War Mercenaries." Paper presented at the annual national meeting of the International Studies Association (Washington, DC: February 19, 1999), 9.
34. Thomas K. Adams, "The New Mercenaries and the Privatization of Conflict," Parameters 19 (Summer 1999): 103-116.
35. Shearer, Private Armies and Military Intervention, 24.
36. David Isenberg, "Have Lawyer, Accountant, and Guns, Will Fight," 9.
37. Shearer, Private Armies and Military Intervention, 23-24.
38. "Can Anyone Curb Africa's Dogs of War?" Economist 350 (January 16, 1999), 41.
39. Marcus Mabry, "Soldiers of Misfortune," Newsweek 129 (February 24, 1997), 40-41.
40. Herbert M. Howe, "Private Security Forces and African Stability: The Case of Executive Outcomes," Journal of Modern African Studies 36 (1998): 313-314.
41. William Reno, "Privatizing War in Sierra Leone," Current History 96 (May 1997): 228-229.
42. Kevin Whitelaw, "Have Gun, Will Prop Up Regime," U.S. News & World Report 122 (January 20, 1997), 47.
43. Reno, "Privatizing War in Sierra Leone," 229-230.
44. O'Brien, "Freelance Forces," 43.
45. Papua New Guinea: Executive Incomers," Economist 342 (March 1, 1997): 40.
46. Keith Suter, "Mercenaries, Mines and Mistakes," World Today 53 (November 1997), 278.
47. Ibid.
48. "Papua New Guinea: Line in the Sand," Economist 342 (March 29, 1997), 45.
49. Ibid., 44-45.
50. Isenberg, "Have Lawyer, Accountant, and Guns, Will Fight," 5-6.
51. O'Brien, "Freelance Forces," 44.
52. BP's Secret Soldiers (Washington, DC: Center for Defense Information, June 1997), http://www.cdi.org/armstradedatabase/CONTROUSmall_Arms/Mercenaries/ BP's_Secret_Soldiers.txt, 5.
53. Colombia: BP at War," Economist 344 (July 19, 1997), 33.
54. Ibid.
55. BP's Secret Soldiers, 3.
56. "Colombia: BP at War," 34.
57. BP's Secret Soldiers, 9-10.
58. Isenberg, Soldiers of Fortune Ltd., 15.
59. Thompson, "Generals for Hire," 35.
60. Isenberg, Soldiers of Fortune Ltd., 15; and O'Brien, "Freelance Forces," 44.
61. Isenberg, Soldiers of Fortune Ltd., 15; and O'Brien, "Freelance Forces," 44.
62. Isenberg, Soldiers of Fortune Ltd., 15.
63. Interview with Ed Soyster.
64. Mike Zielinski, "Armed and Dangerous: Private Police on the March," Covert Action Quarterly http://www.caq.com/CAQ54p.police.html, 1-3.
65. Blakely and Snyder, Fortress America, 1-11, 99-101.
66. Ibid., 100; and Zielinski, "Armed and Dangerous," 3.
67. Ibid., 100; and Zielinski, "Armed and Dangerous," 3.
68. Zielinski, "Armed and Dangerous," 3-9.
69. Blakely and Snyder, Fortress America, 120-121; and Blakely and Snyder, "Places to Hide," 23-25.
70. Blakely and Snyder, Fortress America, 120-121; and Blakely and Snyder, "Places to Hide," 23-25.
71. Gallagher, "Anti-Social Security," 23.
72. Ibid., 22-23.
73. Ibid.
74. Ibid., 24.
75. "Behind the Razor Wire," Economist 350 (January 16, 1999), 42.
76. Howe, "Global Order and the Privatization of Security," 8.
77. "Behind the Razor Wire," 42.
78. Ibid.
79. Ibid.
80. Ibid.
81. Rigoberto Tiglao, "Philippines: Safety Catch," Far Eastern Economic Review 156 (September 16, 1993), 26; and "Philippines: Private Armies, Public Enemies," 34.
82. Rigoberto Tiglao, "Philippines: Safety Catch," Far Eastern Economic Review 156 (September 16, 1993), 26; and "Philippines: Private Armies, Public Enemies," 34.
83. "Philippines: Safety Catch," 26.
84. Donald Goertzen, "Muzzling Illicit Guns," Far Eastern Economic Review 153 (July 25, 1991), 35.
85. "Philippines: Safety Catch," 26.
86. "Philippines: Private Armies, Public Enemies," 34.
87. "Philippines: Separatists and Warlords," Economist 350 (February 6, 1999), 44.
88. Mandel, Deadly Transfers and the Global Playground, 91; Summary of Proceedings, 1-2; and Thomson, Mercenaries, Pirates, and Sovereigns, 2.
89. Mandel, Deadly Transfers and the Global Playground, 91; Summary of Proceedings, 1-2; and Thomson, Mercenaries, Pirates, and Sovereigns, 2.
90. Mandel, Deadly Transfers and the Global Playground, 91; Summary of Proceedings, 1-2; and Thomson, Mercenaries, Pirates, and Sovereigns, 2.
91. Herbst, "The Regulation of Private Security Forces," 117-122.
92. Adams, "The New Mercenaries and the Privatization of Conflict," 103-116.
93. Greene, "From Mercenaries to Private Security Companies;" International Alert, "An Assessment of the Mercenary Issue;" and Summary of Proceedings, 1-2.
94. Greene, "From Mercenaries to Private Security Companies;" International Alert, "An Assessment of the Mercenary Issue;" and Summary of Proceedings, 1-2.
95. Private Communication from Michael Renner, June 3. 1999; and International Alert, "Executive Summary of A Consultation on Private Military Companies" (London: unpublished paper, December 8, 1998), 1.