Second-order imitation: Uncovering latent effects of board network ties

Administrative Science Quarterly

Volumn 46, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 717-747

  Westphal, James D ^a   Seidel, Marc David L ^a   Stewart, Katherine J ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035541708     PISSN: 00018392     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3094829     Document Type: Article

References (129)

1. Abrahamson, E. 2000 "Change without pain." Harvard Business Review, July/August: 75-80.
2. Allison, P. D. 1978 "Measures of inequality." American Sociological Review, 43: 865-880.
3. 1990 "Change scores as dependent variables in regression analysis." In C. C. Clogg (ed.), Sociological Methodology: 93-114. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
4. Anand, J., and H. Singh 1997 "Asset redeployment, acquisitions and corporate strategy in declining industries." Strategic Management Journal, 18: 99-118.
5. Antle, R., and A. Smith 1985 "Measuring executive compensation: Methods and an application." Journal of Accounting Research, 23: 296-325.
6. Argyris, C., and D. Schön 1978 Organizational Learning. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
7. Bandura, A. 1977 Social Learning Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
8. 1986 Social Foundations of Thought and Action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
9. Barkema, H. G., and L. R. Gomez-Mejia 1998 "Managerial compensation and firm performance: A general research framework." Academy of Management Journal, 41: 135-145.
10. Barney, J. B. 1991 "Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage." Journal of Management, 17: 99-120.
11. Bartunek, J. M., and M. K. Moch 1987 "First-order, second-order, and third-order change and organization development interventions: A cognitive approach." Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 23: 483-500.
12. Bettenhausen, K., and J. K. Murnighan 1985 "The emergence of norms in competitive decision-making groups." Administrative Science Quarterly, 30: 350-372.
13. Boeker, W. 1997 "Strategic change: The influence of managerial characteristics and organizational growth." Academy of Management Journal, 40: 152-171.
14. Bollen, K. A. 1989 Structural Equations with Latent Variables. New York: Wiley.
15. Browne, L. E., and E. S. Rosengren 1988 "The merger boom: An overview." New England Economic Review, 20: 22-32.
16. Brush, T. H. 1996 "Predicted change in operational synergy and post-acquisition performance of acquired businesses." Strategic Management Journal, 17: 1-24.
17. Burns, L. R., and D. R. Wholey 1993 "Adoption and abandonment of matrix management programs: Effects of organizational characteristics and interorganizational networks." Academy of Management Journal, 36: 106-138.
18. Burt, R. S. 1983 Corporate Profits and Cooptation: Networks of Market Constraints and Directorate Ties in the American Economy. New York: Academic Press.
19. 1987 "Social contagion and innovation: Cohesion versus structural equivalence." American Journal of Sociology, 92: 1287-1335.
20. Carroll, G. R., and M. T. Hannan 2000 The Demography of Corporations and Industries. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
21. Chandler, A. D. 1962 Strategy and Structure. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
22. Chaves, M. 1996 "Ordaining women: The diffusion of an organizational innovation." American Journal of Sociology, 101: 840-873.
23. Chickering, A. W., and Z. F. Gamson 1987 "Seven principles for good practice in undergraduate education." AAHE Bulletin, 39 (7): 3-7.
24. Cohen, S. G., L. Chang, and G. E. Ledford, Jr. 1997 "A hierarchical construct of self-management leadership and its relationship to quality of work life and perceived work group effectiveness." Personnel Psychology, 50: 275-308.
25. Crystal, G. S. 1984 Questions and Answers on Executive Compensation. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
26. 1991 In Search of Excess: The Overcompensation of American Executives. New York: W.W. Norton.
27. Cyert, R. M., and J. G. March 1963 A Behavioral Theory of the Firm. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
28. Daft, R. J., J. Sormunen, and D. Parks 1988 "Chief executive scanning, environmental characteristics, and company performance: An evaluative study." Strategic Management Journal, 9: 123-139.
29. Davis, G. F. 1991 "Agents without principles? The spread of the poison pill through the intercorporate network." Administrative Science Quarterly, 36: 583-613.
30. 1994 "The interlock network as a self-reproducing social structure." Working paper, School of Business, Columbia University.
31. Deephouse, D. L. 1999 "To be different, or to be the same? It's a question (and theory) of strategic balance." Strategic Management Journal, 20: 147-166.
32. Demb, A., and F. F. Neubauer 1992 The Corporate Board: Confronting the Paradoxes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
33. Dierickx, I., and K. Cool 1989 "Asset stock accumulation and sustainability of competitive advantage." Management Science, 35: 1504-1513.
34. DiMaggio, P. J., and W. W. Powell 1983 "The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields." American Sociological Review, 48: 147-160.
35. Edelman, L. B. 1992 "Legal ambiguity and symbolic structures: Organizational mediation of civil rights law." American Journal of Sociology, 97: 1531-1577.
36. Edwards, J. R. 1995 "Alternatives to differences scores as dependent variables in the study of congruence in organizational research." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 64: 307-324.
37. Eisenhardt, K. M., and M. J. Zbaracki 1992 "Strategic decision making." Strategic Management Journal, 13: 17-37.
38. Fama, E. F., and M. Jensen 1983 "The separation of ownership and control." Journal of Law and Economics, 26: 301-325.
39. Farmer, S. M., J. M. Maslyn, D. B. Fedor, and J. S. Goodman 1997 "Putting upward influence strategies in context." Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18: 17-42.
40. Feldman, D. C. 1984 "The development and enforcement of group norms." Academy of Management Review, 9: 47-53.
41. Feldt, T., E. Leskinen, U. Kinnunen, and S. Mauno 2000 "Longitudinal factor analysis models in the assessment of the stability of sense of coherence." Personality and Individual Differences, 28: 239-257.
42. Finkelstein, S., and B. K. Boyd 1998 "How much does the CEO matter? The role of managerial discretion in the setting of CEO compensation." Academy of Management Journal, 41: 179-199.
43. Finkelstein, S., and D. C. Hambrick 1990 "Top management team tenure and organizational outcomes: The moderating role of managerial discretion." Administrative Science Quarterly, 35: 484-503.
44. Fletcher, G. J. O., J. A. Simpson, and G. Thomas 2000 "The measurement of perceived relationship quality components: A confirmatory factor analytic approach." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26: 340-354.
45. Fligstein, N. 1991 "The structural transformation of American industry: An institutional account of the causes of diversification in the largest firms, 1919-1979." In W. W. Powell and P. J. DiMaggio (eds.), The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis: 311-336. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
46. 1995 "Networks of power or the finance conception of control? Comment on Palmer, Barber, Zhou, and Soysal." American Sociological Review, 60: 500-503.
47. Fredrickson, J. W., and T. R. Mitchell 1984 "Strategic decision processes: Comprehensiveness and performance in an industry with an unstable environment." Academy of Management Journal, 27: 399-423.
48. Galaskiewicz, J. 1985 "Interorganizational relations." Annual Review of Sociology, 11: 281-304.
49. 1997 "An urban grants economy revisited: Corporate charitable contributions in the Twin Cities, 1979-81, 1987-89." Administrative Science Quarterly, 42: 445-471.
50. Galaskiewicz, J., and S. Wasserman 1989 "Mimetic processes within an interorganizational field: An empirical test." Administrative Science Quarterly, 34: 454-479.
51. Gartrell, C. D. 1987 "Network approaches to social evaluation." Annual Review of Sociology, 13: 49-66.
52. Geletkanycz, M. A., and D. C. Hambrick 1997 "The external ties of top executives: Implications for strategic choice and performance." Administrative Science Quarterly, 42: 654-681.
53. Ghoshal, S., and D. E. Westney 1991 "Organizing competitor analysis systems." Strategic Management Journal, 12: 17-31.
54. Gibbons, R., and K. J. Murphy 1990 "Relative performance evaluation for chief executive officers." Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 43: 30-51.
55. Gioia, D. A., and C. C. Manz 1985 "Linking cognition and behavior: A script processing interpretation of vicarious learning." Academy of Management Review, 10: 527-539.
56. Goffman, E. 1967 Interaction Ritual. New York: Anchor Books.
57. Gomez-Mejia, L.R. 1992 "Structure and process of diversification, compensation strategy, and firm performance." Strategic Management Journal, 13: 381-397.
58. Greene, W. H. 1993 Econometric Analysis, 2d ed. New York: Macmillan.
59. Greve, H. R. 1998 "Performance, aspirations, and risky organizational change." Administrative Science Quarterly, 43: 58-86.
60. Grinyer, P. H., and J.-C. Spender 1979 "Recipes, crises, and adaptation in mature businesses." International Studies of Management and Organization, 9: 113-133.
61. Gulati, R. 1998 "Alliances and networks." Strategic Management Journal, 19: 293-317.
62. Gulati, R., N. Nohria, and A. Zaheer 2000 "Strategic networks." Strategic Management Journal, 21: 203-215.
63. Hambrick, D. C. 1981 "Environment, strategy, and power within top management teams." Administrative Science Quarterly, 26: 253-275.
64. Haunschild, P. R. 1993 "Interorganizational imitation: The impact of interlocks on corporate acquisition activity." Administrative Science Quarterly, 38: 564-592.
65. Haunschild, P. R., and A. S. Miner 1997 "Modes of interorganizational imitation: The effects of outcome salience and uncertainty." Administrative Science Quarterly, 42: 472-500.
66. Haveman, H. A. 1993 "Organizational size and change: Diversification in the savings and loan industry after deregulation." Administrative Science Quarterly, 38: 20-50.
67. Hayward, M. L. A., and D. C. Hambrick 1997 "Explaining the premiums paid for large acquisitions: Evidence of CEO hubris." Administrative Science Quarterly, 42: 103-129.
68. Hill, C. W. L., and G. Hansen 1991 "A longitudinal study of the causes and consequences of changes in diversification in the U.S. pharmaceutical industry 1977-1986." Strategic Management Journal, 12: 187-199.
69. Hopkins, H. D. 1987 "Acquisition strategy and the market position of acquiring firms." Strategic Management Journal, 8: 535-547.
70. Ingram, P., and K. Clay 2000 "The choice-within-constraints new institutionalism and implications for sociology." Annual Review of Sociology, 26: 525-546.
71. Johnston, J., and J. DiNardo 1997 Econometric Methods, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
72. Joreskog, K. G., and D. Sorbum 1993 LISREL 8: User's Reference Guide. Chicago: Scientific Software International.
73. Judge, W. Q., and C. P. Zeithaml 1992 "Institutional and strategic choice perspectives on board involvement in the strategic decision process." Academy of Management Journal, 25: 766-794.
74. Kenny, D. A. 1975 "A quasi-experimental approach to assessing treatment effects in the nonequivalent control group design." Psychological Bulletin, 82: 345-362.
75. Kenny, D. A., and S. H. Cohen 1979 "A reexamination of selection and growth processes in the nonequivalent control group design." In K. Schuessler (ed.), Sociological Methodology, 11: 290-313. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
76. Kochhar, R., and M. A. Hitt 1998 "Linking corporate strategy to capital structure: Diversification strategy, type and source of financing." Strategic Management Journal, 19: 601-610.
77. Kopp, T. J. 1990 Perspectives on Corporate Takeovers. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
78. Kraatz, M. S. 1998 "Learning by association? Interorganizational networks and adaptation to environmental change." Academy of Management Journal, 41: 621-643.
79. Levitt, B., and J. G. March 1988 "Organizational learning." Annual Review of Sociology, 14: 319-340.
80. Lorsch, J. W., and E. MacIver 1989 Pawns or Potentates: The Reality of America's Corporate Boards. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
81. Mallette, P., and K. L. Fowler 1992 "Effects of board composition and stock ownership on the adoption of 'poison pills'." Academy of Management Journal, 35: 1010-1035.
82. Manz, C. C., and H. P. Sims 1987 "Leading workers to lead themselves: The external leadership of self-managing work teams." Administrative Science Quarterly, 32: 106-128.
83. March, J. G., and J. P. Olsen 1976 Ambiguity and Choice in Organizations. Bergen, Norway: Universitetsforlaget.
84. McKeachie, W. J. 1994 Teaching Tips: Strategies, Research, and Theory for College and University Teachers, 9th ed. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath.
85. Meyer, J. W., W. R. Scott, and D. Strang 1987 "Centralization, fragmentation, and school district complexity." Administrative Science Quarterly, 32: 186-201.
86. Miles, R. E., C. C. Snow, A. D. Meyer, and H. J. Coleman, Jr. 1978 "Organizational strategy, structure, and process." Academy of Management Review, 3: 546-562.
87. Miner, A. S., and S. J. Mezias 1996 "Ugly duckling no more: Pasts and futures of organizational learning research." Organization Science, 7: 88-99.
88. Mintzberg, H. 1978 "Patterns in strategy formation." Management Science, 24: 934-948.
89. Mizruchi, M. S. 1992 The Structure of Corporate Political Action: Interfirm Relations and Their Consequences. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
90. 1996 "What do interlocks do? An analysis, critique, and assessment of research on interlocking directorates." Annual Review of Sociology, 22: 271-298.
91. Monge, P., and N. S. Contractor 1997 "Emergence of communication networks." In F. M. Jablin and L. L. Putnam (eds.), Handbook of Organizational Communication, 2d ed.: 1-72. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
92. Newey, W. K., and K. D. West 1987 "A simple, positive semi-definite, heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation consistent covariance matrix." Econometrica, 55: 703-708.
93. Nisbett, R., and L. Ross 1980 Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
94. Ocasio, W. 1999 "Institutionalized action and corporate governance: The reliance on rules of CEO succession." Administrative Science Quarterly, 44: 384-416.
95. O'Reilly, C. A., B. G. Main, and G. S. Crystal 1988 "CEO compensation as tournament and social comparison." Administrative Science Quarterly, 33: 257-274.
96. Palmer, D., and B. M. Barber 2001 "Challengers, elites, and owning families: A social class theory of corporate acquisitions in the 1960s." Administrative Science Quarterly, 46: 87-120.
97. Palmer, D. A., P. D. Jennings, and X. Zhou 1993 "Late adoption of the multidivisional form by large U.S. corporations: Institutional, political, and economic accounts." Administrative Science Quarterly, 38: 100-131.
98. Phan, P.H. 2000 Taking Back the Boardroom: Better Directing for the New Millennium. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
99. Porac, J. F., H. Thomas, F. Wilson, D. Paton, and A. Kanfer 1995 "Rivalry and the industry model of Scottish knitwear producers." Administrative Science Quarterly, 40: 203-229.
100. Porac, J. F., J. B. Wade, and T. G. Pollock 1999 "Industry categories and the politics of the comparable firm in CEO compensation." Administrative Science Quarterly, 44: 112-144.
101. Porter, M. E. 1998 Competitive Strategy, 2d ed. New York: Free Press.
102. Powell, W. W., K. W. Koput, and L. Smith-Doerr 1996 "Interorganizational collaboration and the locus of innovation: Networks of learning in biotechnology." Administrative Science Quarterly, 41: 116-145.
103. Quinn, J. B. 1980 Strategies for Change: Logical Incrementalism. Homewood, IL: Irwin.
104. Rogers, W. H. 1993 "Regression standard errors in clustered samples." Stata Technical Bulletin Reprints, 3: 88-94.
105. Rumelt, R. P., D. Schendel, and D. J. Teece 1991 "Strategic management and economics." Strategic Management Journal, 12: 5-29.
106. Sanders, W. G., and M. A. Carpenter 1998 "Internationalization and firm governance: The roles of CEO compensation, top team composition, and board structure." Academy of Management Journal, 41: 179-199.
107. Schank, R. C., and R. P. Abelson 1977 Scripts, Plans, Goals, and Understanding. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
108. Scott, W. R. 1992 Organizations: Rational, Natural, and Open Systems, 3rd ed. Englewood Cliff, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
109. 1995 Institutions and Organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
110. Segev, E. 1987 "Strategy, strategy making, and performance in a business game." Strategic Management Journal, 8: 565-577.
111. Seward, J. K., and J. P. Walsh 1996 "The governance and control of voluntary corporate spinoffs." Strategic Management Journal, 17: 25-39.
112. Stanton, A. Q. 1989 "The interface of communication and instruction: Conceptual considerations and programmatic manifestation." Communication Education, 38: 364-371.
113. Thomas, A. S., R. J. Litschert, and K. Ramaswamy 1991 "The performance impact of strategy-manager coalignment: An empirical examination." Strategic Management Journal, 12: 509-522.
114. Tolbert, P. S., and L. G. Zucker 1983 "Institutional sources of change in the formal structure of organizations: The diffusion of civil service reform, 1880-1935." Administrative Science Quarterly, 28: 22-39.
115. Tushman, M. L., and E. Romanelli 1985 "Organizational evolution: A metamorphosis model of convergence and reorientation." In L. L. Cummings and B. M. Staw (eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, 7: 171-222. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
116. Useem, M. 1993 Executive Defense: Shareholder Power and Corporate Reorganization. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
117. Virany, B., M. L. Tushman, and E. Romanelli 1992 "Executive succession and organization outcomes in turbulent environments: An organizational learning approach." Organization Science, 3: 72-91.
118. Wade, J. B., C. A. O'Reilly, III, and I. Chandratat 1990 "Golden parachutes: CEOs and the exercise of social influence." Administrative Science Quarterly, 35: 587-603.
119. Weick, K. 1979 "Commentary on the purpose of leadership research." In J. G. Hunt and L. L. Larson (eds.), Crosscurrents in Leadership: 88-96. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.
120. Westphal, J. D. 1999 "Collaboration in the boardroom: The consequences of social ties in the CEO/board relationship." Academy of Management Journal, 42: 7-24.
121. Westphal, J. D., and J. W. Fredrickson 2001 "Who directs strategic change? Director experience, the selection of new CEOs, and change in corporate strategy." Strategic Management Journal, 22: 1113-1138.
122. Westphal, J. D., R. Gulati, and S. M. Shorten 1997 "Customization or conformity: An institutional and network perspective on the content and consequences of TQM adoption." Administrative Science Quarterly, 42: 366-394.
123. Westphal, J. D., and E. J. Zajac 1997 "Defections from the inner circle: Social exchange, reciprocity and the diffusion of board independence in U.S. corporations." Administrative Science Quarterly, 42: 161-183.
124. Wiersema, M. F., and K. A. Bantel 1992 "Top management team demography and corporate strategic change." Academy of Management Journal, 35: 91-121.
125. 1993 "Organizational demography in Japanese firms: Group heterogeneity, individual dissimilarity, and top management team turnover." Academy of Management Journal, 36: 996-1026.
126. Wood, R., and A. Bandura 1989 "Social cognitive theory of organizational management." Academy of Management Review, 14: 361-384.
127. Zajac, E. J. 1988 "Interlocking directorates as an interorganizational strategy." Academy of Management Journal, 31: 428-438.
128. 1990 "CEO selection, succession, compensation and firm performance: A theoretical integration and empirical analysis." Strategic Management Journal, 11: 217-230.
129. 1992 "Relating economic and behavioral perspectives in strategy research." In P. Shrivastava, A. Huff, and J. Dutton (eds.), Advances in Strategic Management, 8: 69-96. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.