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1
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0346803933
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Presidency Conclusions
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See Presidency Conclusions. Available at http://ue.eu.int/Info/eurocouncil/index.htm
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2
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0346173431
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Commission Communication "eEurope - An Information Society for All". COM (1999)687 final
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Commission Communication "eEurope - An Information Society for All". COM (1999)687 final. Available at http://europa.eu.int/comm/information_society/eeurope /documentation/index_en.htm
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3
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0348064894
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Commission and Council Action Plan "eEurope 2002"
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Commission and Council Action Plan "eEurope 2002". Available at http:// europa.eu.int/comm/information_society/eeurope/documentation/index_en.htm
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4
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0346803911
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Presidency Conclusions at 22
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See Presidency Conclusions at 22. Available at http://ue.eu.int/Info/eurocouncil /index.htm
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5
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0346173432
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note
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For that purpose measures shall be taken in order to achieve: a) cheaper and faster Internet access, b) faster Internet for researchers and students, c) secure networks and smart cards.
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6
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0348064911
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-
note
-
A key-target that implies: a) introduction of European youth to the digital age; b) working in the knowledge-based economy; c) participation for all in the knowledge-based economy.
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7
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0347434627
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note
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For this purpose, the following should also be promoted: a) government online: electronic access to public services; b) health online; c) European digital content for global networks; d) intelligent transport systems.
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8
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0346803908
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A European Initiative for Electronic Commerce
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COM 157 final, "Any form of business transaction in which the parties interact electronically rather than by physical exchanges or direct physical contact"
-
See the Commission Communication "A European Initiative for Electronic Commerce" (COM(1997) 157 final), at 5 and Electronic Commerce - An Introduction: "Any form of business transaction in which the parties interact electronically rather than by physical exchanges or direct physical contact". Available at http://europa.eu.int/ISPO/ecommerce /answers/introduction.html.
-
(1997)
Electronic Commerce - An Introduction
, pp. 5
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-
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9
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-
58049157193
-
-
Cavendish, London
-
The so-called business-to-business sector of electronic commerce. An example in this category would be a company that uses a network for ordering from its suppliers, receiving invoices and making payments. This category of electronic commerce has been well established for several years, particularly using Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) over private or value-added networks. See Rowland and McDonald, Information Technology Law (Cavendish, London, 1997), pp. 225-242 and Julia Barceló, Comercio electrónico entre empresarios (Tirant lo Blanch, Valencia, 2000). The use of EDI was also the object of Commission Recommendation 94/820 of 19 Oct. 1994 relating to the legal aspects of electronic data interchange, O.J. 1994, L 338/98.
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(1997)
Information Technology Law
, pp. 225-242
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-
Rowland1
McDonald2
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10
-
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0347434585
-
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Tirant lo Blanch, Valencia, The use of EDI was also the object of Commission Recommendation 94/820 of 19 Oct. 1994 relating to the legal aspects of electronic data interchange, O.J. 1994, L 338/98
-
The so-called business-to-business sector of electronic commerce. An example in this category would be a company that uses a network for ordering from its suppliers, receiving invoices and making payments. This category of electronic commerce has been well established for several years, particularly using Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) over private or value-added networks. See Rowland and McDonald, Information Technology Law (Cavendish, London, 1997), pp. 225-242 and Julia Barceló, Comercio electrónico entre empresarios (Tirant lo Blanch, Valencia, 2000). The use of EDI was also the object of Commission Recommendation 94/820 of 19 Oct. 1994 relating to the legal aspects of electronic data interchange, O.J. 1994, L 338/98.
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(2000)
Comercio Electrónico Entre Empresarios
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Barceló, J.1
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11
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0348064891
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Réseaux contre marchés
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Unlike tangible goods, intangible goods such as digitalized contents accessible over Internet, can be reproduced. You can only distribute a tangible good once, but you can distribute as many copies of intangible goods as you want. This circumstance is said to involve changes in the conception of the economic markets, see Rifkin, "Réseaux contre marchés", Le Monde Diplomatique, No. 568, 22-23.
-
Le Monde Diplomatique
, vol.568
, pp. 22-23
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-
Rifkin1
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12
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0033411126
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-
36 CML Rev.
-
Information to be digitalized for its subsequent storing, processing and electronic delivery includes text, audio and video files. The coalescing of the broadcasting, electronic communications and information technology sector has been addressed in the European Commission "Green Paper on the Convergence of the Telecommunications, Media and Information Technology Sectors" (COM(1997)632 final). See also Grewlich, "Cyberspace: Sector-specified regulation and competition rules in European telecommunications", 36 CML Rev. (1999), 937-938.
-
(1999)
Cyberspace: Sector-specified Regulation and Competition Rules in European Telecommunications
, pp. 937-938
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-
Grewlich1
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13
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-
77649252523
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La Directive sur le commerce électronique. Le projet 'Méditerranée'
-
"L'Internet et le Marché intérieur ont pour point commun de supprimer les frontières, physiques pour le premier, juridiques pour le second": see Crabit, "La Directive sur le commerce électronique. Le projet 'Méditerranée'", (2000) Revue du Droit de l'Union européenne, 753.
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(2000)
Revue du Droit de l'Union Européenne
, pp. 753
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Crabit1
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14
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77952770986
-
-
See Action Plan at p. 2.
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Action Plan
, pp. 2
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-
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15
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0346803813
-
-
Directive 2000/31 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2000 on certain legal aspects of Information Society services, in particular electronic commerce, in the Internal Market (Directive on electronic commerce, O.J. 2000, L 178/1). Documents issued through the long procedure of adoption can be accessed in the University of Alicante Intellectual Property and Information Technologies Internet Portal
-
Directive 2000/31 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2000 on certain legal aspects of Information Society services, in particular electronic commerce, in the Internal Market (Directive on electronic commerce, O.J. 2000, L 178/1). Documents issued through the long procedure of adoption can be accessed in the University of Alicante Intellectual Property and Information Technologies Internet Portal: http://www.uaipit.com
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16
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0346173429
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Art. 22
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Art. 22.
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17
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0347434522
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O.J. 2001, L 167/10
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O.J. 2001, L 167/10.
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18
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0346173373
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O.J. 2000, L 13/12
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O.J. 2000, L 13/12.
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19
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0346173339
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La Directiva sobre el Comercio Electrónico. Mercado interior y servicios de la Sociedad de la Informacion
-
Mateu de Ros and Cendoya Mendez de Vigo (Eds.), Aranzadi, Pamplona
-
Desantes Real: "La Directiva sobre el Comercio Electrónico. Mercado interior y servicios de la Sociedad de la Informacion" in Mateu de Ros and Cendoya Mendez de Vigo (Eds.), Derecho de Internet. Contratación Electrónica y Firma Digital (Aranzadi, Pamplona, 2000), p. 323-338.
-
(2000)
Derecho de Internet. Contratación Electrónica Y Firma Digital
, pp. 323-338
-
-
Real, D.1
-
20
-
-
0347434517
-
-
See Commission Proposal for a Directive on certain legal aspects of electronic commerce in the internal market (COM(1998)586 final), p. 15
-
See Commission Proposal for a Directive on certain legal aspects of electronic commerce in the internal market (COM(1998)586 final), p. 15.
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-
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21
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0346803856
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-
Art. 1
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Art. 1.
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22
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0347434591
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Recital 10
-
Recital 10.
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-
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23
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0348064835
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Art. 1(5)
-
Art. 1(5).
-
-
-
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24
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0346173425
-
-
Governed by Directive 95/46 of 24 Oct. 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data (O.J. 1995, L 281/31) and Directive 97/66 of 15 Dec. 1997 concerning the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the telecommunications sector (O.J. 1998, L 24/1)
-
Governed by Directive 95/46 of 24 Oct. 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data (O.J. 1995, L 281/31) and Directive 97/66 of 15 Dec. 1997 concerning the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the telecommunications sector (O.J. 1998, L 24/1).
-
-
-
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25
-
-
0346803900
-
-
Proposal for a Council Directive amending Directive 77/388/EEC as regards the value added tax arrangements applicable to certain services supplied by electronic means and Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation 218/92 on administrative co-operation in the field of indirect taxation (VAT) (Doc COM(2000)349 final, O.J. 2000, C 337 E/65.)
-
Proposal for a Council Directive amending Directive 77/388/EEC as regards the value added tax arrangements applicable to certain services supplied by electronic means and Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation 218/92 on administrative co-operation in the field of indirect taxation (VAT) (Doc COM(2000)349 final, O.J. 2000, C 337 E/65.)
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-
-
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26
-
-
0346173416
-
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Commission Proposal for a Directive on a common regulatory framework for electronic communication networks and services (COM(2000)393 final, O.J. 2000, C 365 E/1). Recently, a public consultation has been opened by the Commission pursuant to a Draft Commission Directive on competition in the markets for electronic communication services, O.J. 2001, C 96/2
-
Commission Proposal for a Directive on a common regulatory framework for electronic communication networks and services (COM(2000)393 final, O.J. 2000, C 365 E/1). Recently, a public consultation has been opened by the Commission pursuant to a Draft Commission Directive on competition in the markets for electronic communication services, O.J. 2001, C 96/2.
-
-
-
-
27
-
-
0347434594
-
-
note
-
See Recital 12. Those areas are: a) activities of notaries or other professions involving a direct and specific connection with the exercise of public authority, b) representation and defence of a client before a court, and c) gambling activities.
-
-
-
-
28
-
-
0346173413
-
-
In the Television Broadcasting sector, Council Directive 89/552/EEC of 3 Oct. 1989 on the co-ordination of certain provisions laid down by Law, Regulation or Administrative Action in Member States concerning the pursuit of television broadcasting activities (O.J. 1989, L 298/23), modified by Directive 97/36 of 30 June 1997 (O.J. 1998, L 6/43); in the field of digital signature service providers, Directive 99/93, cited supra note 16; in the field of services of conditional access, Directive 98/84, cited supra note 28; or in the field of protection of personal data, Directive 95/46, cited supra note 22
-
In the Television Broadcasting sector, Council Directive 89/552/EEC of 3 Oct. 1989 on the co-ordination of certain provisions laid down by Law, Regulation or Administrative Action in Member States concerning the pursuit of television broadcasting activities (O.J. 1989, L 298/23), modified by Directive 97/36 of 30 June 1997 (O.J. 1998, L 6/43); in the field of digital signature service providers, Directive 99/93, cited supra note 16; in the field of services of conditional access, Directive 98/84, cited supra note 28; or in the field of protection of personal data, Directive 95/46, cited supra note 22.
-
-
-
-
29
-
-
0348064883
-
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Directive 98/34 laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations and of rules on Information Society services (O.J. 1998, L 204/37), amended by Directive 98/48/EC (O.J. 1998, L 217/18)
-
Directive 98/34 laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations and of rules on Information Society services (O.J. 1998, L 204/37), amended by Directive 98/48/EC (O.J. 1998, L 217/18).
-
-
-
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30
-
-
0348064885
-
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Directive 98/84 on the legal protection of services based on, or consisting of, conditional access, O.J. 1998, L 320/54
-
Directive 98/84 on the legal protection of services based on, or consisting of, conditional access, O.J. 1998, L 320/54.
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-
-
-
31
-
-
0346173419
-
-
Recital 17
-
Recital 17.
-
-
-
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32
-
-
0347434583
-
-
note
-
E.g. think of the convergence between the Internet and mobile phone thanks to the WAP (wireless application protocol) technology.
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-
-
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33
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0348064887
-
-
See Art. 2(b) and (c)
-
See Art. 2(b) and (c).
-
-
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-
34
-
-
0346803910
-
-
note
-
For instance, a person who has a website where he exhibits his drawings and poems is a "service provider" in the sense of letter b), the owner of the server where the website of that person is hosted is an "established service provider".
-
-
-
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35
-
-
0346803906
-
-
See Recital 18
-
See Recital 18.
-
-
-
-
36
-
-
0347434593
-
-
Case C-221/89 [1991] ECR1-3905, at 20
-
Case C-221/89 [1991] ECR1-3905, at 20.
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-
-
-
37
-
-
0346803904
-
-
note
-
As such, services provided by European companies through an access provider located in Israel are subject to the provisions of the Directive. An American company providing its services in Europe through a provider located in Spain, might be subject to different requirements from those of the Directive.
-
-
-
-
38
-
-
0346173430
-
-
Case C-56/96, [1997] ECR I-3134
-
Case C-56/96, [1997] ECR I-3134.
-
-
-
-
39
-
-
0348064884
-
-
See e.g. Art. 2 of the Brussels Convention of 1968 on jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (O.J. 1998, L 27/1.) or Art. 4(2) of the Rome Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations (O.J. 1998, C 27/34)
-
See e.g. Art. 2 of the Brussels Convention of 1968 on jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (O.J. 1998, L 27/1.) or Art. 4(2) of the Rome Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations (O.J. 1998, C 27/34).
-
-
-
-
40
-
-
0348064895
-
-
See Crabit, op. cit. supra note 12, 766
-
See Crabit, op. cit. supra note 12, 766.
-
-
-
-
42
-
-
0346803902
-
-
See infra, remainder of this subsection
-
See infra, remainder of this subsection.
-
-
-
-
43
-
-
0346803901
-
-
Case 205/84, Commission v. Germany, [1986] ECR 3793; Case C-76/90, Dennemeyer, [1990] ECR I-4239; Case C-154/89, Commission v. France, [1991] ECR 682; Case C-180/89, Commission v. Italy, [1991], I-718; Case C-198/89, Commission v. Greece, [1991] 735; Case C-384/93, Alpine Investments, [1995] ECR I-1167; Case C-3/95, Reiseburo Broede, [1996] ECR I-6511; Case C-272/94, Guiot, [1994] ECR I-1915
-
Case 205/84, Commission v. Germany, [1986] ECR 3793; Case C-76/90, Dennemeyer, [1990] ECR I-4239; Case C-154/89, Commission v. France, [1991] ECR 682; Case C-180/89, Commission v. Italy, [1991], I-718; Case C-198/89, Commission v. Greece, [1991] 735; Case C-384/93, Alpine Investments, [1995] ECR I-1167; Case C-3/95, Reiseburo Broede, [1996] ECR I-6511; Case C-272/94, Guiot, [1994] ECR I-1915.
-
-
-
-
44
-
-
0346173427
-
-
See Crabit, op. cit. supra note 12, 767-768
-
See Crabit, op. cit. supra note 12, 767-768.
-
-
-
-
45
-
-
84888555757
-
-
cited supra note 42
-
Alpine Investments, cited supra note 42.
-
Alpine Investments
-
-
-
46
-
-
0348064889
-
-
Joined Cases C-267/91 and 268/91, Keck and Mithouard, [1993] ECR I-6097, para 16
-
Joined Cases C-267/91 and 268/91, Keck and Mithouard, [1993] ECR I-6097, para 16.
-
-
-
-
47
-
-
0347434590
-
-
Para 38. See also Cases C-34-36/95, Konsumentombudsmannen v. De Agostini and others, [1997] ECR I-3843, paras. 41-44
-
Para 38. See also Cases C-34-36/95, Konsumentombudsmannen v. De Agostini and others, [1997] ECR I-3843, paras. 41-44.
-
-
-
-
49
-
-
0346803905
-
-
According to Crabit, the Directive provides "une approche transversale en trois dimensions". Those dimensions are: the horizontal nature of the Directive, the omni-comprehensive co-ordinated field, and the regulation of all the different steps of the economic activity of the Information Society service. See Crabit, op. cit. supra note 12, 764 and following
-
According to Crabit, the Directive provides "une approche transversale en trois dimensions". Those dimensions are: the horizontal nature of the Directive, the omni-comprehensive co-ordinated field, and the regulation of all the different steps of the economic activity of the Information Society service. See Crabit, op. cit. supra note 12, 764 and following.
-
-
-
-
51
-
-
0346173420
-
-
In the case of copyright and related rights, adaptation of the existing framework to the Information society has been attained in Directive 2001/29, cited supra note 15. It provides a harmonized solution for the adaptation and supplementation of Member States legislations so as to respond adequately to the new forms of exploitation of works of art (see Recital 5)
-
In the case of copyright and related rights, adaptation of the existing framework to the Information society has been attained in Directive 2001/29, cited supra note 15. It provides a harmonized solution for the adaptation and supplementation of Member States legislations so as to respond adequately to the new forms of exploitation of works of art (see Recital 5).
-
-
-
-
52
-
-
0346803907
-
-
Directive 2000/46 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 Sept. 2000 on the taking up, pursuit and prudential supervision of the business of electronic money institutions. (O.J. 2000, L 275/39) in respect of Member States which have applied the exemptions established in Art. 8(1) of this Directive
-
Directive 2000/46 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 Sept. 2000 on the taking up, pursuit and prudential supervision of the business of electronic money institutions. (O.J. 2000, L 275/39) in respect of Member States which have applied the exemptions established in Art. 8(1) of this Directive.
-
-
-
-
53
-
-
0346173418
-
-
Art. 30 and Title IV of Directive 92/49/EEC (O.J. 1992, L 228/1. Last amended by Directive 95/26/EC), Title IV of Directive 92/96/EEC (O.J. 1992, L 360/1. Last amended by Directive 95/26/EC), Arts. 7 and 8 of Directive 88/357/EEC (O.J. 1988, L 172/1. Last amended by Directive 92/49/EC), and Art. 4 of Directive 90/619/EEC (O.J. 1990, L 330/50. Last amended by Directive 92/96/EC)
-
Art. 30 and Title IV of Directive 92/49/EEC (O.J. 1992, L 228/1. Last amended by Directive 95/26/EC), Title IV of Directive 92/96/EEC (O.J. 1992, L 360/1. Last amended by Directive 95/26/EC), Arts. 7 and 8 of Directive 88/357/EEC (O.J. 1988, L 172/1. Last amended by Directive 92/49/EC), and Art. 4 of Directive 90/619/EEC (O.J. 1990, L 330/50. Last amended by Directive 92/96/EC).
-
-
-
-
54
-
-
0347434589
-
-
They are listed in Recital 11
-
They are listed in Recital 11.
-
-
-
-
55
-
-
0346803909
-
-
See Art. 6 Directive 93/13, Art. 12 Directive 97/7 and Art. 8 of Directive 99/44
-
See Art. 6 Directive 93/13, Art. 12 Directive 97/7 and Art. 8 of Directive 99/44.
-
-
-
-
56
-
-
0346173422
-
-
E.g.: freedom of the parties to choose the applicable law to their contract - in our opinion, unnecessary insofar as the Directive does not aim to modify existing rules of Private International Law (Art. 1 (4)); formal validity of contracts in real estate; the permissibility of unsolicited commercial communications by e-mail - this should have been mentioned in the precise provision dealing with these communications
-
E.g.: freedom of the parties to choose the applicable law to their contract - in our opinion, unnecessary insofar as the Directive does not aim to modify existing rules of Private International Law (Art. 1 (4)); formal validity of contracts in real estate; the permissibility of unsolicited commercial communications by e-mail - this should have been mentioned in the precise provision dealing with these communications.
-
-
-
-
57
-
-
0348064888
-
-
Case 33/74, Van Binsbergen, [1974] ECR 1299 and Joined Cases 110 & 111/78, Ministère Public and ASBL v. Van Wesemael, [1979] ECR 35
-
Case 33/74, Van Binsbergen, [1974] ECR 1299 and Joined Cases 110 & 111/78, Ministère Public and ASBL v. Van Wesemael, [1979] ECR 35.
-
-
-
-
58
-
-
0346173428
-
-
Recital 25
-
Recital 25.
-
-
-
-
59
-
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0348064892
-
-
Case 41/74, van Duyn, [1974] ECR 1337, para 18
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Case 41/74, van Duyn, [1974] ECR 1337, para 18.
-
-
-
-
60
-
-
0347434588
-
-
Cases 115, 116/81, Adoui and Cornuaille, [1982] ECR 1665, at 8
-
Cases 115, 116/81, Adoui and Cornuaille, [1982] ECR 1665, at 8.
-
-
-
-
61
-
-
0346803903
-
-
Case 36/75, Rutili, [1975] ECR 1219, para 28, Case 30/77, Bouchereau, [1977] ECR 2013, para 35
-
Case 36/75, Rutili, [1975] ECR 1219, para 28, Case 30/77, Bouchereau, [1977] ECR 2013, para 35.
-
-
-
-
62
-
-
0347434587
-
-
Case 352/85, Bond van Adverteerders, [1985] ECR 2124, para 36, Case C-260/89, ERT, [1989] ECR 2951, para 24
-
Case 352/85, Bond van Adverteerders, [1985] ECR 2124, para 36, Case C-260/89, ERT, [1989] ECR 2951, para 24.
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-
-
-
63
-
-
0348064886
-
-
Case 260/89, ERT, [1991] ECR 2951; Case C-159/90, The Society for the Protection of Unborn Children Ireland Ltd v. Stephen Grogan, [1990] ECR 4733, para 31, and Case C-177/94, Perfili, [1994] ECR I-161, para 20
-
Case 260/89, ERT, [1991] ECR 2951; Case C-159/90, The Society for the Protection of Unborn Children Ireland Ltd v. Stephen Grogan, [1990] ECR 4733, para 31, and Case C-177/94, Perfili, [1994] ECR I-161, para 20.
-
-
-
-
64
-
-
0346173424
-
-
Case 815/79, Cremonini v. Vrankovic, [1979] ECR 3607, para 6
-
Case 815/79, Cremonini v. Vrankovic, [1979] ECR 3607, para 6.
-
-
-
-
65
-
-
0346173423
-
-
para 15
-
Dennemeyer, para 15.
-
Dennemeyer
-
-
-
66
-
-
25744469929
-
El derecho de establecimiento
-
Lopez Escudero and Martín y Perez (Eds.), MacGrawHill, Madrid
-
Case C-55/94, Gebhard, [1995] ECR I-4165, para 38. Meaning that the State of destination must verify that the general interest the measure tries to safeguard is not already safeguarded by a measure taken in the country of origin. See Martín y Pérez de Nanclares, "El derecho de establecimiento", in Lopez Escudero and Martín y Perez (Eds.), Derecho Comunitario material (MacGrawHill, Madrid, 2000), p. 117.
-
(2000)
Derecho Comunitario Material
, pp. 117
-
-
Y Pérez De Nanclares, M.1
-
67
-
-
0346173372
-
-
Ordonnances de référé du Tribunal de Grande Instance de Paris de 22 mai 2000, 11 Aug. 2000 and 20 Nov. 2000, UEJF et Licra c/ Yahoo! Inc.
-
See Ordonnances de référé du Tribunal de Grande Instance de Paris de 22 mai 2000, 11 Aug. 2000 and 20 Nov. 2000, UEJF et Licra c/ Yahoo! Inc. Available at http: //www.juriscom.net/txt/jurisfr/cti/tgiparis20001120.htm
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68
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84908368717
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Madrid, Civitas
-
See e.g. Fernandez Rozas and Sanchez Lorenzo, Derecho internacional privado (Madrid, Civitas, 1999), pp. 43-46; Audit, Droit international privé, 3rd ed. (Economica, Paris, 2000), pp. 4-15. Also, in the Common Law literature, North and Fawcett, Chesire and North's Private international law, 13th. ed. (Butterworth, London, 1999), pp. 7-8.
-
(1999)
Derecho Internacional Privado
, pp. 43-46
-
-
Rozas, F.1
Lorenzo, S.2
-
69
-
-
0348064879
-
-
Economica, Paris
-
See e.g. Fernandez Rozas and Sanchez Lorenzo, Derecho internacional privado (Madrid, Civitas, 1999), pp. 43-46; Audit, Droit international privé, 3rd ed. (Economica, Paris, 2000), pp. 4-15. Also, in the Common Law literature, North and Fawcett, Chesire and North's Private international law, 13th. ed. (Butterworth, London, 1999), pp. 7-8.
-
(2000)
Droit International Privé, 3rd Ed.
, pp. 4-15
-
-
Audit1
-
70
-
-
0346803894
-
-
Common Law literature, Butterworth, London
-
See e.g. Fernandez Rozas and Sanchez Lorenzo, Derecho internacional privado (Madrid, Civitas, 1999), pp. 43-46; Audit, Droit international privé, 3rd ed. (Economica, Paris, 2000), pp. 4-15. Also, in the Common Law literature, North and Fawcett, Chesire and North's Private international law, 13th. ed. (Butterworth, London, 1999), pp. 7-8.
-
(1999)
Chesire and North's Private International Law, 13th. Ed.
, pp. 7-8
-
-
North1
Fawcett2
-
71
-
-
0347434495
-
La Proposition de Directive Europeénne sur le commerce electronique: Questions choisies
-
Bruylant, Bruxelles
-
See e.g. Julia Barcelo et al., "La Proposition de Directive Europeénne sur le commerce electronique: questions choisies", in Commerce Electronique: les temps des certitudes (Bruylant, Bruxelles, 2000), p. 29, or Palacio Vallelerdundi, "Le commerce électronique, le juge, le consommateur, l'entreprise et le Marché intérieur: nouvelle équation pour le droit communautaire", (2001) Revue du Droit de l'Union Européenne, p. 8; also Crabit, op. cit. supra note 12, 759-762, 798-807.
-
(2000)
Commerce Electronique: Les Temps des Certitudes
, pp. 29
-
-
Barcelo, J.1
-
72
-
-
0347434578
-
Le commerce électronique, le juge, le consommateur, l'entreprise et le Marché intérieur: Nouvelle équation pour le droit communautaire
-
also Crabit, op. cit. supra note 12, 759-762, 798-807
-
See e.g. Julia Barcelo et al., "La Proposition de Directive Europeénne sur le commerce electronique: questions choisies", in Commerce Electronique: les temps des certitudes (Bruylant, Bruxelles, 2000), p. 29, or Palacio Vallelerdundi, "Le commerce électronique, le juge, le consommateur, l'entreprise et le Marché intérieur: nouvelle équation pour le droit communautaire", (2001) Revue du Droit de l'Union Européenne, p. 8; also Crabit, op. cit. supra note 12, 759-762, 798-807.
-
(2001)
Revue du Droit de l'Union Européenne
, pp. 8
-
-
Vallelerdundi, P.1
-
73
-
-
0347434491
-
Jurisdiction and E-Commerce Disputes
-
See consolidated version in O.J. 1998, C 27/1. The Convention will be substituted from March 2002 by the already adopted Regulation 44/2001 on jurisdiction, recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (O.J. 2001, L 12/1). Art. 1 in both texts states: "This Convention/Regulation shall apply in civil and commercial matters whatever the nature of the court or tribunal. It shall not extend, in particular, to revenue, customs or administrative matters. The Convention shall not apply to: 1. the status or legal capacity of natural persons, rights in property arising out of a matrimonial relationship, wills and succession; 2. bankruptcy, proceedings relating to the winding-up of insolvent companies or other legal persons, judicial arrangements, compositions and analogous proceedings; 3. social security; 4. arbitration". For a general overview of the application of these instruments to Internet see Katz, "Jurisdiction and E-Commerce Disputes", 3 Journal of World Intellectual Property (2000), 289-307.
-
(2000)
Journal of World Intellectual Property
, vol.3
, pp. 289-307
-
-
Katz1
-
74
-
-
0006001989
-
Le nouveau droit international privé des contrats après l'entrée en vigueur de la Convention de Rome du 19 juin 1980
-
(hereafter: Rev. crit. d.i.p.)
-
Rome Convention of 1980 on the law applicable to contractual obligations, O.J. 1998, C 27/34. For further information on the Rome Convention see Lagarde, "Le nouveau droit international privé des contrats après l'entrée en vigueur de la Convention de Rome du 19 juin 1980", (1991) Revue Critique de Droit international privé (hereafter: Rev. crit. d.i.p.), 287-340 and Giuliano and Lagarde, Report on the Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations in O.J. 1980, C 282/1-50.
-
(1991)
Revue Critique de Droit International Privé
, pp. 287-340
-
-
Lagarde1
-
75
-
-
0346173377
-
-
O.J. 1980, C 282/1-50
-
Rome Convention of 1980 on the law applicable to contractual obligations, O.J. 1998, C 27/34. For further information on the Rome Convention see Lagarde, "Le nouveau droit international privé des contrats après l'entrée en vigueur de la Convention de Rome du 19 juin 1980", (1991) Revue Critique de Droit international privé (hereafter: Rev. crit. d.i.p.), 287-340 and Giuliano and Lagarde, Report on the Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations in O.J. 1980, C 282/1-50.
-
Report on the Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations
-
-
Giuliano1
Lagarde2
-
76
-
-
0348064831
-
-
Art. 3
-
Art. 3.
-
-
-
-
77
-
-
0347434526
-
-
Art. 4 (1)
-
Art. 4 (1).
-
-
-
-
78
-
-
0346173379
-
-
Art. 4 (2)
-
Art. 4 (2).
-
-
-
-
79
-
-
0347434525
-
-
Art. 7(2)
-
Art. 7(2).
-
-
-
-
80
-
-
0346803850
-
-
Art. 5(2)
-
Art. 5(2).
-
-
-
-
81
-
-
0348064882
-
Globalización, regionalización y nuevas tecnologías en el DIP de los contratos de consumo (mercado interior y Convenio de Roma)
-
(last visited, October 2001)
-
Art. 5(3). There is a Proposal of the European Working Group of Private International Law recommending the amendment of Arts. 5 and 7 of the Convention to promote a proper functioning of the Internal market to the detriment of other public policy interests. See the text of the Proposal at (2000) Rev. crit. d.i.p., 929-933; also Quiñones Escamez, "Globalización, regionalización y nuevas tecnologías en el DIP de los contratos de consumo (mercado interior y Convenio de Roma)", XIX Jornadas de la Asociación Española de Profesores de Derecho internacional, available at www.jornadas-aepdiri.com (last visited, October 2001).
-
XIX Jornadas de la Asociación Española de Profesores de Derecho Internacional
-
-
Escamez, Q.1
-
82
-
-
0348064880
-
-
In this sense, Desantes Real, op cit. supra note 18, 335-336 and also Crabit, op. cit. supra note 12, 801, although the latter reaches a different conclusion. We accept that he makes an excellent argument to defend his point of view, though we understand the Community mandatory rule of the country of origin principle in a different way
-
In this sense, Desantes Real, op cit. supra note 18, 335-336 and also Crabit, op. cit. supra note 12, 801, although the latter reaches a different conclusion. We accept that he makes an excellent argument to defend his point of view, though we understand the Community mandatory rule of the country of origin principle in a different way.
-
-
-
-
83
-
-
0346803899
-
-
note
-
Art. 10 of the Rome Convention establishes as the scope of the applicable law: "(1) The law applicable to a contract by virtue of Articles 3 to 6 and 12 of this Convention shall govern in particular: (a) interpretation; (b) performance; (c) within the limits of the powers conferred on the court by its procedural law, the consequences of breach, including the assessment of damages in so far as it is governed by rules of law; (d) the various ways of extinguishing obligations, and prescription and limitation of actions; (e) the consequences of nullity of the contract. (2) In relation to the manner of performance and the steps to be taken in the event of defective performance regard shall be had to the law of the country in which performance takes place."
-
-
-
-
84
-
-
0346803864
-
-
The scope of the norm depends on the particular non-contractual obligation at stake: existence of the harm, type of liability, limits, legitimate persons to receive compensation, etc., see Fernandez Rozas and Sanchez Lorenzo, op. cit. supra note 67, p. 567
-
The scope of the norm depends on the particular non-contractual obligation at stake: existence of the harm, type of liability, limits, legitimate persons to receive compensation, etc., see Fernandez Rozas and Sanchez Lorenzo, op. cit. supra note 67, p. 567.
-
-
-
-
85
-
-
0347434534
-
-
Case C-126/1991, Yves Rocher, [1991] ECR I-2361
-
Case C-126/1991, Yves Rocher, [1991] ECR I-2361.
-
-
-
-
86
-
-
0348064828
-
-
Joined Cases C-396/96 and C-397/96, Arblade, [1999] ECR 8498. The Court held that "the fact that national rules are categorised as public-order legislation does not mean that they are exempt from compliance with the provisions of the Treaty; if it did, the primacy and uniform application of Community law would be undermined". See paras. 31-39. See also note by Fallon in (2000) Rev. crit. d.i.p., 728-737
-
Joined Cases C-396/96 and C-397/96, Arblade, [1999] ECR 8498. The Court held that "the fact that national rules are categorised as public-order legislation does not mean that they are exempt from compliance with the provisions of the Treaty; if it did, the primacy and uniform application of Community law would be undermined". See paras. 31-39. See also note by Fallon in (2000) Rev. crit. d.i.p., 728-737.
-
-
-
-
88
-
-
0346803888
-
-
See Chapter V
-
See Chapter V.
-
-
-
-
89
-
-
1842689830
-
-
Kluwer Law International, The Hague
-
For further explanation, see Boele-Woelki and Kessedjian (Eds.), Internet. Which court decides? Which law applies? Quel tribunal décide? Quel droit s'applique? (Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 1998); Carrascosa Gonzalez and Calvo Caravaca, Conflictos de leyes y conflictos de jurisdicción en Internet (Colex, Madrid, 2001); de Miguel Asensio, Derecho privado de Internet, 2nd ed. (Civitas, Madrid, 2001), pp. 171-177, 278-283, 505-513.
-
(1998)
Internet. Which Court Decides? Which Law Applies? Quel Tribunal Décide? Quel Droit S'applique?
-
-
Boele-Woelki1
Kessedjian2
-
90
-
-
0346173384
-
-
Colex, Madrid
-
For further explanation, see Boele-Woelki and Kessedjian (Eds.), Internet. Which court decides? Which law applies? Quel tribunal décide? Quel droit s'applique? (Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 1998); Carrascosa Gonzalez and Calvo Caravaca, Conflictos de leyes y conflictos de jurisdicción en Internet (Colex, Madrid, 2001); de Miguel Asensio, Derecho privado de Internet, 2nd ed. (Civitas, Madrid, 2001), pp. 171-177, 278-283, 505-513.
-
(2001)
Conflictos de Leyes Y Conflictos de Jurisdicción en Internet
-
-
Gonzalez, C.1
Caravaca, C.2
-
91
-
-
0347434579
-
-
Civitas, Madrid
-
For further explanation, see Boele-Woelki and Kessedjian (Eds.), Internet. Which court decides? Which law applies? Quel tribunal décide? Quel droit s'applique? (Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 1998); Carrascosa Gonzalez and Calvo Caravaca, Conflictos de leyes y conflictos de jurisdicción en Internet (Colex, Madrid, 2001); de Miguel Asensio, Derecho privado de Internet, 2nd ed. (Civitas, Madrid, 2001), pp. 171-177, 278-283, 505-513.
-
(2001)
Derecho Privado de Internet, 2nd Ed.
, pp. 171-177
-
-
De Asensio, M.1
-
92
-
-
0346173387
-
-
Case 21/76, Mines de Potasse d'Alsace, [1976] ECR 1735, and Case C-68/93, Fiona Shevill v. Press Alliance, [1995] ECR I-415
-
Case 21/76, Mines de Potasse d'Alsace, [1976] ECR 1735, and Case C-68/93, Fiona Shevill v. Press Alliance, [1995] ECR I-415.
-
-
-
-
93
-
-
0347434571
-
-
P. 22
-
P. 22.
-
-
-
-
94
-
-
0347434538
-
-
That is the case of Art. 10 of the Proposal for a Law on electronic commerce in Spain, see latest text of 30 April 2001
-
That is the case of Art. 10 of the Proposal for a Law on electronic commerce in Spain, see latest text of 30 April 2001. Available at http://www.sgc.mfom.es/.
-
-
-
-
96
-
-
0346803889
-
-
See Real Decreto 1133/1997, de 11 Julio implementing Art. 38.2 de la Ley 7/1996 sobre el comercio minorista, BOE no 117, de 25 de julio de 1997
-
See Real Decreto 1133/1997, de 11 Julio implementing Art. 38.2 de la Ley 7/1996 sobre el comercio minorista, BOE no 117, de 25 de julio de 1997.
-
-
-
-
97
-
-
0346173417
-
-
O.J. 1997, L 117/15
-
O.J. 1997, L 117/15.
-
-
-
-
98
-
-
0347434537
-
-
An important package of Directives has been proposed by the Commission in order to modify the complete regulatory framework of the newly called "electronic communications". See Doc COM(2000) 384 final, 385 final, 385 final, 392 final, 393 final, 394 final of 12 July 2000, O.J. 2000, C 365 E
-
An important package of Directives has been proposed by the Commission in order to modify the complete regulatory framework of the newly called "electronic communications". See Doc COM(2000) 384 final, 385 final, 385 final, 392 final, 393 final, 394 final of 12 July 2000, O.J. 2000, C 365 E.
-
-
-
-
99
-
-
0346173403
-
-
Julia Barcelo et al., op. cit. supra note 68, p. 6
-
Julia Barcelo et al., op. cit. supra note 68, p. 6.
-
-
-
-
100
-
-
0348064845
-
-
Doc. COM(1999) 385 final
-
Doc. COM(1999) 385 final.
-
-
-
-
101
-
-
0347434531
-
-
See Art. 2(1) both in Directive 97/7 and the Amended Proposal
-
See Art. 2(1) both in Directive 97/7 and the Amended Proposal.
-
-
-
-
102
-
-
0346803893
-
-
For the purpose of the Directive 97/7 and the Amended Proposal of Directive, "consumer ... means any natural person who, in contracts covered by this Directive, is acting for purposes which are outside his trade, business or profession" (Art. 2(2))
-
For the purpose of the Directive 97/7 and the Amended Proposal of Directive, "consumer ... means any natural person who, in contracts covered by this Directive, is acting for purposes which are outside his trade, business or profession" (Art. 2(2)).
-
-
-
-
103
-
-
0347434575
-
-
note
-
Examples of these new marketing techniques are: hyperlinks, frames, metatags, deep-linking, etc.
-
-
-
-
104
-
-
0346803895
-
-
note
-
Anyone with experience of Internet knows how annoying it is when you "surf" in search of a product and several windows - so-called pop-ups - are opened on the screen when you click on a hyperlink.
-
-
-
-
105
-
-
0348064875
-
-
note
-
However, there has been extensive work on the matter by the Commission. Two Green Papers have been adopted: "Commercial communications in the Internal Market" (COM(96) 192 final) and "The follow-up to the Green Paper on Commercial Communications in the Internal Market" (COM(98) 121 final). Recently the Commission has issued a Proposal for a Regulation concerning sales promotions in the Internal Market (Doc COM(2001)546 final) aiming at uniform rules on the use of commercial communications and sale promotions at a Community level and to apply the principle of mutual recognition.
-
-
-
-
106
-
-
0348064881
-
-
note
-
In France, it has already been sustained that websites constitute "advertising". See Cour d'appel de Rennes, lere Ch. B., Arrêt du 31 mars 2000, Compagnie Financière du Credit Mutuel de Bretagne c. Federation logement consommation et environnement d'Ille-et-Vilaine: "Un site internet est susceptible de constituer un support publicitaire: il permet la communication au public de textes et d'images, destinée éventuellement à présenter au public le consultant des marques des services et des marchandises et à inciter à la conclusion de contrats avec les consommateurs potentiels. Le fait que le site ne puisse être consulté qu'après abonnement, et au choix du site par l'usager d'internet, ne change en rien le caractère publicitaire des annonces qui peuvent y être faites. La situation est exactement identique à celle de l'acheteur d'un journal contenant des publicités. . ."
-
-
-
-
107
-
-
0348064869
-
-
Council Directive 84/450/EEC of 10 Sept. 1984 relating to the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States concerning misleading advertising (O.J. 1984, L 250/17), Directive 97/55/EC of European Parliament and of the Council of 6 Oct. 1997 amending Directive 84/450/EEC concerning misleading advertising so as to include comparative advertising (O.J. 1997, L 290/18) and Directive 98/6/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 Feb. 1998 on consumer protection in the indication of the prices of products offered to consumers (O.J. 1998, L 80/27)
-
Council Directive 84/450/EEC of 10 Sept. 1984 relating to the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States concerning misleading advertising (O.J. 1984, L 250/17), Directive 97/55/EC of European Parliament and of the Council of 6 Oct. 1997 amending Directive 84/450/EEC concerning misleading advertising so as to include comparative advertising (O.J. 1997, L 290/18) and Directive 98/6/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 Feb. 1998 on consumer protection in the indication of the prices of products offered to consumers (O.J. 1998, L 80/27).
-
-
-
-
108
-
-
0346173414
-
-
Art. 2(1) of Dir. 450/85 states: " 'advertising' means the making of a representation in any form in connection with a trade, business, craft or profession in order to promote the supply of goods or services, including immovable property, rights and obligations."
-
Art. 2(1) of Dir. 450/85 states: " 'advertising' means the making of a representation in any form in connection with a trade, business, craft or profession in order to promote the supply of goods or services, including immovable property, rights and obligations."
-
-
-
-
109
-
-
0347434573
-
-
note
-
"information allowing direct access to the activity of the company, organization or person, in particular, a domain name or an e-mail address; or communications relating to the goods, services or image of the company, organization or person that are compiled in an independent manner, particularly when this is without financial consideration".
-
-
-
-
110
-
-
0347434580
-
-
Julia Barcelo et al., op. cit. supra note 68, p. 8
-
Julia Barcelo et al., op. cit. supra note 68, p. 8.
-
-
-
-
111
-
-
0347434574
-
-
See Case C-220/98, Estée Lauder v. Lancaster Group, [2000] ECR I-117
-
See Case C-220/98, Estée Lauder v. Lancaster Group, [2000] ECR I-117.
-
-
-
-
112
-
-
0348064876
-
-
Julia Barcelo et al., op. cit. supra note 68, p. 9
-
Julia Barcelo et al., op. cit. supra note 68, p. 9.
-
-
-
-
113
-
-
0348064878
-
-
De Agostini, supra note 46. The case refers to the freedom to provide broadcasting services in the framework of the TV without Frontiers Directive. However, we consider that the same principles are applicable to Information Society services
-
De Agostini, supra note 46. The case refers to the freedom to provide broadcasting services in the framework of the TV without Frontiers Directive. However, we consider that the same principles are applicable to Information Society services.
-
-
-
-
114
-
-
0347434576
-
-
Art. 7: "This Directive shall not preclude Member States from retaining or adopting provisions with a view to ensuring more extensive protection for consumers, persons carrying on a trade, business, craft or profession, and the general public"
-
Art. 7: "This Directive shall not preclude Member States from retaining or adopting provisions with a view to ensuring more extensive protection for consumers, persons carrying on a trade, business, craft or profession, and the general public".
-
-
-
-
116
-
-
0346173409
-
-
See Commission Communication "The follow-up to the Green Paper. . .", cited supra note 93, p. 12 et seq. Also, the recent Commission Proposal for a Regulation on sales promotions states this in Recitals 5 and 12 and Art. 3
-
See Commission Communication "The follow-up to the Green Paper. . .", cited supra note 93, p. 12 et seq. Also, the recent Commission Proposal for a Regulation on sales promotions states this in Recitals 5 and 12 and Art. 3.
-
-
-
-
117
-
-
0348064870
-
-
Universities of Utrecht and Tilburg for the European Commission, 17 Aug. Project number: 487986.01, Report number: 00.019
-
In this sense, see Final Report Study on Consumer Law and the Information Society written by Pricewaterhouse Coopers, Universities of Utrecht and Tilburg for the European Commission, 17 Aug. 2001. Project number: 487986.01, Report number: 00.019.
-
(2001)
Final Report Study on Consumer Law and the Information Society
-
-
Coopers, P.1
-
118
-
-
0346803898
-
-
See footnote 137 infra
-
See footnote 137 infra.
-
-
-
-
119
-
-
0346173415
-
-
Communication "Creating a Safer Information Society by Improving the Security of Information Infrastructures and Combating Computer-related Crime" (COM(2000)890 final),", p. 6
-
Communication "Creating a Safer Information Society by Improving the Security of Information Infrastructures and Combating Computer-related Crime" (COM(2000)890 final),", p. 6.
-
-
-
-
120
-
-
0346173411
-
-
Chapters V and VI. See also, "General principles for generic codes of practice for the sale of goods and services to consumers on the Internet" p. 5, available at the European Commission's supported E-confidence forum website
-
See Chapters V and VI. See also, "General principles for generic codes of practice for the sale of goods and services to consumers on the Internet" p. 5, available at the European Commission's supported E-confidence forum website: http://econfidence.jrc.it/
-
-
-
-
121
-
-
0347434529
-
-
The U.S. is the best known example. Art. 25(1) of Directive 95/46 prohibits transferring of personal data from the Member States to third countries not providing an adequate level of protection. Pursuant to Art. 25(6), the Commission has signed with the U.S. Department of Commerce the so-called Safe Habour Principles Decision Commission Decisions 2000/518, 2000/519 and 2000/520 of 26 July 2000 pursuant to Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the adequate protection of personal data provided in USA, Switzerland and Hungary (O.J. 2000, L 215/1). The Decision states that transfer of personal data from the Community to U.S. companies will be admitted as far as companies comply with the principles stated by the DoC - the Safe Harbour Principles - and which have been approved by the Commission. US DoC is in charge of monitoring the implementing of those principles. US companies are very slowly adhering to the Principles
-
The U.S. is the best known example. Art. 25(1) of Directive 95/46 prohibits transferring of personal data from the Member States to third countries not providing an adequate level of protection. Pursuant to Art. 25(6), the Commission has signed with the U.S. Department of Commerce the so-called Safe Habour Principles Decision (Commission Decisions 2000/518, 2000/519 and 2000/520 of 26 July 2000 pursuant to Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the adequate protection of personal data provided in USA, Switzerland and Hungary (O.J. 2000, L 215/1). The Decision states that transfer of personal data from the Community to U.S. companies will be admitted as far as companies comply with the principles stated by the DoC - the Safe Harbour Principles - and which have been approved by the Commission. US DoC is in charge of monitoring the implementing of those principles. US companies are very slowly adhering to the Principles.
-
-
-
-
122
-
-
0346173410
-
-
note
-
"Member States shall take appropriate measures to ensure that, free of charge, unsolicited calls for purposes of direct marketing, by means other than those referred to in paragraph 1, are not allowed either without the consent of the subscribers concerned or in respect of subscribers who do not wish to receive these calls, the choice between these options to be determined by national legislation."
-
-
-
-
123
-
-
0346173386
-
-
See Art. 13 of the Proposal for a Directive concerning the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the electronic communication sector (O.J. 2000, C 365 E/1)
-
See Art. 13 of the Proposal for a Directive concerning the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the electronic communication sector (O.J. 2000, C 365 E/1).
-
-
-
-
124
-
-
0347434577
-
-
Julia Barcelo et al., op. cit. supra note 68, p. 13
-
Julia Barcelo et al., op. cit. supra note 68, p. 13.
-
-
-
-
125
-
-
0347434572
-
-
That is the case of Spain, see Art. 21(1) of the Last Draft Proposal of the Law on Information Society Services (31 April 2001). On the other hand, France has chosen the "opt-out" system, see Art. 22 of Projet de loi sur le commerce electronique, No. 3143 déposé à l'Assemblée nationale le 14 juin 2001. (last visited, Sept. 2001)
-
That is the case of Spain, see Art. 21(1) of the Last Draft Proposal of the Law on Information Society Services (31 April 2001). On the other hand, France has chosen the "opt-out" system, see Art. 22 of Projet de loi sur le commerce electronique, No. 3143 déposé à l'Assemblée nationale le 14 juin 2001. Available at http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/html/actualite/actualite_legisl ative/prepa/pli.htm (last visited, Sept. 2001)
-
-
-
-
126
-
-
0346803896
-
-
note
-
Art. 13 states: "Unsolicited communications (1) The use of automated calling systems without human intervention (automatic calling machines), facsimile machines (fax) or electronic mail for the purposes of direct marketing may only be allowed in respect of subscribers who have given their prior consent. (2) Member States shall take appropriate measures to ensure that, free of charge, unsolicited communications for purposes of direct marketing, by means other than those referred to in paragraph 1, are not allowed either without the consent of the subscribers concerned or in respect of subscribers who do not wish to receive these communications, the choice between these options to be determined by national legislation. (3) Paragraphs 1 and 2 shall apply to subscribers who are natural persons. Member States shall also ensure, in the framework of Community law and applicable national legislation, that the legitimate interests of subscribers other than natural persons with regard to unsolicited communications are sufficiently protected."
-
-
-
-
127
-
-
0346803897
-
-
Art. 8(4)
-
Art. 8(4)
-
-
-
-
128
-
-
84901533583
-
-
London, Sweet and Maxwell
-
The example is taken from Kelleher and Murray, IT Law in the European Union (London, Sweet and Maxwell, 1999), pp. 114-115.
-
(1999)
IT Law in the European Union
, pp. 114-115
-
-
Kelleher1
Murray2
-
129
-
-
0348064877
-
-
Art. 8(2)
-
Art. 8(2)
-
-
-
-
130
-
-
0346173412
-
-
Art. 8(3)
-
Art. 8(3)
-
-
-
-
131
-
-
0346803887
-
-
A distinction is made between indirect e-commerce (the electronic ordering of tangible goods, which still must be physically delivered using traditional channels such as postal services or commercial couriers) and direct e-commerce (the online ordering, payment and delivery of intangible goods and services such as computer software, entertainment content, or information services on a global scale). See Kelleher and Murray, op. cit. supra note 121
-
A distinction is made between indirect e-commerce (the electronic ordering of tangible goods, which still must be physically delivered using traditional channels such as postal services or commercial couriers) and direct e-commerce (the online ordering, payment and delivery of intangible goods and services such as computer software, entertainment content, or information services on a global scale). See Kelleher and Murray, op. cit. supra note 121.
-
-
-
-
132
-
-
0348064874
-
Electronic Commerce: A Challenge to Private Law?
-
Centro di studi e ricerche di diritto comparato e straniero, Rome
-
Time and place of formation of the contract, formal requirements, remedies to defective performance of the obligation etc. For a good explanation see Bryde Andersen, "Electronic Commerce: A Challenge to Private Law?" in Centro di studi e ricerche di diritto comparato e straniero, Saggi, conferenze e seminari (Rome, 1998) and De Miguel Asensio, op. cit. supra note 84, pp. 303-385.
-
(1998)
Saggi, Conferenze e Seminari
-
-
Andersen, B.1
-
133
-
-
0348064844
-
-
Rome, supra note 84
-
Time and place of formation of the contract, formal requirements, remedies to defective performance of the obligation etc. For a good explanation see Bryde Andersen, "Electronic Commerce: A Challenge to Private Law?" in Centro di studi e ricerche di diritto comparato e straniero, Saggi, conferenze e seminari (Rome, 1998) and De Miguel Asensio, op. cit. supra note 84, pp. 303-385.
-
Saggi, Conferenze e Seminari
, pp. 303-385
-
-
De Asensio, M.1
-
135
-
-
0346173408
-
-
Directive 1999/93 of 13 Dec. 1999 on a Community framework for electronic signatures, O.J. 2000, L 13/12
-
Directive 1999/93 of 13 Dec. 1999 on a Community framework for electronic signatures, O.J. 2000, L 13/12.
-
-
-
-
136
-
-
0346173404
-
La reglementation du commerce electronique dans l'Union Européenne
-
Art. 5: "Legal effects of electronic signatures. (1) Member States shall ensure that advanced electronic signatures which are based on a qualified certificate and which are created by a secure-signature-creation device: satisfy the legal requirements of a signature in relation to data in electronic form in the same manner as a handwritten signature satisfies those requirements in relation to paper-based data; and are admissible as evidence in legal proceedings. (2) Member States shall ensure that an electronic signature is not denied legal effectiveness and admissibility as evidence in legal proceedings solely on the grounds that it is: in electronic form, or-not based upon a qualified certificate, or not based upon a qualified certificate issued by an accredited certification-service-provider, or not created by a secure signature-creation device." A distinction is made between "advanced electronic signature" - also called digital signatures - and "electronic signature". Legal equivalence to hand-written signature is attributed to the first category insofar as they fulfil certain requirements established in Directive 99/93 guaranteeing authenticity: it is uniquely linked to the signatory; it is capable of identifying the signatory; it is created using means that the signatory can maintain under his sole control; and it is linked to the data to which it relates in such a manner that any subsequent change of the data is detectable. The second category do not fulfil those requirements, but the legal validity cannot be denied on the sole basis of its electronic nature. For further details, see Sanchez Felipe, "La reglementation du commerce electronique dans l'Union Européenne", (2000) Uniform Law Review, 665-682, Martinez Nadal, Comercio electrónico, firma digital y autoridades de certificación (Madrid, Civitas, 1998); Font, Seguridad y certificación en el Comercio electrónico (Madrid, Biblioteca Fundación Retevisión, 2000); Caprioli, "Sécurité et confiance dans le commerce electronique (Signature numérique et autorité de certification)", (1998) La Semaine Juridique (I 123), 583-59.
-
(2000)
Uniform Law Review
, pp. 665-682
-
-
Felipe, S.1
-
137
-
-
0346803857
-
-
Madrid, Civitas
-
Art. 5: "Legal effects of electronic signatures. (1) Member States shall ensure that advanced electronic signatures which are based on a qualified certificate and which are created by a secure-signature-creation device: satisfy the legal requirements of a signature in relation to data in electronic form in the same manner as a handwritten signature satisfies those requirements in relation to paper-based data; and are admissible as evidence in legal proceedings. (2) Member States shall ensure that an electronic signature is not denied legal effectiveness and admissibility as evidence in legal proceedings solely on the grounds that it is: in electronic form, or-not based upon a qualified certificate, or not based upon a qualified certificate issued by an accredited certification-service-provider, or not created by a secure signature-creation device." A distinction is made between "advanced electronic signature" - also called digital signatures - and "electronic signature". Legal equivalence to hand-written signature is attributed to the first category insofar as they fulfil certain requirements established in Directive 99/93 guaranteeing authenticity: it is uniquely linked to the signatory; it is capable of identifying the signatory; it is created using means that the signatory can maintain under his sole control; and it is linked to the data to which it relates in such a manner that any subsequent change of the data is detectable. The second category do not fulfil those requirements, but the legal validity cannot be denied on the sole basis of its electronic nature. For further details, see Sanchez Felipe, "La reglementation du commerce electronique dans l'Union Européenne", (2000) Uniform Law Review, 665-682, Martinez Nadal, Comercio electrónico, firma digital y autoridades de certificación (Madrid, Civitas, 1998); Font, Seguridad y certificación en el Comercio electrónico (Madrid, Biblioteca Fundación Retevisión, 2000); Caprioli, "Sécurité et confiance dans le commerce electronique (Signature numérique et autorité de certification)", (1998) La Semaine Juridique (I 123), 583-59.
-
(1998)
Comercio Electrónico, Firma Digital Y Autoridades de Certificación
-
-
Nadal, M.1
-
138
-
-
0347434519
-
-
Madrid, Biblioteca Fundación Retevisión
-
Art. 5: "Legal effects of electronic signatures. (1) Member States shall ensure that advanced electronic signatures which are based on a qualified certificate and which are created by a secure-signature-creation device: satisfy the legal requirements of a signature in relation to data in electronic form in the same manner as a handwritten signature satisfies those requirements in relation to paper-based data; and are admissible as evidence in legal proceedings. (2) Member States shall ensure that an electronic signature is not denied legal effectiveness and admissibility as evidence in legal proceedings solely on the grounds that it is: in electronic form, or-not based upon a qualified certificate, or not based upon a qualified certificate issued by an accredited certification-service-provider, or not created by a secure signature-creation device." A distinction is made between "advanced electronic signature" - also called digital signatures - and "electronic signature". Legal equivalence to hand-written signature is attributed to the first category insofar as they fulfil certain requirements established in Directive 99/93 guaranteeing authenticity: it is uniquely linked to the signatory; it is capable of identifying the signatory; it is created using means that the signatory can maintain under his sole control; and it is linked to the data to which it relates in such a manner that any subsequent change of the data is detectable. The second category do not fulfil those requirements, but the legal validity cannot be denied on the sole basis of its electronic nature. For further details, see Sanchez Felipe, "La reglementation du commerce electronique dans l'Union Européenne", (2000) Uniform Law Review, 665-682, Martinez Nadal, Comercio electrónico, firma digital y autoridades de certificación (Madrid, Civitas, 1998); Font, Seguridad y certificación en el Comercio electrónico (Madrid, Biblioteca Fundación Retevisión, 2000); Caprioli, "Sécurité et confiance dans le commerce electronique (Signature numérique et autorité de certification)", (1998) La Semaine Juridique (I 123), 583-59.
-
(2000)
Seguridad Y Certificación en El Comercio Electrónico
-
-
Font1
-
139
-
-
0348064833
-
Sécurité et confiance dans le commerce electronique (Signature numérique et autorité de certification)
-
Art. 5: "Legal effects of electronic signatures. (1) Member States shall ensure that advanced electronic signatures which are based on a qualified certificate and which are created by a secure-signature-creation device: satisfy the legal requirements of a signature in relation to data in electronic form in the same manner as a handwritten signature satisfies those requirements in relation to paper-based data; and are admissible as evidence in legal proceedings. (2) Member States shall ensure that an electronic signature is not denied legal effectiveness and admissibility as evidence in legal proceedings solely on the grounds that it is: in electronic form, or-not based upon a qualified certificate, or not based upon a qualified certificate issued by an accredited certification-service-provider, or not created by a secure signature-creation device." A distinction is made between "advanced electronic signature" - also called digital signatures - and "electronic signature". Legal equivalence to hand-written signature is attributed to the first category insofar as they fulfil certain requirements established in Directive 99/93 guaranteeing authenticity: it is uniquely linked to the signatory; it is capable of identifying the signatory; it is created using means that the signatory can maintain under his sole control; and it is linked to the data to which it relates in such a manner that any subsequent change of the data is detectable. The second category do not fulfil those requirements, but the legal validity cannot be denied on the sole basis of its electronic nature. For further details, see Sanchez Felipe, "La reglementation du commerce electronique dans l'Union Européenne", (2000) Uniform Law Review, 665-682, Martinez Nadal, Comercio electrónico, firma digital y autoridades de certificación (Madrid, Civitas, 1998); Font, Seguridad y certificación en el Comercio electrónico (Madrid, Biblioteca Fundación Retevisión, 2000); Caprioli, "Sécurité et confiance dans le commerce electronique (Signature numérique et autorité de certification)", (1998) La Semaine Juridique (I 123), 583-59.
-
(1998)
La Semaine Juridique (I 123)
, pp. 583-659
-
-
Caprioli1
-
141
-
-
0348064838
-
-
Art. 10 (1)
-
Art. 10 (1).
-
-
-
-
142
-
-
0346803860
-
-
Art. 10(2)
-
Art. 10(2).
-
-
-
-
143
-
-
84857417959
-
Contract Formation in the Internet: Shattering a Few Myths
-
Edwards and Waelde (Eds.), Hart Publishing, Oxford
-
Davies, "Contract Formation in the Internet: Shattering a Few Myths", in Edwards and Waelde (Eds.), Law and the Internet, Regulating Cyberspace (Hart Publishing, Oxford, 1997), pp. 97-119.
-
(1997)
Law and the Internet, Regulating Cyberspace
, pp. 97-119
-
-
Davies1
-
144
-
-
0347434528
-
-
Doc. COM(1998) 586 final, p. 27
-
Doc. COM(1998) 586 final, p. 27.
-
-
-
-
145
-
-
0346803862
-
-
note
-
Thus four steps where needed for the formation of the electronic contract: offer, acceptance, acknowledgement of receipt of acceptance, confirmation of receipt of acknowledgement of acceptance.
-
-
-
-
146
-
-
0348064841
-
-
Recital 34
-
Recital 34.
-
-
-
-
147
-
-
0346803865
-
-
note
-
It is recalled that the institutions are working on the adoption of the effective measures to regulate the legality of the contents provided in the Internet (See section 3.2 supra). Those measures focus on both substantive and procedural aspects. They include Council Recommendation 98/560 of 24 Sept. 1998 on the development of the competitiveness of the European audiovisual and information services industry by promoting national frameworks aimed at achieving a comparable and effective level of protection of minors and human dignity (OJ. 1998, L 270/48); Decision 276/1999 of Jan. 1999 adopting an Action Plan against illegal and harmful content on the Internet (O.J. 1999, L 33/1) which co-finances awareness actions, experiments in rating and filtering of content and hot-lines; the Green Paper on the protection of minors and human dignity in audiovisual and information services (COM(96)483 final); the Communication on the illegal and harmful content on the Internet (COM(96) 487 final); the Communication "Creating a Safer Information Society . . .", cited supra note 112; and Council Decision of 29 May 2000 to combat child pornography on the Internet (O.J. 2000, L 138/1).
-
-
-
-
148
-
-
0348064800
-
Liability for on-line intermediaries: A European perspective
-
Depending on the functional role they play, there are: network operators (providing the facilities for the transmission of data); access providers (providing access to the Internet for their clients); host service providers (providing a server computer upon which to rent space to users to host content); bulletin board operators, news groups and chat room operators (services providing space for users to read information sent by other users and to post their own messages). They can be moderated or unmoderated. Chat rooms allow direct communication in real time; information location tool providers (providing tools to Internet users for finding websites where information they seek is located). See Julià Barceló: "Liability for on-line intermediaries: a European perspective", 20 European Intellectual Property Review (1998), 453-463.
-
(1998)
European Intellectual Property Review
, vol.20
, pp. 453-463
-
-
Barceló, J.1
-
149
-
-
0347434533
-
-
note
-
Infringing acts may occur when certain websites include files containing copyright material and they can be downloaded.
-
-
-
-
150
-
-
0346173382
-
-
note
-
Pictures, personal data or writings of a defamatory nature posted to bulletin boards or chat rooms.
-
-
-
-
151
-
-
0347434532
-
-
note
-
These categories include cases of liability for illegal and harmful content and misrepresentation.
-
-
-
-
152
-
-
0348064843
-
-
See Arts. 12(1), 13(1) and 14(1)
-
See Arts. 12(1), 13(1) and 14(1).
-
-
-
-
153
-
-
0348064842
-
-
note
-
Information on Internet travels from one computer to another until it reaches its destination. Every computer along the way makes a temporal copy - a transient storage - in order to transmit the information to the following computer.
-
-
-
-
154
-
-
0348064839
-
-
Art. 12 (2)
-
Art. 12 (2).
-
-
-
-
155
-
-
0347434530
-
-
note
-
E.g. if a recipient of the service provider visits a website, the service provider would automatically make a copy of that website in his computers to make subsequent access to that website easier for that recipient and other clients.
-
-
-
-
156
-
-
0346173385
-
-
Art. 14(1)
-
Art. 14(1).
-
-
-
-
157
-
-
0347434536
-
-
Art. 14(3) and Recital 40
-
Art. 14(3) and Recital 40.
-
-
-
-
160
-
-
0347434521
-
-
note
-
Assuming a person uploads a pirate software on his website, if it is not quickly removed once another recipient downloads it, he may offer it to other user so that the copies of the pirate software multiply and it becomes impossible to stop the infringing activities.
-
-
-
-
161
-
-
0346173370
-
-
See Communication on the out-of-court settlement of consumer disputes (Doc. COM(1998) 198 final of 30 March 1998)
-
See Communication on the out-of-court settlement of consumer disputes (Doc. COM(1998) 198 final of 30 March 1998).
-
-
-
-
162
-
-
0346803849
-
-
Arts. 13-15 of the Brussels Convention and 15-17 of Regulation 44/2001 state that consumers can sue and can only be sued in their domicile in disputes arising from contractual relations provided that the business was directing his activities, by any means, to the consumer's residence State
-
Arts. 13-15 of the Brussels Convention and 15-17 of Regulation 44/2001 state that consumers can sue and can only be sued in their domicile in disputes arising from contractual relations provided that the business was directing his activities, by any means, to the consumer's residence State.
-
-
-
-
163
-
-
0346803816
-
-
Arts. 5 and 7(2) of the Rome Convention oblige national judges to apply the mandatory rules of the consumer's residence legislation or that of the national court. It shall also be recalled that consumer obligations are exempted from the application of the country of origin principle of Directive 2000/31
-
Arts. 5 and 7(2) of the Rome Convention oblige national judges to apply the mandatory rules of the consumer's residence legislation or that of the national court. It shall also be recalled that consumer obligations are exempted from the application of the country of origin principle of Directive 2000/31.
-
-
-
-
165
-
-
0346803846
-
-
See Art. 16 (1) (c)
-
See Art. 16 (1) (c)
-
-
-
-
166
-
-
0346173367
-
-
See "General principles for generic codes of practices. . .", supra note 113
-
See "General principles for generic codes of practices. . .", supra note 113.
-
-
-
-
167
-
-
0348064827
-
-
See e.g. the labels of WebTrader, Trustee, BBBonline, and many other at
-
See e.g. the labels of WebTrader, Trustee, BBBonline, and many other at http:// consumerconfidence.gbde.org/t_invent ory.html
-
-
-
-
168
-
-
0347434518
-
-
See De Miguel Asensio, op. cit. supra note 79, pp. 70-75
-
See De Miguel Asensio, op. cit. supra note 79, pp. 70-75.
-
-
-
-
169
-
-
0346173369
-
-
note
-
This problem has been addressed in the recent Green Paper on European Union Consumer Protection (Doc COM(2001)531 final). Despite the number of harmonizing Directives in the field, differences between consumer contracts regulation in the Member States hamper the consolidation of cross-border business-to-consumer transactions. This affects electronic commerce in particular. A public consultation is opened to decide on a future legal approach to be taken in order to remove these obstacles. There are two options: the specific approach, consisting in enacting several instruments on those legal matters which are still to be harmonized; or the mixed approach consisting in the adoption of a framework Directive establishing some core principles and enabling Member States and self-regulatory schemes to develop those principles. If the second option is preferred (and that seems to be the Commission's choice), co-regulation may provide an effective instrument for the regulation of on-line consumer contracts.
-
-
-
-
170
-
-
0348064799
-
-
ADR existed before electronic commerce. Their utility has already been assessed in the framework of the access to justice policy of the European Community in the Communication on out-of-court dispute settlement systems. In order to inform the general public about their existence and their competences, the Commission has listed them in a database accessible at the Health and Consumer Protection Directorate General's website
-
ADR existed before electronic commerce. Their utility has already been assessed in the framework of the access to justice policy of the European Community in the Communication on out-of-court dispute settlement systems. In order to inform the general public about their existence and their competences, the Commission has listed them in a database accessible at the Health and Consumer Protection Directorate General's website: http://europa.eu.int/comm/consumers/policy/developments/acce_just/acce_just04. en.html
-
-
-
-
171
-
-
0348064793
-
Arbitrage et nouvelle technologies: Alternative cyberdispute resolution
-
For information on the different ADR systems in electronic commerce see Tilman, "Arbitrage et nouvelle technologies: alternative cyberdispute resolution", (1999) Revue Ubiquité, 47-64; and Kessedjian and Cahn, "Dispute Resolution On-Line", 32 The International Lawyer (1998), 977-990.
-
(1999)
Revue Ubiquité
, pp. 47-64
-
-
Tilman1
-
172
-
-
0347434490
-
Dispute Resolution On-Line
-
For information on the different ADR systems in electronic commerce see Tilman, "Arbitrage et nouvelle technologies: alternative cyberdispute resolution", (1999) Revue Ubiquité, 47-64; and Kessedjian and Cahn, "Dispute Resolution On-Line", 32 The International Lawyer (1998), 977-990.
-
(1998)
The International Lawyer
, vol.32
, pp. 977-990
-
-
Kessedjian1
Cahn2
-
173
-
-
0346173368
-
-
The WIPO Arbitration Centre and the E-Resolution Arbitration Centre deliver decisions on the legality of a title over a generic domain name within 45 days. Visit
-
The WIPO Arbitration Centre and the E-Resolution Arbitration Centre deliver decisions on the legality of a title over a generic domain name within 45 days. Visit http://arbiter.wipo.int/center/index.html and http://www.eresolution.org/.
-
-
-
-
175
-
-
0347434520
-
-
O.J. 1998, L 115/31
-
O.J. 1998, L 115/31.
-
-
-
-
176
-
-
0348064794
-
-
In Recommendation 98/257 on the principles applicable to the bodies responsible for out-of-court settlement of consumer disputes, the Commission stated ADR must comply with seven principles so that it can be considered that they provide guaranties equivalent to a judicial procedure: independence, efficiency, transparency, liberty, legality and the adversarial principle. At present, Art. 17(2) only obliges Member States to encourage ADR to provide adequate procedural guarantees and the recent Commission Recommendation of 4 April 2001 on the principles for out-of-court bodies involved in the consensual resolution of consumer disputes (O.J. 2001, L 109/56) exclusively talks about impartiality, transparency, efficiency and fairness
-
In Recommendation 98/257 on the principles applicable to the bodies responsible for out-of-court settlement of consumer disputes, the Commission stated ADR must comply with seven principles so that it can be considered that they provide guaranties equivalent to a judicial procedure: independence, efficiency, transparency, liberty, legality and the adversarial principle. At present, Art. 17(2) only obliges Member States to encourage ADR to provide adequate procedural guarantees and the recent Commission Recommendation of 4 April 2001 on the principles for out-of-court bodies involved in the consensual resolution of consumer disputes (O.J. 2001, L 109/56) exclusively talks about impartiality, transparency, efficiency and fairness.
-
-
-
-
177
-
-
0348064791
-
-
Art. 6 of the European Convention of Human Rights provides that "in the determination of his civil rights and obligations everyone is entitled to a fair hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal established by law". According to this access to judicial courts is a fundamental right of individuals that knows no exception. Consumers can never be deprived of this right
-
Art. 6 of the European Convention of Human Rights provides that "in the determination of his civil rights and obligations everyone is entitled to a fair hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal established by law". According to this access to judicial courts is a fundamental right of individuals that knows no exception. Consumers can never be deprived of this right.
-
-
-
-
178
-
-
0348064823
-
-
Directive 98/27/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 1998 on injunctions for the protection of consumers' interests (O.J. 1998, L 166/51)
-
Directive 98/27/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 1998 on injunctions for the protection of consumers' interests (O.J. 1998, L 166/51)
-
-
-
-
179
-
-
0347434512
-
-
See Recital 53
-
See Recital 53.
-
-
-
-
180
-
-
0347434514
-
-
Art. 18 (1)
-
Art. 18 (1).
-
-
-
-
181
-
-
0346173335
-
-
See e.g. the example of the pirate software in note 150 supra. 171. See Commission Proposal, p. 16
-
See e.g. the example of the pirate software in note 150 supra. 171. See Commission Proposal, p. 16.
-
-
-
-
182
-
-
0346803815
-
-
Recital 58
-
Recital 58.
-
-
-
-
183
-
-
0346173366
-
-
Available at http://wwvv.wipo.int/clea/en/index.html
-
-
-
-
184
-
-
0346173363
-
-
Both texts are available at http://www.uncitral.org/en-index.htm
-
-
-
-
185
-
-
0346173362
-
-
Information is available at http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/ecom_e/ecom_e.htm
-
-
-
-
186
-
-
0348064825
-
-
See the Final Draft at http://www.coe.int/
-
-
-
-
187
-
-
0347434513
-
-
note
-
As has already been mentioned, the Convention will be replaced by Council Regulation 44/2001 in March 2002.
-
-
-
-
188
-
-
0346803840
-
-
The different versions can be accessed at http://www.hcch.net/e/workprog/jdgm.html
-
-
-
-
189
-
-
0346173337
-
-
Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the Organization and Management of the Internet. International and European Policy Issues 1998-2000. Doc COM(2000)202 final of 7 May 2000
-
Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the Organization and Management of the Internet. International and European Policy Issues 1998-2000. Doc COM(2000)202 final of 7 May 2000.
-
-
-
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190
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0346173359
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See Commission Proposal for a Regulation for the implementation of the Internet top level domain name .EU, COM(2000)827 final
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See Commission Proposal for a Regulation for the implementation of the Internet top level domain name .EU, COM(2000)827 final.
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192
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0347434516
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Crabit, supra note 12
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Crabit, supra note 12.
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