Does performance appraisal contribute to heightened levels of employee burnout? The results of one study

Public Personnel Management

Volumn 30, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 157-172

  Gabris, Gerald T ^a   Ihrke, Douglas M ^b  

^a NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MILWAUKEE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035533428     PISSN: 00910260     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/009102600103000203     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Lovrich, N., Shaffer, P., Hopkins, R., and Yale, D. (1980). "Public Employees and Performance Appraisal: Do Public Servants Welcome or Fear Merit Evaluation of Their Performance?" Public Administration Review. 40, pp. 214-222.
2. See, for example, Perry, J., Petrakis, A., and Miller, T. (1989). "Federal Merit Pay, Round II: An Analysis of the Performance Management and Recognition System," Public Administration Review. 49, pp. 29-37; Fox, C., and Shirkey, K. (1997). "Employee Performance Appraisal: the Keystone Made of Clay," In C. Ban and N. Riccucci (Eds), Public Personnel Management. (New York: Longman), pp. 189-204; Thayer, F. (1987). "Performance Appraisal and Merit-Pay Systems: The Disasters Multiply," Review of Public Personnel Administration. 7, pp. 36-53.
3. See, for example, Perry, J., Petrakis, A., and Miller, T. (1989). "Federal Merit Pay, Round II: An Analysis of the Performance Management and Recognition System," Public Administration Review. 49, pp. 29-37; Fox, C., and Shirkey, K. (1997). "Employee Performance Appraisal: the Keystone Made of Clay," In C. Ban and N. Riccucci (Eds), Public Personnel Management. (New York: Longman), pp. 189-204; Thayer, F. (1987). "Performance Appraisal and Merit-Pay Systems: The Disasters Multiply," Review of Public Personnel Administration. 7, pp. 36-53.
4. See, for example, Perry, J., Petrakis, A., and Miller, T. (1989). "Federal Merit Pay, Round II: An Analysis of the Performance Management and Recognition System," Public Administration Review. 49, pp. 29-37; Fox, C., and Shirkey, K. (1997). "Employee Performance Appraisal: the Keystone Made of Clay," In C. Ban and N. Riccucci (Eds), Public Personnel Management. (New York: Longman), pp. 189-204; Thayer, F. (1987). "Performance Appraisal and Merit-Pay Systems: The Disasters Multiply," Review of Public Personnel Administration. 7, pp. 36-53.
5. Golembiewski, R., Munzenrider, R., and Stevenson, J. (1986). Stress in Organizations: Toward a Phase Model of Burnout. (New York: Praeger).
6. Golembiewski, R., Boudreau, R., Sun., B.C., and Lou, H. (1998). "Estimates of Burnout in Public Agencies," Public Administration Review. 58, pp. 59-65.
7. Burke, R., and Greenglass, E. (1989). "Correlates of Psychological Burnout Phases Among Teachers," Journal of Health and Human Resources Administration. 12, pp. 46-62.
8. Golembiewski et al. (1998), Ibid.
9. Gabris, G., and Ihrke, D. (1996). "Burnout in a Large Federal Agency: Phase Model Implications for How Employees Perceive Leadership Credibility," Public Administration Quarterly. 20, pp. 220-249.
10. Golembiewski, R., Deckhard, G., and Rountree, B. (1989). "The Stability of Burnout Assignments: Measurement of Properties of the Phase Model," Journal of Health and Human Resources Administration. 4, pp. 229-246.
11. See, for example, Maslach, C. (1982). Burnout: The Cost of Caring, (New York: Prentice-Hall); Maslach, C., and Jackson, S. (1981). "The Measurement of Experienced Burnout," Journal of Occupational Behavior, 2, pp. 99-113; Maslach, C., and Jackson, S. (1986). Maslach Burnout Inventory, Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Inc.
12. See, for example, Maslach, C. (1982). Burnout: The Cost of Caring, (New York: Prentice-Hall); Maslach, C., and Jackson, S. (1981). "The Measurement of Experienced Burnout," Journal of Occupational Behavior, 2, pp. 99-113; Maslach, C., and Jackson, S. (1986). Maslach Burnout Inventory, Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Inc.
13. See, for example, Maslach, C. (1982). Burnout: The Cost of Caring, (New York: Prentice-Hall); Maslach, C., and Jackson, S. (1981). "The Measurement of Experienced Burnout," Journal of Occupational Behavior, 2, pp. 99-113; Maslach, C., and Jackson, S. (1986). Maslach Burnout Inventory, Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Inc.
14. Hackman, R., and Oldham, G. (1980). Work Redesign, (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley).
15. Thayer, F. (1978). "The President's Management 'Reforms': Theory X Triumphant," Public Administration Review. 38, pp. 309-314.
16. See, for example, Latham, G., and Wexley, K. (1981). Increasing Productivity Through Performance Appraisal, (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley); Bernardin, H., and Beatty, R. (1983). Performance Appraisal: Assessing Human Behavioral at Work, (Belmont, CA: PWS-Kent); Milkovich, G., and Wigdor, A. (1991). Pay for Performance: Evaluating Performance Appraisal and Merit Pay, (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press).
17. See, for example, Latham, G., and Wexley, K. (1981). Increasing Productivity Through Performance Appraisal, (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley); Bernardin, H., and Beatty, R. (1983). Performance Appraisal: Assessing Human Behavioral at Work, (Belmont, CA: PWS-Kent); Milkovich, G., and Wigdor, A. (1991). Pay for Performance: Evaluating Performance Appraisal and Merit Pay, (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press).
18. See, for example, Latham, G., and Wexley, K. (1981). Increasing Productivity Through Performance Appraisal, (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley); Bernardin, H., and Beatty, R. (1983). Performance Appraisal: Assessing Human Behavioral at Work, (Belmont, CA: PWS-Kent); Milkovich, G., and Wigdor, A. (1991). Pay for Performance: Evaluating Performance Appraisal and Merit Pay, (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press).
19. Gabris, G. (1986). "Can Merit-Pay Systems Avoid Creating Discord Between Supervisors and Subordinates: Another Uneasy Look at Performance Appraisal," Review of Public Personnel Administration. 7, pp. 70-90.
20. Latham and Wexley, Ibid.
21. Latham and Wexley, Ibid.
22. See, for example, Daley, D. (1987). "Merit-Pay Enters with a Whimper: The Initial Federal Civil Service Reform Experience," Review of Public Personnel Administration. 7, pp. 72-79; Perry, J. (1991) "Linking Pay to Performance: The Controversy Continues," In C. Ban and N. Riccucci (Eds), Public Personnel Management. (White Plains, NY Longman), pp. 73-86; Perry, J., Petrakis, A., and Miller, T., Ibid.
23. See, for example, Daley, D. (1987). "Merit-Pay Enters with a Whimper: The Initial Federal Civil Service Reform Experience," Review of Public Personnel Administration. 7, pp. 72-79; Perry, J. (1991) "Linking Pay to Performance: The Controversy Continues," In C. Ban and N. Riccucci (Eds), Public Personnel Management. (White Plains, NY Longman), pp. 73-86; Perry, J., Petrakis, A., and Miller, T., Ibid.
24. See, for example, Daley, D. (1987). "Merit-Pay Enters with a Whimper: The Initial Federal Civil Service Reform Experience," Review of Public Personnel Administration. 7, pp. 72-79; Perry, J. (1991) "Linking Pay to Performance: The Controversy Continues," In C. Ban and N. Riccucci (Eds), Public Personnel Management. (White Plains, NY Longman), pp. 73-86; Perry, J., Petrakis, A., and Miller, T., Ibid.
25. Heneman, Ibid.
26. Hackman and Oldham, Ibid.
27. Heneman, Ibid.
28. See, for example, Greenberg, J. (1986). "Determinants of Perceived Fairness of Performance Evaluations," Journal of Applied Psychology. 71, pp. 340-342; Greenberg, J. (1987). "A Taxonomy of Organizational Justice Theories," Academy of Management Review. 12, pp. 9-22; Greenberg, J. (1987). "Reactions to Procedural Justice in Payment Distributions: Do the Ends Justify the Means?" Journal of Applied Psychology. 72, pp. 55-61.
29. See, for example, Greenberg, J. (1986). "Determinants of Perceived Fairness of Performance Evaluations," Journal of Applied Psychology. 71, pp. 340-342; Greenberg, J. (1987). "A Taxonomy of Organizational Justice Theories," Academy of Management Review. 12, pp. 9-22; Greenberg, J. (1987). "Reactions to Procedural Justice in Payment Distributions: Do the Ends Justify the Means?" Journal of Applied Psychology. 72, pp. 55-61.
30. See, for example, Greenberg, J. (1986). "Determinants of Perceived Fairness of Performance Evaluations," Journal of Applied Psychology. 71, pp. 340-342; Greenberg, J. (1987). "A Taxonomy of Organizational Justice Theories," Academy of Management Review. 12, pp. 9-22; Greenberg, J. (1987). "Reactions to Procedural Justice in Payment Distributions: Do the Ends Justify the Means?" Journal of Applied Psychology. 72, pp. 55-61.
31. See, for example, Adams, J. (1965). "Inequity in Social Exchange," In L.R. Berkowitz (Ed), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Volume 2. (New York, Academic Press), pp. 267-299; Walster, E., Berscheid, E., and Walster, W. (1973). "New Directions in Equity Research," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. pp. 151-176; Lawler, E. (1981). Pay and Organization Development. (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley).
32. See, for example, Adams, J. (1965). "Inequity in Social Exchange," In L.R. Berkowitz (Ed), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Volume 2. (New York, Academic Press), pp. 267-299; Walster, E., Berscheid, E., and Walster, W. (1973). "New Directions in Equity Research," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. pp. 151-176; Lawler, E. (1981). Pay and Organization Development. (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley).
33. See, for example, Adams, J. (1965). "Inequity in Social Exchange," In L.R. Berkowitz (Ed), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Volume 2. (New York, Academic Press), pp. 267-299; Walster, E., Berscheid, E., and Walster, W. (1973). "New Directions in Equity Research," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. pp. 151-176; Lawler, E. (1981). Pay and Organization Development. (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley).
34. Micelli, M., and Lane, M. (1991). "Antecedents of Pay Satisfaction: A Review and Extension," In K.M. Rowland and G.R. Ferris (Eds), Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, Volume 9. (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press), pp.235-309.
35. Leventhal, G., Karuza, J., and Fry, W. (1980). "Beyond Fairness: A Theory of Allocation Preferences," In J. Mikula (Ed), Justice and Social Interaction. (New York: Springer), pp. 167-218.
36. Micelli, M., and Lane M., Ibid.
37. Gabris, G., and Mitchell, K. (1986). "Personnel Reforms and Formal Group Participation Structures: The Case of Biloxi Merit Councils," Review of Public Personnel Administration. 6, pp. 94-115.
38. Kouzes, J., and Posner, B. (1988). The Leadership Challenge. (San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass).
39. Heneman, R., and Ellis, R. (1982). "Correlates of Just-Noticeable Differences in Pay Increases," Labor Law Journal. 34, pp. 533-538.
40. Adams, Ibid; Lawler, Ibid.
41. Adams, Ibid; Lawler, Ibid.
42. Heneman, Ibid.
43. See, for example, Vroom, V., (1964). Work and Motivation, New York: Wiley); Mitchell, T. (1974). "Expectancy Models of Job Satisfaction, Occupational Preference, and Effort: A Theoretical, Methodological, and Empirical Appraisal," Psychology Bulletin, 81, pp. 1053-1077; Lawler, Ibid.
44. See, for example, Vroom, V., (1964). Work and Motivation, New York: Wiley); Mitchell, T. (1974). "Expectancy Models of Job Satisfaction, Occupational Preference, and Effort: A Theoretical, Methodological, and Empirical Appraisal," Psychology Bulletin, 81, pp. 1053-1077; Lawler, Ibid.
45. See, for example, Vroom, V., (1964). Work and Motivation, New York: Wiley); Mitchell, T. (1974). "Expectancy Models of Job Satisfaction, Occupational Preference, and Effort: A Theoretical, Methodological, and Empirical Appraisal," Psychology Bulletin, 81, pp. 1053-1077; Lawler, Ibid.
46. Gabris, G., and Mitchell, K. (1988). "The Impact of Merit Raise Scores on Employee Attitudes: The Matthew Effect of Performance Appraisal," Public Personnel Management. 17, pp. 369-387.
47. Maslach, Ibid.
48. See, for example, Golembiewski et al., (1998), Ibid; Gabris and Ihrke, Ibid.
49. See, for example, Golembiewski et al., (1998), Ibid; Gabris and Ihrke, Ibid.
50. Golembiewski et al., (1986), Ibid.
51. Gabris and Ihrke, Ibid.
52. Golembiewski et al., (1998), Ibid.
53. Golembiewski, R. (1993). "Burnout as a Problem at Work: Mapping its Degree, Duration, and Consequences," In Robert T. Golembiewski (Ed), Handbook of Organizational Consultation. (New York: Marcel Dekker), pp. 277-284.
54. Hackman and Oldham, Ibid.
55. Hackman and Oldham, Ibid.