What are we protecting?

Armed Forces and Society

Volumn 22, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 335-355

  Mandel, Robert ^a  

^a LEWIS AND CLARK COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030530035     PISSN: 0095327X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X9602200301     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. See, for example, Barry Buzan, People, States and Fear (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1991); Brian L. Job, ed., The Insecurity Dilemma: National Security of Third World States (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1992); Richard Shultz, Roy Godson, and Ted Greenwood, eds., Security Studies for the 1990s (New York: Brassey's, 1993); Joseph J. Romm, Defining National Security: The Nonmilitary Aspects (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1993); and Robert Mandel, The Changing Face of National Security: A Conceptual Analysis (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994).
2. See, for example, Barry Buzan, People, States and Fear (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1991); Brian L. Job, ed., The Insecurity Dilemma: National Security of Third World States (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1992); Richard Shultz, Roy Godson, and Ted Greenwood, eds., Security Studies for the 1990s (New York: Brassey's, 1993); Joseph J. Romm, Defining National Security: The Nonmilitary Aspects (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1993); and Robert Mandel, The Changing Face of National Security: A Conceptual Analysis (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994).
3. See, for example, Barry Buzan, People, States and Fear (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1991); Brian L. Job, ed., The Insecurity Dilemma: National Security of Third World States (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1992); Richard Shultz, Roy Godson, and Ted Greenwood, eds., Security Studies for the 1990s (New York: Brassey's, 1993); Joseph J. Romm, Defining National Security: The Nonmilitary Aspects (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1993); and Robert Mandel, The Changing Face of National Security: A Conceptual Analysis (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994).
4. See, for example, Barry Buzan, People, States and Fear (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1991); Brian L. Job, ed., The Insecurity Dilemma: National Security of Third World States (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1992); Richard Shultz, Roy Godson, and Ted Greenwood, eds., Security Studies for the 1990s (New York: Brassey's, 1993); Joseph J. Romm, Defining National Security: The Nonmilitary Aspects (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1993); and Robert Mandel, The Changing Face of National Security: A Conceptual Analysis (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994).
5. See, for example, Barry Buzan, People, States and Fear (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1991); Brian L. Job, ed., The Insecurity Dilemma: National Security of Third World States (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1992); Richard Shultz, Roy Godson, and Ted Greenwood, eds., Security Studies for the 1990s (New York: Brassey's, 1993); Joseph J. Romm, Defining National Security: The Nonmilitary Aspects (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1993); and Robert Mandel, The Changing Face of National Security: A Conceptual Analysis (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994).
6. David Held and Anthony McGrew, "Globalization and the Liberal Democratic State," Government and Opposition, XXVIII (Spring 1993): 266.
7. Mandel, The Changing Face of National Security, 21.
8. Ibid., xvi.
9. Ibid., 1-14.
10. Robert B. Reich, The Work of Nations (New York: Vintage Books, 1992), 303-304.
11. Gordon Pocock, "Nation, Community, Devolution and Sovereignty," Political Quarterly, LXI (July/September 1990): 326.
12. Buzan, People, States and Fear, 11.
13. J. Samuel Barkin and Bruce Cronin, "The State and the Nation: Changing Norms and Rules of Sovereignty in International Relations," International Organization, LXVIII (Winter 1994): 108.
14. Anthony Smith, National Identity (London: Penguin Books, 1991), 168.
15. Gidon Gottlieb, Nation Against State (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1993), 14-15.
16. Pocock, "Nation," 318-19, 326.
17. Bruce E. Moon and William J. Dixon, "Politics, the State, and Basic Human Needs: A Cross-National Study," American Journal of Political Science, XXIX (November 1985): 661-94.
18. Robert H. Jackson, Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 26-31.
19. Beverly Crawford, "The New Security Dilemma Under International Economic Interdependence." Millenium, XXIII (Spring 1994): 25.
20. Gertrude E. Schroeder, "On the Economic Viability of New Nation-States," Journal of International Affairs, XLV (Winter 1992): 549.
21. Smith, National Identity, 175.
22. Raymond Vernon and Ethan B. Kapstein, "National Needs, Global Resources," in Defense and Dependence in a Global Economy, ed. Raymond Vernon and Ethan B. Kapstein. (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, 1992), 19; and Theodore H. Moran, The Globalization of America's Defense Industries: Managing the Threat of Foreign Dependence." International Security, XV (Summer 1990): 57-100.
23. Raymond Vernon and Ethan B. Kapstein, "National Needs, Global Resources," in Defense and Dependence in a Global Economy, ed. Raymond Vernon and Ethan B. Kapstein. (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, 1992), 19; and Theodore H. Moran, The Globalization of America's Defense Industries: Managing the Threat of Foreign Dependence." International Security, XV (Summer 1990): 57-100.
24. Andrew Moravcsik, "Arms and Autarky in Modern European History," in Vernon and Kapstein, Defense and Dependence, 23.
25. Gene M. Lyons and Michael Mastanduno, "International Intervention, State Sovereignty and the Future of International Society," International Social Sciences Journal, XLV (November 1993): 518.
26. Buzan, People, States and Fear, 298-299.
27. Mandel, The Changing Face of National Security, 135-136.
28. Ibid., 47-102.
29. Kenneth W, Paddington, "Sovereignty and the Environment," Environment, XXXIV (September 1989): 38.
30. Ole Waever, Power, Principles and Perspectivism: Peaceful Change in Post-Cold War Europe (Copenhagen: Centre for Peace and Conflict Research Working Paper #25, December 1993).
31. William Wallace, "Foreign Policy and National Identity in the United Kingdom," International Affairs, LXVII (January 1991): 78.
32. Smith, National Identity, 11-12, 123.
33. This element emerged from discussion with David W. Ziegler, Professor of Political Science at Western Washington State University, at the Regional Seminar on Teaching National and International Security, Lewis and Clark College, Portland, Oregon, November 1993.
34. Norman L. Hicks, "Growth vs. Basic Needs: Is There a Trade-Off?," World Development, 7 (1979): 985-994.
35. Vernon and Kapstein, "National Needs," 3.
36. Buzan, People, States and Fear, 140-42.
37. Job, The Insecurity Dilemma.
38. Barry Buzan, "Is International Security Possible?," in New Thinking About Strategy and International Security, ed. Ken Booth (London: HarperCollins, 1991), 53.
39. Robert C. Johansen, "Military Policies and the State System as Impediments to Democracy," Political Studies, XL (1992): 99.
40. Gerald B. Helman and Steven R. Rather, "Saving Failed States," Foreign Policy, no. 89 (Winter 1992/93): 3.
41. Pocock, "Nation," 318.
42. Walker Conner, "When is a Nation?," Ethnic and Racial Studies, XIII (January 1990): 100.
43. Robert Mandel, "Public Opinion and Superpower Strategic Arms," Armed Forces & Society, 17 (Spring 1991): 209-227; and Bruce M. Russett, Controlling the Sword: The Democratic Governance of National Security (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990).
44. Robert Mandel, "Public Opinion and Superpower Strategic Arms," Armed Forces & Society, 17 (Spring 1991): 209-227; and Bruce M. Russett, Controlling the Sword: The Democratic Governance of National Security (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990).
45. Bruce M. Russett, What Price Vigilance? (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970), 157.
46. Ole Waever, Securitization and Desecuritization (Copenhagen: Centre for Peace and Conflict Research Working Paper #5, January 1993), 21.
47. David Fabbro, "Peaceful Societies," in The War System: An Interdisciplinary Approach, ed. Richard A. Falk and Samuel S. Kim (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1980).
48. Michael Lind, "In Defense of Liberal Nationalism," Foreign Affairs, LXXIII (May/ June 1994): 92-94.