Symptoms and long-term outcomes for children who have been sexually assaulted

Psychology in the Schools

Volumn 38, Issue 6, 2001, Pages 533-547

  Webster, Raymond E ^a  

^a EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035498105     PISSN: 00333085     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/pits.1041     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Ackerman, P.T., Newton, J.E.O., McPherson, W.B., Jones. J.G.. & Dykman, R.A. (1998). Prevalence of post traumatic stress disorder and other psychiatric diagnoses in three groups of abused children (sexual, physical, and both). Child Abuse and Neglect, 22, 759-774.
2. Albach, F., & Everaerd, W. (1992). Posttraumatic stress symptoms in victims of childhood incest. Psychotherapy Psychosomatics, 57, 143-151.
3. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. (1998). Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 4S-26S.
4. American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children. (1998). Practice guidelines: Psychosocial evaluation of suspected sexual abuse in children (2nd ed.). Chicago, IL: APSAC.
5. Bauserman, R., & Rind, B. (1997). Psychological correlates of male child and adolescent sexual experiences with adults: A review of the nonclinical literature. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 26, 105-141.
6. Berliner, L., & Conte, J.R. (1995). The effects of disclosure and intervention on sexually abused children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 19, 371-384.
7. Black, C.A., & DeBlassie, R.R. (1993). Sexual abuse in male children and adolescents: Indicators, effects, and treatment. Adolescence, 28, 123-133.
8. Boney-McCoy, S., & Finkelhor, D. (1995). Prior victimization: A risk factor for child sexual abuse and for PTSD-related symptomatology among sexually abused youth. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19, 1401-1421.
9. Bremner, J.D., Randall, P., Vermetten, E., Staib, L., Bronen, R.A., Capelli, S., McCarthy, G., Innis, R.B., & Charney, D.S. (1995, May). MRI-based measurement of hippocampal volume in posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood physical and sexual abuse. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Miami, FL.
10. Burgdoff, K. (1980). Recognition and reporting of child maltreatment: Summary findings from the National Study of the Incidence and Severity of Child Abuse and Neglect. Washington, DC: National Center for Child Abuse and Neglect, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
11. Burkett, L.P. (1991). Parenting behaviors of women who were sexually abused as children in their families of origin. Family Process, 30, 421-434.
12. Butzel, J.S., Talbot, N.L., Duberstein, P.R., Houghtalen, R.P., Cox, C., & Giles, D.E. (2000). The relationship between traumatic events and dissociation among women with histories of childhood sexual abuse. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 188(8), 547-549.
13. Celano, M., Hazzard, A., Webb, C., & McCall, C. (1996). Treatment of traumagenic beliefs among sexually abused girls and their mothers: An evaluation study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24, 1-16.
14. Chu, J.A., & Dill, D.L. (1990). Dissociative symptoms in relation to childhood physical and sexual abuse. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 887-892.
15. Cohen, J.A., & Mannarino, A.P. (1993). A treatment model for sexually abused preschoolers. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 8, 115-131.
16. Cohen, J.A., & Mannarino, A.P. (2000). Predictors of treatment outcome in sexually abused children. Child Abuse and Neglect, 24, 983-994.
17. Crittendon, P.M. (1992). Children's strategies for coping with adverse home environments. International Journal of Child Abuse and Neglect, 16, 329-343.
18. Crittendon, P.M. (1998). Dangerous behavior and dangerous contexts: A 35-year perspective on research on the developmental effects of child physical abuse. In P.K. Trickett & C.J. Schellenbach (Eds.), Violence against children in the family and the community (pp. 11-38). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
19. DeBellis, M.D., Burke, L., Trickett, T.K., & Putnam, F.W. (1996). Antinuclear antibodies and thyroid function in sexually abused girls. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 369-378.
20. DeBellis, M.D., Chrousos, G.P., Dorn, L.D., Burke, L., Helmers, K., Kling, M.A., Trickett, P.K., & Putnam, F.W. (1994a). Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation in sexually abused girls. Journal of Clinical Ednocrinology and Metabolism, 78, 249-255.
21. DeBellis, M.D., Lefter, L., Trickett, T.K., & Putnam, F.W. (1994b). Urinary catecholamine excretion in sexually abused girls. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 320-327.
22. Deblinger, E., Lippman, J., & Steer, R.A. (1996). Sexually abused children suffering post-traumatic stress symptoms: Initial treatment outcome findings. Child Maltreatment, 1, 310-321.
23. Deblinger, E., Steer, R.A., & Lippmann, J. (1999). Two-year follow-up study of cognitive behavioral therapy for sexually abused children suffering from post-traumatic stress symptoms. Child Abuse and Neglect, 23, 1371-1378.
24. Draijer, N., & Langeland, W. (1999). Childhood trauma and perceived parental dysfunction in the etiology of dissociative symptoms in psychiatric inpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 379-385.
25. Esman, A.H. (1994). "Sexual abuse," pathogenesis, and enlightened skepticism. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1101-1103.
26. Everstine, D., & Everstine, L. (1989). Sexual trauma in children and adolescents: Dynamics and treatment. New York: Brunner/Mazel Publishers.
27. Famularo, R., Fenton, T., Kinscherff, R., & Augustyn, M. (1996). Psychiatric comorbidity in childhood post traumatics stress in cases of child maltreatment. Child Abuse and Neglect, 20, 953-961.
28. Finkelhor, D. (1984). Child sexual abuse. New York: Free Press.
29. Finkelhor, D., Hotaling, G., Lewis, I.A., & Smith, C. (1990). Sexual abuse in a national survey of adult men and women: Prevalance, characteristics, and risk factors. Child Abuse and Neglect, 14, 19-28.
30. Flisher, A.J., Kramer, R.A., Hoven, C.W., Greenwald, S., Alegria, M., Bird, H.R., Canino, G., Connell, R., & Moore, R.E. (1997). Psychological characteristics of physically abused children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 123-131.
31. Friedrich, W.N. (1996). Clinical considerations of empirical treatment studies of abused children. Child Maltreatment, 1, 343-347.
32. Friedrich, W.N., Bielke, R., & Urquiza, A. (1987). Children from sexually abusive families: A behavioral comparison. Journal of Interpersonal Violene, 2, 391-402.
33. Fritz, G., Stoll, K., & Wagner, N.A. (1981). A comparison of males and females who were sexually molested as children. Journal of Sexual and Marital Therapy, 1, 54-59.
34. Fromuth, M.E. (1986). The relationship of childhood sexual abuse with later psychological and sexual adjustment in a sample of college women. Child Abuse and Neglect, 10, 5-15.
35. Garnefski, N., & Diekstra, R.F.W. (1997). Child sexual abuse and emotional and behavioral problems in adolescence: Gender differences. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 323-329.
36. Goldstein, A., & Huff, C.R. (1993). The gang intervention handbook. Champaign, IL: Research Press.
37. Greenspun, W.S. (1994). Internal and-interpersonal: The family transition of father-daughter incest. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 3, 1-14.
38. Haugaard, J. (2000). The challenge of defining child sexual abuse. American Psychologist, 55(9), 1036-1039.
39. Haugaard, J., & Emery, R.E. (1989). Methodological issues in child sexual abuse research. Child Abuse and Neglect, 13, 89-101.
40. Hennessy, K.D., Rabideau, G.J., & Cicchetti, D. (1994). Responses of physically abused and nonabused children to different forms of interadult anger. Child Development, 65, 815-828.
41. Hotte, J.P., & Rafman, S. (1992). The specific effects of incest on prepubertal girls from dysfunctional families. Child Abuse and Neglect, 16, 273-283.
42. Jumper, S.A. (1995). A meta-analysis of the relationship of child sexual abuse to adult psychological symptoms. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19, 715-728.
43. Kazdin, A.E., & Weisz, J.R. (1998). Identifying and developing empirically supported child and adolescent treatments. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 19-36.
44. Kendall-Tackett, K.A., Williams, L.M., & Finkelhor, D. (1993). Impact of sexual abuse on children: A review and synthesis of recent empirical studies. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 164-180.
45. Kinzl, J., Traweger, C., & Biebl, W. (1995). Sexual dysfunction: Relationship to childhood sexual abuse and early family experiences in a nonclinical sample. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19, 785-792.
46. Kirby, J.S., Chu, J.A., & Dill, D.L. (1993). Correlates of dissociative symptomatology in patients with physical and sexual abuse histories. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 34, 258-263.
47. Kolko, D.J. (1996). Individual cognitive-behavioral treatment and familly therapy for physically abused children and their offending parents: A comparison of clinical outcomes. Child Maltreatment, 1, 322-342.
48. Kolko, D.J., Moser, J.T., & Weldy, S.R. (1988). Behavioral/emotional indicators of sexual abuse in psychiatric inpatients: A controlled comparison with physical abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 12, 529-541.
49. Kolko, D.J., Moser, J.T., & Weldy, S.R. (1990). Medical/health histories and physical evaluation of physically and sexually abused child psychiatric patients: A controlled study. Journal of Family Violence, 5, 249-267.
50. Lange, A., DeBeurs, E., Dolan, C., Zlachnit, T., Sjollema, S., & Hanewald, G. (1999). Long-term effects of childhood sexual abuse: Objective and subjective characteristics of abuse and psychopathology in later life. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 187, 150-158.
51. Laumann, E.O., Gagnon, J.H., Michael, R.T., & Michaels, S. (1994). The social organization of sexuality: Sexual practices in the United States. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
52. Lindon, J., & Nourse, C.A. (1994). A multi-dimensional model of groupwork for adolescent girls who have been sexually abused. Child Abuse and Neglect, 18, 341-348.
53. Mannarino, A.P., & Cohen, J.A. (1996). A follow-up study of factors that mediate the development of psychological symptomatology in sexually abused girls. Child Maltreatment, 1, 246-260.
54. Mannarino, A.P. & Cohen, J.A., Smith, J.A., & Moore-Motily, S. (1991). Six- and twelve-month follow-up of sexually abused girls. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 6, 494-511.
55. McLeer, S.V., Deblinger, E., Henry, D., & Orvaschel, H. (1992). Sexually abused children at high risk for PTSD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 875-879.
56. McMillan, C., Zuravin, S., & Rideout, G. (1995). Perceived benefit from child sexual abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 1037-1043.
57. Mendel, M.P. (1995). The male survivor. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
58. Moeller, T.P., Bachman, G.A., & Moeller, J.R. (1993). The combined effects of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse during childhood: Long-term health consequences for women. Child Abuse and Neglect, 17, 623-640.
59. Murphy, S.M., Kilpatrick, D.G., Amick-McMullen, A., Veronen, L.J., Paduhovich, J., Best, C.L., Villeponteaux, L.A., & amp; Saunders, B.E. (1988). Current psychological functioning of child sexual abuse survivors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 3, 55-79.
60. National Center of Child Abuse and Neglect (NCCAN). (1996). Third study of national incidence and prevalence of child abuse and neglect (preliminary findings). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
61. National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse. (1998, April). Child abuse and neglect statistics. Chicago, IL: author.
62. North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services. (1999). Central registry reports of child abuse, neglect, & dependency. Raleigh, NC: author.
63. Oates, R.K., O'Toole, B.I., Lynch, D.L., Stern, A., & Cooney, G. (1994). Stability and changes in outcomes for sexually abused children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 945-953.
64. Peters, S.D. (1988). Child sexual abuse and later psychological problems. In G.E. Wyatt & G.J. Powell (Eds.), Lasting effects of child sexual abuse. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
65. Rieder, C., & Cicchetti, D. (1989). Organizational perspective on cognitive control functioning and cognitive-affective balance in maltreated children. Developmental Psychology, 25, 382-393.
66. Rind, B., Tromovitch, P., & Bauserman, R. (1998). A meta-analytic examination of assumed properties of child sexual abuse using college samples. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 22-53.
67. Rodriguez, N., Ryan, S.W., Rowan, A., & Foy, D.W. (1991, October). Trauma exposure and PTSD: Adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse. In D.W. Foy (chair). Assessment of multiple trauma exposure and PTSD across trauma groups. Symposium conducted at the Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Washington, DC.
68. Roesler, T.A., & McKenzie, N. (1994). Effects of childhood trauma on psychological functioning in adults sexually abused as children. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 182, 145-150.
69. Russell, D.E.H. (1984). The prevalence and seriousness of incestuous abuse: Stepfathers vs. biological fathers. Child Abuse and Neglect, 8, 15-22.
70. Russell, D.E.H. (1986). The secret trauma: Incest in the lives of girls and women. New York: Basic Books.
71. Saunders, B.E., Kilpatrick, D.G., Hansen, R.F., Resnick, H.S., & Walker, M.E. (1999). Prevalence, case characteristics, and long-term psychological correlates of child rape among women: A national survey. Child Maltreatment, 4, 187-200.
72. Saywitz, K.J., Mannarino, A.P., Berliner, L., & Cohen, J.A. (2000). Treatment for sexually abused children. American Psychologist, 55(9), 1040-1049.
73. Schultz, L.G., & DeSavage, J. (1975). Rape and rape attitudes on a college campus. In L.G. Schultz (Ed.), Rape victimology. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
74. Shapiro, J.P., Leifer, M., Martone, M.W., & Kassem, L. (1990). Multi-method assessment of depression in sexually abused girls. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55, 234-248.
75. Surrey, J., Swett, C., Michaels, A., & Levin, S. (1990). Reported history of physical and sexual abuse and severity of symptomatology in women psychiatric outpatients. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 60, 412-417.
76. Swett, C., & Halpert, M. (1993). Reported history of physical and sexual abuse in relation to dissociation and other symptomatology in women psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 8, 545-555.
77. Tremblay, C., Herbert, M., & Piche, C. (1999). Coping strategies and social support as mediators of consequences in child sexual abuse victims. Child Abuse and Neglect, 25, 929-945.
78. Trickett, P.K., & Putnam, F.W. (1998). Developmental consequences of child sexual abuse. In P.K. Trickett & C.J. Schellenbach (Eds.), Violence against children in the family and the community. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
79. Widom, C.S. (1999). Posttraumatic stress disorder in abused and neglected children grown up. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 56, 1223-1229.
80. Williams, L.M. (1994). Recall of childhood trauma: A prospective study, of women's memories of child sexual abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 1167-1176.
81. Wind, T.W., & Silvern, L. (1992). Type and extent of child abuse as predictors of adult functioning. Journal of Family Violence, 7, 261-281.
82. Wolfe, V., Gentile, C., & Wolfe, D.A. (1989). The impact of sexual abuse on children: A PTSD formulation. Behavior Therapy, 20, 215-228.
83. Wurr, C.J., & Partridge, I.M. (1996). The prevalence of a history of childhood sexual abuse in an acute adult inpatient population. Child Abuse and Neglect, 20, 867-872.
84. Wyatt, G.E. (1985). The sexual abuse of Afro-American and White-American women in childhood. Child Abuse and Neglect, 9, 507-519.