Classical Eyeblink Conditioning: Clinical Models and Applications

Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science

Volumn 36, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 220-238

  Steinmetz, Joseph E ^a   Tracy, Jo Anne ^a   Green, John T ^a  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; AUTISM; BLINKING; CONDITIONED REFLEX; DISEASE MODEL; FEMALE; FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME; HUMAN; OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PHYSIOLOGY; PREGNANCY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; AUTISTIC DISORDER; BLINKING; CONDITIONING, CLASSICAL; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; FEMALE; FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME; HUMANS; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PREGNANCY;

EID: 0035411477     PISSN: 1053881X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF02734095     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. th ed.). Washington, D.C., American Psychiatric Association.
2. Backman, C., West, J. R., Mahoney, J. C., & Palmer, M. R. (1998). Electrophysiological characterization of cerebellar neurons from adult rats exposed to ethanol during development. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 22, 1137-1145.
3. Bauman, M. L. (1991). Microscopic neuroanatomic abnormalities in autism. Pediatrics (Supplement), 1, 791-796.
4. Bauman, M.L., & Kemper, T. L. (1985). Histoanatomic observations of the brain in early infantile autism. Neurology, 35, 866-874.
5. Berthier, N. E., & Moore, J. W. (1986). Cerebellar Purkinje cell activity related to the classically conditioned nictitating membrane response. Experimental Brain Research, 63, 341-350.
6. Berthier, N. E., & Moore, J. W. (1990). Activity of deep cerebellar nuclear cells during classical conditioning of nictitating membrane extension in rabbits. Experimental Brain Research, 83, 44-54.
7. Beylin, A. V., & Shors, T. J. (1998). Stress enhances excitatory trace eyeblink conditioning and opposes acquisition of inhibitory conditioning. Behavioral Neuroscience, 112, 1327-1338.
8. Biel, W. C., & Wickens, D. D. (1941). The effects of vitamin B1 deficiency on the conditioning of eyelid responses in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 32, 329-340.
9. Bonthius, D. J., & West, J. R. (1990). Alcohol-induced neuronal loss in developing rats: Increased brain damage with binge exposure. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 14, 107-118.
10. Bonthius, D. J., & West, J. R. (1991). Permanent neuronal deficits in rats exposed to alcohol during the brain growth spurt. Teratology, 44, 147-163.
11. Brandon, S. E., Betts, S. L., & Wagner, A. R. (1994). Discriminated lateralized eyeblink conditioning in the rabbit: An experimental context for separating specific and general associative influences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 20, 292-307.
12. Buounomano, D.V., & Mauk, M.D. (1994). Neural network model of the cerebellum: Temporal discrimination and the timing of motor responses. Neural Computation, 6, 38-55.
13. Clark, R. E., & Squire, L. R. (1998). Classical conditioning and brain systems: The role of awareness. Science, 280, 77-81.
14. Clark, R. E., & Squire, L. R. (2000). Awareness and the conditioned eyeblink response. In D.S. Woodruff-Pak and J.E. Steinmetz (Eds.), Eyeblink classical conditioning: Volume 1: Applications in humans, pp. 229-252, Boston: Kluwer.
15. Courchesne, E. (1987). A neurophysiological view of autism. In E. Schopler & G. B. Mesibov (Eds.), Neurobiological issues in autism, pp. 285-324, New York: Plenum Press.
16. Courchesne, E. (1991). Neuroanatomic imaging in autism. Pediatrics, 87, 781-790.
17. Craske, M. G., & Barlow, D. H. (1993). Panic disorder and agoraphobia. In D. H. Barlow (Ed.), Clinical Handbook of Psychological Disorders (Vol. 2nd,). New York: Guilford.
18. Daum, I., Schugens, M. M., Ackermann, H., Lutzenberger, W., Dichgans, J., & Birbaumer, N. (1993). Classical conditioning after cerebellar lesions in humans. Behavioral Neuroscience, 107, 748-756.
19. DiNardo, P. A., & Barlow, D. H. (1990). Syndrome and symptom co-occurrence in the anxiety disorders. In J. D. Maser & C. R. Cloninger (Eds.), Comorbidity of Mood and Anxiety Disorders, pp. 205-230. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
20. Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1985). Treatment of anxiety disorders: Implications for psychopathology. In A. H. Tuma & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders, pp. 421-452. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
21. Frost, R. O., Sher, K. J., & Green, T. (1986). Psychopathology and personality characteristics of nonclinical compulsive checkers. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 133-143.
22. Gehring, W. J., Himle, J., & Nisenson, L. G. (2000). Action-monitoring dysfunction in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychological Science, 11, 1-6.
23. Goodlett, C. R., & Eilers, A. T. (1997). Alcohol-induced Purkinje cell loss with a single binge exposure in neonatal rats: A stereological study of temporal windows of vulnerability. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 21, 738-744.
24. Goodlett, C. R., & Johnson, T. B. (1999). Temporal windows of vulnerability to alcohol during the third trimester equivalent: Why "knowing when" matters. In J. H. Hannigan, L. P. Spear, N. E. Spear, & C. R. Goodlett (Eds.), Alcohol and Alcoholism: Effects on Brain and Development, pp. 59-91. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
25. Goodlett, C. R., & Lundahl, K. R. (1996). Temporal determinants of neonatal alcohol-induced cerebellar damage and motor performance deficits. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 55, 531-540.
26. Goodlett, C. R., Pearlman, A. D., & Lundahl, K. R. (1998). Binge neonatal alcohol intubations induce dose-dependent loss of Purkinje cells. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 20, 285-292.
27. Goodlett, C. R., Peterson, S. D., Lundahl, K. R., & Pearlman, A. D. (1997). Binge-like alcohol exposure of neonatal rats via intragastric intubation induces both Purkinje cell loss and cortical astrogliosis. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 21, 1010-1017.
28. Goodlett, C. R., Thomas, J. D., & West, J. R. (1991). Long-term deficits in cerebellar growth and rotarod performance of rats following "binge-like" alcohol exposure during the neonatal brain growth spurt. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 13, 69-74.
29. Gormezano, I., & Kehoe, E. J. (1981). Classical conditioning and the law of contiguity. In P. Harzem & M. D. Zeiler (Eds.), Predictability, Correlation, and Contiguity, pp. 1-45. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
30. Gormezano, I., Kehoe, E. J., & Marshall, B. S. (1983). Twenty years of clasical conditioning with the rabbit. Progress in Psychobiology and Physiological Psychology, 10, 197-275.
31. Gormezano, I., Schneiderman, N., Deaux, E., & Fuentes, I. (1962). Nictitating membrane: classical conditioning and extinction in the albino rabbit. Science, 138, 33-34.
32. Gould, T.J. & Steinmetz, J.E. (1996). Changes in rabbit cerebellar cortical and interpositus nucleus activity during acquisition, extinction and backward classical conditioning. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 65, 17-34.
33. Green, J.T., Johnson, T.B., Goodlett, C.R., & Steinmetz, J.E. (2000). Neonatal alcohol exposure in rats disrupts adult eyeblink conditioning and cerebellar neural activity. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 26, 721.
34. Green, J.T., Rogers, R.F., Goodlett, C.R., & Steinmetz, J.E. (2000). Impairment in eyeblink classical conditioning in adult rats exposed to ethanol as neonates. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 24, 438-447.
35. Grevert, P., & Moore, J. W. (1970). The effect of unpaired US presentations on conditioning of the rabbit's nictitating membrane response: consolidation or contingency. Psychonomic Science, 20, 177-179.
36. Guerri, C. (1998). Neuroanatomical and neurophysiological mechanisms involved in central nervous system dysfunction induced by prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 22, 304-312.
37. Hall, R. D. (1973). Methods and designs: Some properties of conditioned and unconditioned eyelid reflexes in the albino rat. Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation, 5, 321-331.
38. Hamre, K. M., & West, J. R. (1993). The effects of the timing of ethanol exposure during the brain growth spurt on the number of cerebellar purkinje and granule cell nuclear profiles. Alcoholism: Clinical Experimental Research, 17, 610-622.
39. Hannigan, J. H. (1996). What research with animals is telling us about alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 55, 489-499.
40. Hodgson, R. J., & Rachman, S. (1977). Obsessive-compulsive complaints. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 15, 389-395.
41. Hughes, B., & Schlosberg, H. (1938). Conditioning in the white rat. IV. The conditioned lid reflex. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 23, 641-650.
42. Katz, D.B., & Steinmetz, J.E. (1997). Single-unit evidence for eyeblink conditioning in cerebellar cortex is altered, but not eliminated, by interpositus nucleus lesions. Learning & Memory, 4, 88-104.
43. Kehoe, E. J., & Napier, R. M. (1991). Temporal specificity in cross-modal transfer of the rabbit nictitating membrane responses. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 26-35.
44. Lovick, T. A., & Zbrozyna, A. W. (1975). Classical conditioning of the corneal reflex in the chronic decerebrate rat. Brain Research, 89, 337-340.
45. Marcussen, B. L., Goodlett, C. R., Mahoney, J. C., & West, J. R. (1994). Developing rat Purkinje cells are more vulnerable to alcohol-induced depletion during differentiation than during neurogensis. Alcohol, 11, 147-156.
46. Mattson, S. N., & Riley, E. P. (1998). A review of the neurobehavioral deficits in children with fetal alcohol syndrome or prenatal exposure to alcohol. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 22, 279-294.
47. McCormick, D. A., & Thompson, R. F. (1984). Cerebellum essential involvement in the classically conditioned eyelid response. Science, 223, 296-299.
48. Meyer, L. S., Kotch, L. E., & Riley, E. P. (1990). Neonatal ethanol exposure: Functional alterations associated with cerebellar growth retardation. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 12, 15-22.
49. Mowrer, O. H. (1960). Learning Theory and Behavior. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
50. Napper, R. M. A., & West, J. R. (1995a). Permanent neuronal cell loss in the cerebellum of rats exposed to continuous low blood alcohol levels during the brain growth spurt: A stereological investigation. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 362, 283-292.
51. Napper, R. M. A., & West, J. R. (1995b). Permanent neuronal cell loss in the inferior olive of adult rats exposed to alcohol during the brain growth spurt: A stereological investigation. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 19, 1321-1326.
52. Ost, L. G. (1987). Age of onset in different phobias. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 96, 223-229.
53. Papka, M., Ivry, R. B., & Woodruff-Pak, D. S. (1995). Selective disruption of eyeblink classical conditioning by concurrent tapping. NeuroReport, 6, 1493-1497.
54. Pauli, J., Wilce, P., & Bedi, K. S. (1995). Acute exposure to alcohol during early postnatal life causes a deficit in the total number of cerebellar Purkinje cells in the rat. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 360, 506-512.
55. Perrett, S. P., Ruiz, B. P., & Mauk, M. D. (1993). Cerebellar cortex lesions disrupt learning-dependent timing of conditioned eyelid responses. Journal of Neuroscience, 13, 1708-1718.
56. Rachman, S., & deSilva, P. (1978). Abnormal and normal obsessions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 16, 233-248.
57. Rescorla, R. A., & Wagner, A. R. (1972). A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and non-reinforcement. In A. H. Black & W. F. Prokasy (Eds.), Classical conditioning II: Current research and theory. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
58. Rodier, P. M., Bryson, S. E., & Welch, J. P. (1997). Minor malformations and physical measurements in autism: Data from Nova Scotia. Teratology, 55, 319-325.
59. Roebuck, T. M., Mattson, S. N., & Riley, E. P. (1998). A review of the neuroanatomical findings in children with fetal alcohol syndrome or prenatal exposure to alcohol. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 22, 339-344.
60. Schmajuk, N. A., & Christiansen, B. A. (1990). Eyeblink conditioning in rats. Physiology & Behavior, 48, 755-758.
61. Sears, L. L., Finn, P. R.. & Steinmetz, J. E. (1994). Abnormal classical eyeblink conditioning in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24, 737-751.
62. Sears, L. L., & Steinmetz, J. E. (1990). Acquisition of classically conditioned-related activity in the hippocampus is affected by lesions of the cerebellar interpositus nucleus. Behavioral Neuroscience, 104, 681-692.
63. Sears, L. L., & Steinmetz, J. E. (2000). Classical eyeblink conditioning in normal and autistic children. In: D.S. Woodruff-Pak & J.E. Steinmetz (Eds), Eyeblink Classical Conditioning, Vol 1: Human Applications, pp. 143-162, Boston: Kluwer.
64. Skelton, R. W. (1988). Bilateral cerebellar lesions disrupt conditioned eyelid responses in unrestrained rats. Behavioral Neuroscience, 102, 586-590.
65. Solomon, P. R., & Moore, J. W. (1975). Latent inhibition and stimulus generalization of the classically conditioned nictitating membrane response in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) following dorsal hippocampal ablation. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 89, 1192-1203.
66. Stanley, M. A., & Turner, S. M. (1995). Current status of pharmacological and behavioral treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behavioral Therapy, 26, 163-186.
67. Stanton, M. E., & Goodlett, C. R. (1998). Neonatal ethanol exposure impairs eyeblink conditioning in weanling rats. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 22, 270-275.
68. Steinmetz, J. E. (2000). Brain substrates of classical eyeblink conditioning: A highly localized but also distributed system. Behavioural Brain Research, 110, 13-24.
69. Streissguth, A. P., Bookstein, F. L., & Barr, H. M. (1996). A dose-response study of the enduring effects of prenatal alcohol exposure: birth to 14 years. In H.-L. Spohr & H.-C. Steinhausen (Eds.), Alcohol, pregnancy and the developing child, pp. 141-168. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
70. Streissguth, A. P., & O'Malley, K. (2000). Neuropsychiatrie implications and long-term consequences of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 5, 177-190.
71. Thomas, J. D., Goodlett, C. R., & West, J. R. (1998). Alcohol-induced Purkinje cell loss depends on developmental timing of alcohol exposure and correlates with motor performance. Developmental Brain Research, 105, 159-166.
72. Thomas, J. D., Wasserman, E. A., West, J. R., & Goodlett, C. R. (1996). Behavioral deficits induced by bingelike exposure to alcohol in neonatal rats: Importance of developmental timing and number of episodes. Developmental Psychobiology, 29, 433-452.
73. Thompson, R. F., Barnes, C., Carew, T., Cooper, L., Gallagher, M., Posner, M., Rescorla, R., Schacter, D., Squire, L., & Wagner, A. (1989). Psychobiology of learning and memory. In R. D. Luce, N. J. Smelser, & D. R. Gerstein (Eds.), Leading edges in social and behavioral science, pp. 21-39. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
74. Tracy, J. A., Ghose, S. S., Stetcher, T., McFall, R. M., & Steinmetz, J. E. (1999). Classical conditioning in a nonclinical obsessive-compulsive population. Psychological Science, 10, 9-13.
75. Watson, J. B. (1924). Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company.
76. Weiss, C., Knuttinen, M.-G., Power, J. M., Patel, R. I., O'Connor, M. S., & Disterhoft, J. F. (1999). Trace eyeblink conditioning in the freely moving rat: Optimizing the conditioning parameters. Behavioral Neuroscience, 5, 1100-1105.
77. Woodruff-Pak, D. S., & Steinmetz, J. E. (Eds.) (2000a). Eyeblink Classical Conditioning, Volume 1: Human Applications, Boston: Kluwer.
78. Woodruff-Pak, D. S., & Steinmetz, J. E. (Eds.) (2000b). Eyeblink Classical Conditioning, Volume 2: Animal Models, Boston: Kluwer.