Childhood trauma and perceived parental dysfunction in the etiology of dissociative symptoms in psychiatric inpatients

American Journal of Psychiatry

Volumn 156, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 379-385

  Draijer, Nel ^a   Langeland, Willie ^a  

^a VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; DISEASE SEVERITY; FEMALE; HUMAN; HYSTERIA; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MULTIPLE REGRESSION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCORING SYSTEM; SEXUAL ABUSE; VIOLENCE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ALCOHOL DRINKING; CHILD; CHILD ABUSE; CHILD ABUSE, SEXUAL; CHILD OF IMPAIRED PARENTS; COMORBIDITY; DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS; FEMALE; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMANS; MALE; MATERNAL DEPRIVATION; MENTAL DISORDERS; OBJECT ATTACHMENT; PARENT-CHILD RELATIONS; PARENTS; PATERNAL DEPRIVATION; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; VIOLENCE;

EID: 0033017110     PISSN: 0002953X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Spiegel D, Cardeña E: Disintegrated experience: the dissociative disorders revisited. J Abnorm Psychol 1991; 100:366-378
2. van der Kolk BA, van der Hart O: Pierre Janet and the breakdown of adaptation in psychological trauma. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146:1530-1540
3. Frankel FH: Adult reconstruction of childhood events in the multiple personality literature. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150: 954-958
4. Frankel FH: Dissociation: the clinical realities (festschrift). Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153(July suppl):64-70
5. Nash MR, Hulsey TL, Sexton MC, Harralson TL, Lambert W: Long-term sequelae of childhood sexual abuse: perceived family environment, psychopathology, and dissociation. J Consult Clin Psychol 1993; 61:276-283
6. Bremner JD, Southwick S, Brett E, Fontana A, Rosenheck R, Charney DS: Dissociation and posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam combat veterans. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149:328-332
7. Marmar CR, Weiss DS, Schlenger WE, Fairbank JA, Jordan BK, Kulka RA, Hough RL: Peritraumatic dissociation and posttraumatic stress in male Vietnam theater veterans. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151:902-907
8. Cardeña E, Spiegel D: Dissociative reactions to the San Francisco Bay Area earthquake of 1989. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150:474-478
9. Freinkel A, Koopman C, Spiegel D: Dissociative symptoms in media eyewitnesses of an execution. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151:1335-1339
10. Koopman C, Classen C, Spiegel D: Predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms among survivors of the Oakland/Berkeley, Calif, firestorm. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151:888-894
11. Bremner JD, Steinberg M, Southwick SM, Johnson DR, Charney DS: Use of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative Disorders for systematic assessment of dissociative symptoms in posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150:1011-1014
12. Dancu CV, Riggs DS, Hearst-Ikeda DE, Shoyer BG, Foa EB: Dissociative experiences and posttraumatic stress disorder among female victims of criminal assault and rape. J Trauma Stress 1996; 9:253-267
13. Bernstein EM, Putnam FW: Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale. J Nerv Ment Dis 1986; 174:727-735
14. Chu JA, Dill DL: Dissociative symptoms in relation to childhood physical and sexual abuse. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147: 887-892
15. Draijer N, Boon S: Child sexual and/or physical abuse, dissociation and other trauma related symptoms within a clinical population, in Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Multiple Personality/Dissociative States. Edited by Braun B. Chicago, Rush-Presbyterian-St Luke's Medical Center, Nov 1990, p 68
16. Ensink BJ: Confusing Realities: A Study on Child Sexual Abuse and Psychiatric Symptoms. Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Press, 1992
17. DiTomasso MJ, Routh DK: Recall of abuse in childhood and three measures of dissociation. Child Abuse Negl 1993; 17: 477-485
18. Kirby JS, Chu JA, Dill DL: Correlates of dissociative symptomatology in patients with physical and sexual abuse histories. Compr Psychiatry 1993; 34:258-263
19. Draijer N: Dissociatie en trauma bij psychiatrische patinten [Dissociation and trauma in psychiatric inpatients]. Maandblad Geestelijke volksgezondheid [J Ment Disease] 1994; 8: 811-828
20. Zlotnick C, Begin A, Shea T, Pearlstein T, Simpson E, Costello E: The relationship between characteristics of sexual abuse and dissociative experiences. Compr Psychiatry 1994; 35: 465-470
21. Steinberg M, Rounsaville B, Cicchetti DV: The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Dissociative Disorders: preliminary report on a new diagnostic instrument. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147:76-82
22. Draijer N, Boon S: Trauma, dissociation and dissociative disorders, in Multiple Personality in the Netherlands: A Study on Reliability and Validity of the Diagnosis. Edited by Boon S, Draijer N. Amsterdam, Swets & Zeitlinger, 1993, pp 177-194
23. Swett C, Halpert M: Reported history of physical and sexual abuse in relation to dissociation and other symptomatology in women psychiatric inpatients. J Interpersonal Violence 1993; 8:545-555
24. Mulder RT, Beautrais AL, Joyce PR, Fergusson DM: Relationship between dissociation, childhood sexual abuse, childhood physical abuse, and mental illness in a general population sample. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155:806-811
25. Putnam FW, Helmers K, Horowitz LA, Trickett PK: Hypnotizability and dissociativity in sexually abused girls. Child Abuse Negl 1995; 19:645-655
26. Parker G: Parental Overprotection: A Risk Factor in Psychosocial Development. New York, Grune & Stratton, 1983
27. Blatt SJ, Wein Sarte J, Chevron E, Quinlan DM: Parental representations and depression in normal young adults. J Abnorm Psychol 1979; 88:388-397
28. Brown GW, Harris TO: Social Origins of Depression: A Study of Psychiatric Disorder in Women. London, Tavistock, 1978
29. Draijer N: Seksueel misbruik van meisjes door verwanten [Sexual Abuse of Girls by Relatives: A National Survey on Prevalence, Characteristics, Family Background, Emotional Meaning, Psychological and Psychosomatic Sequelae). The Hague, Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment, 1988
30. Mullen PE, Martin JL, Anderson JC, Romans SE, Herbison GP: The long-term impact of the physical, emotional, and sexual abuse of children: a community study. Child Abuse Negl 1996; 20:7-21
31. Draijer N: Seksuele traumatisering in de jeugd [Sexual Trauma in Childhood: Long-Term Sequelae of Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse of Girls]. Amsterdam, SUA, 1990
32. Barach PMM: Multiple personality disorder as an attachment disorder. Dissociation 1991; 4:117-123
33. Liotti G: Disorganized/disoriented attachment in the etiology of the dissociative disorders. Dissociation 1992; 5:196-204
34. Irwin HJ: Proneness to dissociation and traumatic childhood events. J Nerv Ment Dis 1994; 182:456-460
35. Zlotnick C, Shea MT, Zakriski A, Costello E, Begin A, Pearlstein T, Simpson E: Stressors and close relationships during childhood and dissociative experiences in survivors of sexual abuse among inpatient psychiatric women. Compr Psychiatry 1995; 36:207-212
36. Irwin HJ: Traumatic childhood events, perceived availability of emotional support, and the development of dissociative tendencies. Child Abuse Negl 1996; 20:701-707
37. Ross CA, Norton GR, Anderson G: The Dissociative Experiences Scale: a replication study. Dissociation 1988; 1:21-22
38. Frischholz EJ, Braun BG, Sachs GR, Hopkins L, Shaeffer DM, Lewis J, Leavitt F, Pasquotto JN, Schwartz DR: The Dissociative Experiences Scale: further replication and validation. Dissociation 1990; 3:151-153
39. Ensink BJ, van Otterloo D: A validation study of the DES in the Netherlands. Dissociation 1989; 2:221-223
40. Draijer N, Boon S: The validation of the Dissociative Experiences Scale against the criterion of the SCID-D, using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis. Dissociation 1993; 6:28-37
41. Draijer N: Structured Trauma Interview. Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Department of Psychiatry, 1989
42. Straus M, Gelles R, Steinmetz SK: Behind Closed Doors: Violence in the American Family. Garden City, NY, Anchor Press, 1980
43. Adler G: Borderline Psychopathology and Its Treatment. New York, Jason Aronson, 1985
44. Coe MT, Dalenberg CJ, Aransky KM, Reto CS: Adult attachment style, reported childhood violence and types of dissociative experiences. Dissociation 1995; 8:142-154
45. Briere J, Elliott DM: Sexual abuse, family environment, and psychological symptoms: on the validity of statistical control. J Consult Clin Psychol 1993; 61:284-288
46. Paris J: Memories of abuse in borderline patients: true or false? Harvard Rev Psychiatry 1995; 3:10-17
47. Leavitt F: False attribution of suggestibility to explain recovered memory of childhood sexual abuse following extended amnesia. Child Abuse Negl 1997; 21:265-272
48. Waller NG, Putnam FW, Carlson EB: Types of dissociation and dissociative types: a taxometric analysis of dissociative experiences. Psychol Methods 1996; 1:300-321
49. Esman AH: "Sexual abuse," pathogenesis, and enlightened skepticism (editorial). Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151:1101-1103