Are fortune 100 companies responsive to chronically ill workers?

Health Affairs

Volumn 20, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 209-219

  Montenegro Torres, Fernando ^a   Engelhardt, Timothy ^a   Thamer, Mae ^a   Anderson, Gerard ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CHRONIC DISEASE; COMMERCIAL PHENOMENA; COST; ECONOMICS; EMPLOYMENT; HEALTH INSURANCE; HUMAN; INFORMATION PROCESSING; INSURANCE; MEDICARE; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT;

CHRONIC DISEASE; COMMERCE; COST SHARING; DATA COLLECTION; EMPLOYMENT; HEALTH BENEFIT PLANS, EMPLOYEE; HUMANS; INSURANCE COVERAGE; MEDICARE;

EID: 0035408230     PISSN: 02782715     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.20.4.209     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. See J.C. Cantor et al., "Business Leaders' Views on American Health Care," Health Affairs (Spring 1991): 98-105; J.B. Christianson, "The Role of Employers in Community Health Care Systems," Health Affairs (July/Aug 1998): 158-164; J.R. Gabel, "Job-Based Health Insurance, 1977-1998: The Accidental System under Scrutiny," Health Affairs (Nov/Dec 1999): 62-74; J. Piacentini and T. Cerino, eds., EBRI Databook on Employee Benefits (Washington: Employee Benefit Research Institute, 1990), 5-34; and K. Thorpe, "The Health System in Transition: Care, Cost, and Coverage," Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 22, no. 2 (1997): 339-361.
2. See J.C. Cantor et al., "Business Leaders' Views on American Health Care," Health Affairs (Spring 1991): 98-105; J.B. Christianson, "The Role of Employers in Community Health Care Systems," Health Affairs (July/Aug 1998): 158-164; J.R. Gabel, "Job-Based Health Insurance, 1977-1998: The Accidental System under Scrutiny," Health Affairs (Nov/Dec 1999): 62-74; J. Piacentini and T. Cerino, eds., EBRI Databook on Employee Benefits (Washington: Employee Benefit Research Institute, 1990), 5-34; and K. Thorpe, "The Health System in Transition: Care, Cost, and Coverage," Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 22, no. 2 (1997): 339-361.
3. See J.C. Cantor et al., "Business Leaders' Views on American Health Care," Health Affairs (Spring 1991): 98-105; J.B. Christianson, "The Role of Employers in Community Health Care Systems," Health Affairs (July/Aug 1998): 158-164; J.R. Gabel, "Job-Based Health Insurance, 1977-1998: The Accidental System under Scrutiny," Health Affairs (Nov/Dec 1999): 62-74; J. Piacentini and T. Cerino, eds., EBRI Databook on Employee Benefits (Washington: Employee Benefit Research Institute, 1990), 5-34; and K. Thorpe, "The Health System in Transition: Care, Cost, and Coverage," Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 22, no. 2 (1997): 339-361.
4. See J.C. Cantor et al., "Business Leaders' Views on American Health Care," Health Affairs (Spring 1991): 98-105; J.B. Christianson, "The Role of Employers in Community Health Care Systems," Health Affairs (July/Aug 1998): 158-164; J.R. Gabel, "Job-Based Health Insurance, 1977-1998: The Accidental System under Scrutiny," Health Affairs (Nov/Dec 1999): 62-74; J. Piacentini and T. Cerino, eds., EBRI Databook on Employee Benefits (Washington: Employee Benefit Research Institute, 1990), 5-34; and K. Thorpe, "The Health System in Transition: Care, Cost, and Coverage," Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 22, no. 2 (1997): 339-361.
5. See J.C. Cantor et al., "Business Leaders' Views on American Health Care," Health Affairs (Spring 1991): 98-105; J.B. Christianson, "The Role of Employers in Community Health Care Systems," Health Affairs (July/Aug 1998): 158-164; J.R. Gabel, "Job-Based Health Insurance, 1977-1998: The Accidental System under Scrutiny," Health Affairs (Nov/Dec 1999): 62-74; J. Piacentini and T. Cerino, eds., EBRI Databook on Employee Benefits (Washington: Employee Benefit Research Institute, 1990), 5-34; and K. Thorpe, "The Health System in Transition: Care, Cost, and Coverage," Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 22, no. 2 (1997): 339-361.
6. See T. Bodenheimer and K. Sullivan, "How Large Employers Are Shaping the Health Care Marketplace" (Part One of Two), New England Journal of Medicine (2 April 1998): 1003-1007; R. Fernandopulle and D. Chin, "Private Initiatives," in Health Care Policy, ed. D. Calkins, R. Fernandopulle, and B. Marino (Cambridge: Blackwell Science, 1995), 219-229; H. Darling, "Employers and Managed Care: What Are the Early Returns?" Health Affairs (Winter 1991): 147-160; and D. McDermott, "Small Business Leaders' Viewpoints on Health Care Insurance: A Marketing and Social Perspective," Health Marketing Quarterly 7, no. 1-2 (1990): 169-175.
7. See T. Bodenheimer and K. Sullivan, "How Large Employers Are Shaping the Health Care Marketplace" (Part One of Two), New England Journal of Medicine (2 April 1998): 1003-1007; R. Fernandopulle and D. Chin, "Private Initiatives," in Health Care Policy, ed. D. Calkins, R. Fernandopulle, and B. Marino (Cambridge: Blackwell Science, 1995), 219-229; H. Darling, "Employers and Managed Care: What Are the Early Returns?" Health Affairs (Winter 1991): 147-160; and D. McDermott, "Small Business Leaders' Viewpoints on Health Care Insurance: A Marketing and Social Perspective," Health Marketing Quarterly 7, no. 1-2 (1990): 169-175.
8. See T. Bodenheimer and K. Sullivan, "How Large Employers Are Shaping the Health Care Marketplace" (Part One of Two), New England Journal of Medicine (2 April 1998): 1003-1007; R. Fernandopulle and D. Chin, "Private Initiatives," in Health Care Policy, ed. D. Calkins, R. Fernandopulle, and B. Marino (Cambridge: Blackwell Science, 1995), 219-229; H. Darling, "Employers and Managed Care: What Are the Early Returns?" Health Affairs (Winter 1991): 147-160; and D. McDermott, "Small Business Leaders' Viewpoints on Health Care Insurance: A Marketing and Social Perspective," Health Marketing Quarterly 7, no. 1-2 (1990): 169-175.
9. See T. Bodenheimer and K. Sullivan, "How Large Employers Are Shaping the Health Care Marketplace" (Part One of Two), New England Journal of Medicine (2 April 1998): 1003-1007; R. Fernandopulle and D. Chin, "Private Initiatives," in Health Care Policy, ed. D. Calkins, R. Fernandopulle, and B. Marino (Cambridge: Blackwell Science, 1995), 219-229; H. Darling, "Employers and Managed Care: What Are the Early Returns?" Health Affairs (Winter 1991): 147-160; and D. McDermott, "Small Business Leaders' Viewpoints on Health Care Insurance: A Marketing and Social Perspective," Health Marketing Quarterly 7, no. 1-2 (1990): 169-175.
10. We examined data from the 1996 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) to estimate the prevalence of persons with chronic conditions and the costs they incur. We used Rounds 1, 2, and 3 of the survey, and each of the 22,061 persons participating in the study was assigned a weight based upon sociodemographic characteristics, to develop a nationally representative estimate for the civilian noninstitutionalized U.S. population in 1996. A definition of chronic condition was created, and the age group 18-64 was analyzed. The percentage of costs attributable to persons with chronic conditions in this age group also was analyzed.
11. P. Jozan, "The Epidemiological Future," Health Policy 11, no. 2 (1991): 87. 5. L.A. Bergthold, "Benefit Design Choices under Managed Competition," Health Affairs (Supplement 1993): 99-109; A.K. Biddle et al., "The Health Insurance Puzzle: A New Approach to Assessing Patient Coverage Preferences," Journal of Community Health 23, no. 3 (1998): 181-194; B. Booske, F. Sainfort, and A. Hundt, "Eliciting Consumer Preferences for Health Plans," Health Services Research (October 1999): 839-854; W.S. Custer, "Employer Health Care Plan Design and Its Effect on Plan Costs," Inquiry 28, no. 1 (1991): 81-86; A.E. Dembe, "Preserving Workers' Compensation Benefits in a Managed Health Care Environment," Journal of Public Health Policy 19, no. 2 (1998): 200-218; J.D. Loeser et al., "Incentive Effects of Workers' Compensation Benefits: A Literature Synthesis," Medical Care Research and Review 52, no. 1 (1995): 34-59; R. Frank, T. McGuire, and D. Salkever, "Benefit Flexibility, Cost Shifting, and Mandated Mental Health Coverage," Journal of Mental Health Administration 18, no. 3 (1991): 264-271;
12. P. Jozan, "The Epidemiological Future," Health Policy 11, no. 2 (1991): 87. 5. L.A. Bergthold, "Benefit Design Choices under Managed Competition," Health Affairs (Supplement 1993): 99-109; A.K. Biddle et al., "The Health Insurance Puzzle: A New Approach to Assessing Patient Coverage Preferences," Journal of Community Health 23, no. 3 (1998): 181-194; B. Booske, F. Sainfort, and A. Hundt, "Eliciting Consumer Preferences for Health Plans," Health Services Research (October 1999): 839-854; W.S. Custer, "Employer Health Care Plan Design and Its Effect on Plan Costs," Inquiry 28, no. 1 (1991): 81-86; A.E. Dembe, "Preserving Workers' Compensation Benefits in a Managed Health Care Environment," Journal of Public Health Policy 19, no. 2 (1998): 200-218; J.D. Loeser et al., "Incentive Effects of Workers' Compensation Benefits: A Literature Synthesis," Medical Care Research and Review 52, no. 1 (1995): 34-59; R. Frank, T. McGuire, and D. Salkever, "Benefit Flexibility, Cost Shifting, and Mandated Mental Health Coverage," Journal of Mental Health Administration 18, no. 3 (1991): 264-271;
13. P. Jozan, "The Epidemiological Future," Health Policy 11, no. 2 (1991): 87. 5. L.A. Bergthold, "Benefit Design Choices under Managed Competition," Health Affairs (Supplement 1993): 99-109; A.K. Biddle et al., "The Health Insurance Puzzle: A New Approach to Assessing Patient Coverage Preferences," Journal of Community Health 23, no. 3 (1998): 181-194; B. Booske, F. Sainfort, and A. Hundt, "Eliciting Consumer Preferences for Health Plans," Health Services Research (October 1999): 839-854; W.S. Custer, "Employer Health Care Plan Design and Its Effect on Plan Costs," Inquiry 28, no. 1 (1991): 81-86; A.E. Dembe, "Preserving Workers' Compensation Benefits in a Managed Health Care Environment," Journal of Public Health Policy 19, no. 2 (1998): 200-218; J.D. Loeser et al., "Incentive Effects of Workers' Compensation Benefits: A Literature Synthesis," Medical Care Research and Review 52, no. 1 (1995): 34-59; R. Frank, T. McGuire, and D. Salkever, "Benefit Flexibility, Cost Shifting, and Mandated Mental Health Coverage," Journal of Mental Health Administration 18, no. 3 (1991): 264-271;
14. P. Jozan, "The Epidemiological Future," Health Policy 11, no. 2 (1991): 87. 5. L.A. Bergthold, "Benefit Design Choices under Managed Competition," Health Affairs (Supplement 1993): 99-109; A.K. Biddle et al., "The Health Insurance Puzzle: A New Approach to Assessing Patient Coverage Preferences," Journal of Community Health 23, no. 3 (1998): 181-194; B. Booske, F. Sainfort, and A. Hundt, "Eliciting Consumer Preferences for Health Plans," Health Services Research (October 1999): 839-854; W.S. Custer, "Employer Health Care Plan Design and Its Effect on Plan Costs," Inquiry 28, no. 1 (1991): 81-86; A.E. Dembe, "Preserving Workers' Compensation Benefits in a Managed Health Care Environment," Journal of Public Health Policy 19, no. 2 (1998): 200-218; J.D. Loeser et al., "Incentive Effects of Workers' Compensation Benefits: A Literature Synthesis," Medical Care Research and Review 52, no. 1 (1995): 34-59; R. Frank, T. McGuire, and D. Salkever, "Benefit Flexibility, Cost Shifting, and Mandated Mental Health Coverage," Journal of Mental Health Administration 18, no. 3 (1991): 264-271;
15. P. Jozan, "The Epidemiological Future," Health Policy 11, no. 2 (1991): 87. 5. L.A. Bergthold, "Benefit Design Choices under Managed Competition," Health Affairs (Supplement 1993): 99-109; A.K. Biddle et al., "The Health Insurance Puzzle: A New Approach to Assessing Patient Coverage Preferences," Journal of Community Health 23, no. 3 (1998): 181-194; B. Booske, F. Sainfort, and A. Hundt, "Eliciting Consumer Preferences for Health Plans," Health Services Research (October 1999): 839-854; W.S. Custer, "Employer Health Care Plan Design and Its Effect on Plan Costs," Inquiry 28, no. 1 (1991): 81-86; A.E. Dembe, "Preserving Workers' Compensation Benefits in a Managed Health Care Environment," Journal of Public Health Policy 19, no. 2 (1998): 200-218; J.D. Loeser et al., "Incentive Effects of Workers' Compensation Benefits: A Literature Synthesis," Medical Care Research and Review 52, no. 1 (1995): 34-59; R. Frank, T. McGuire, and D. Salkever, "Benefit Flexibility, Cost Shifting, and Mandated Mental Health Coverage," Journal of Mental Health Administration 18, no. 3 (1991): 264-271;
16. P. Jozan, "The Epidemiological Future," Health Policy 11, no. 2 (1991): 87. 5. L.A. Bergthold, "Benefit Design Choices under Managed Competition," Health Affairs (Supplement 1993): 99-109; A.K. Biddle et al., "The Health Insurance Puzzle: A New Approach to Assessing Patient Coverage Preferences," Journal of Community Health 23, no. 3 (1998): 181-194; B. Booske, F. Sainfort, and A. Hundt, "Eliciting Consumer Preferences for Health Plans," Health Services Research (October 1999): 839-854; W.S. Custer, "Employer Health Care Plan Design and Its Effect on Plan Costs," Inquiry 28, no. 1 (1991): 81-86; A.E. Dembe, "Preserving Workers' Compensation Benefits in a Managed Health Care Environment," Journal of Public Health Policy 19, no. 2 (1998): 200-218; J.D. Loeser et al., "Incentive Effects of Workers' Compensation Benefits: A Literature Synthesis," Medical Care Research and Review 52, no. 1 (1995): 34-59; R. Frank, T. McGuire, and D. Salkever, "Benefit Flexibility, Cost Shifting, and Mandated Mental Health Coverage," Journal of Mental Health Administration 18, no. 3 (1991): 264-271;
17. P. Jozan, "The Epidemiological Future," Health Policy 11, no. 2 (1991): 87. 5. L.A. Bergthold, "Benefit Design Choices under Managed Competition," Health Affairs (Supplement 1993): 99-109; A.K. Biddle et al., "The Health Insurance Puzzle: A New Approach to Assessing Patient Coverage Preferences," Journal of Community Health 23, no. 3 (1998): 181-194; B. Booske, F. Sainfort, and A. Hundt, "Eliciting Consumer Preferences for Health Plans," Health Services Research (October 1999): 839-854; W.S. Custer, "Employer Health Care Plan Design and Its Effect on Plan Costs," Inquiry 28, no. 1 (1991): 81-86; A.E. Dembe, "Preserving Workers' Compensation Benefits in a Managed Health Care Environment," Journal of Public Health Policy 19, no. 2 (1998): 200-218; J.D. Loeser et al., "Incentive Effects of Workers' Compensation Benefits: A Literature Synthesis," Medical Care Research and Review 52, no. 1 (1995): 34-59; R. Frank, T. McGuire, and D. Salkever, "Benefit Flexibility, Cost Shifting, and Mandated Mental Health Coverage," Journal of Mental Health Administration 18, no. 3 (1991): 264-271;
18. P. Jozan, "The Epidemiological Future," Health Policy 11, no. 2 (1991): 87. 5. L.A. Bergthold, "Benefit Design Choices under Managed Competition," Health Affairs (Supplement 1993): 99-109; A.K. Biddle et al., "The Health Insurance Puzzle: A New Approach to Assessing Patient Coverage Preferences," Journal of Community Health 23, no. 3 (1998): 181-194; B. Booske, F. Sainfort, and A. Hundt, "Eliciting Consumer Preferences for Health Plans," Health Services Research (October 1999): 839-854; W.S. Custer, "Employer Health Care Plan Design and Its Effect on Plan Costs," Inquiry 28, no. 1 (1991): 81-86; A.E. Dembe, "Preserving Workers' Compensation Benefits in a Managed Health Care Environment," Journal of Public Health Policy 19, no. 2 (1998): 200-218; J.D. Loeser et al., "Incentive Effects of Workers' Compensation Benefits: A Literature Synthesis," Medical Care Research and Review 52, no. 1 (1995): 34-59; R. Frank, T. McGuire, and D. Salkever, "Benefit Flexibility, Cost Shifting, and Mandated Mental Health Coverage," Journal of Mental Health Administration 18, no. 3 (1991): 264-271;
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25. B. Harris et al., "The Effect of Drug Co-Payments on Utilization and Cost of Pharmaceuticals in a Health Maintenance Organization," Medical Care 28, no. 10 (1990): 907-917; A. Leibowitz, W.G. Manning, and J.P. Newhouse, "The Demand for Prescription Drugs as a Function of Cost-Sharing," Social Science and Medicine 21, no. 10 (1985): 1063-1069; A.A. Nelson et al., "The Effect of a Medicaid Drug Copayment Program on the Utilization and Cost of Prescription Services," Medical Care 22, no. 8 (1984): 724-735; and D. Smith, "The Effects of Copayments and Generic Substitution on the Use and Costs of Prescription Drugs," Inquiry 30, no. 2 (1993): 189-198.
26. B. Harris et al., "The Effect of Drug Co-Payments on Utilization and Cost of Pharmaceuticals in a Health Maintenance Organization," Medical Care 28, no. 10 (1990): 907-917; A. Leibowitz, W.G. Manning, and J.P. Newhouse, "The Demand for Prescription Drugs as a Function of Cost-Sharing," Social Science and Medicine 21, no. 10 (1985): 1063-1069; A.A. Nelson et al., "The Effect of a Medicaid Drug Copayment Program on the Utilization and Cost of Prescription Services," Medical Care 22, no. 8 (1984): 724-735; and D. Smith, "The Effects of Copayments and Generic Substitution on the Use and Costs of Prescription Drugs," Inquiry 30, no. 2 (1993): 189-198.
27. C.E. Reeder and A.A. Nelson, "The Differential Impact of Co-payment on Drug Use in a Medicaid Population," Inquiry 22, no. 4 (1985): 396-403; and Nelson et al., "The Effect of a Medicaid Drug Copayment Program."
28. C.E. Reeder and A.A. Nelson, "The Differential Impact of Co-payment on Drug Use in a Medicaid Population," Inquiry 22, no. 4 (1985): 396-403; and Nelson et al., "The Effect of a Medicaid Drug Copayment Program."
29. E.P. Steinberg et al., "Beyond Survey Data: A Claims-Based Analysis of Drug Use and Spending by the Elderly," Health Affairs (Mar/Apr 2000): 198-211.
30. Congressional Budget Office, Analysis of the President's Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal Year 2001 (Washington: CBO, 2000).
31. J.A. Penz, "Mental Health Parity Act of 1996: Summary of the Interim Rules Relating to Group Health Plans," Employee Benefits Journal 23, no. 2 (1998): 14-17; and LR. Pelletier, "Update on Mental Health Parity," Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing 11, no. 4 (1998): 159-160.
32. J.A. Penz, "Mental Health Parity Act of 1996: Summary of the Interim Rules Relating to Group Health Plans," Employee Benefits Journal 23, no. 2 (1998): 14-17; and LR. Pelletier, "Update on Mental Health Parity," Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing 11, no. 4 (1998): 159-160.
33. D. Mechanic, "Emerging Trends in Mental Health Policy and Practice," Health Affairs (Nov/Dec 1998): 82-98.
34. W. Goldman, J. McCulloch, and R. Sturm, "Costs and Use of Mental Health Services Before and After Managed Care," Health Affairs (Mar/Apr 1998): 40-52.
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37. C.S. Dewa and E. Lin, "Chronic Physical Illness, Psychiatric Disorder, and Disability in the Workplace," Social Science and Medicine 51, no. 1 (2000): 41-50; and L.S. Goldman, N.H. Nielsen and C.H. Champion, "Awareness, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Depression," Journal of General Internal Medicine 14, no. 9 (1999): 569-580.
38. C.S. Dewa and E. Lin, "Chronic Physical Illness, Psychiatric Disorder, and Disability in the Workplace," Social Science and Medicine 51, no. 1 (2000): 41-50; and L.S. Goldman, N.H. Nielsen and C.H. Champion, "Awareness, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Depression," Journal of General Internal Medicine 14, no. 9 (1999): 569-580.
39. Medicare requires a copayment of $97 per day for days 21-100, and all costs in the benefit period beyond the 100th day. Health Care Financing Administration, Your Medicare Benefits 2000: Your Health Care Coverage under Part A (Hospital Insurance) and Part B (Medical Insurance) Including Preventive Services (Baltimore: HCFA, 2000).
40. S. Kirk, "Families' Experiences of Caring at Home for a Technology-Dependent Child: A Review of the Literature," Child Care, Health, and Development 24, no. 2 (1998): 101-114; M. Jellinek et al., "The Need for Multidisciplinary Training in Counseling the Medically Ill: Report of the Training Committee of the Linda Pollin Foundation," General Hospital Psychiatry 14, no. 6 (Supplement 1992): 3-10; R.G. Knight et al., "A Meta-Analytic Review of Interventions for Caregiver Distress: Recommendations for Future Research," Geronrologist 33, no. 2 (1993): 240-248; E. Lipkin, "New Strategies for the Treatment of Type Two Diabetes," Journal of the American Dietetic Association (March 1999): 329-334; D. McCarron et al., "Comprehensive Nutrition Plan Improves Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Essential Hypertension," American Journal of Hypertension (January 1998): 31-40; and L.S. Sommers et al., "Physician, Nurse, and Social Worker Collaboration in Primary Care for Seniors," Archives of Internal Medicine 160, no. 12 (2000): 1825-1833. 20. For instance, high out-of-pocket costs may induce patients to "extend" their medications, as suggested in a study on drug coverage and hypertension. J. Blustein, "Drug Coverage and Drug Purchases by Medicare Beneficiaries with Hypertension," Health Affairs (Mar/Apr 2000): 219-230. Also see Steinberg et al., "Beyond Survey Data"; and G. Simon, M. Vonkorff, and M. Durham, "Predictors of Outpatient Mental Health Utilization by Primary Care Patients in a Health Maintenance Organization," American Journal of Psychiatry 151, no. 6 (1994): 908-913.
41. S. Kirk, "Families' Experiences of Caring at Home for a Technology-Dependent Child: A Review of the Literature," Child Care, Health, and Development 24, no. 2 (1998): 101-114; M. Jellinek et al., "The Need for Multidisciplinary Training in Counseling the Medically Ill: Report of the Training Committee of the Linda Pollin Foundation," General Hospital Psychiatry 14, no. 6 (Supplement 1992): 3-10; R.G. Knight et al., "A Meta-Analytic Review of Interventions for Caregiver Distress: Recommendations for Future Research," Geronrologist 33, no. 2 (1993): 240-248; E. Lipkin, "New Strategies for the Treatment of Type Two Diabetes," Journal of the American Dietetic Association (March 1999): 329-334; D. McCarron et al., "Comprehensive Nutrition Plan Improves Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Essential Hypertension," American Journal of Hypertension (January 1998): 31-40; and L.S. Sommers et al., "Physician, Nurse, and Social Worker Collaboration in Primary Care for Seniors," Archives of Internal Medicine 160, no. 12 (2000): 1825-1833. 20. For instance, high out-of-pocket costs may induce patients to "extend" their medications, as suggested in a study on drug coverage and hypertension. J. Blustein, "Drug Coverage and Drug Purchases by Medicare Beneficiaries with Hypertension," Health Affairs (Mar/Apr 2000): 219-230. Also see Steinberg et al., "Beyond Survey Data"; and G. Simon, M. Vonkorff, and M. Durham, "Predictors of Outpatient Mental Health Utilization by Primary Care Patients in a Health Maintenance Organization," American Journal of Psychiatry 151, no. 6 (1994): 908-913.
42. S. Kirk, "Families' Experiences of Caring at Home for a Technology-Dependent Child: A Review of the Literature," Child Care, Health, and Development 24, no. 2 (1998): 101-114; M. Jellinek et al., "The Need for Multidisciplinary Training in Counseling the Medically Ill: Report of the Training Committee of the Linda Pollin Foundation," General Hospital Psychiatry 14, no. 6 (Supplement 1992): 3-10; R.G. Knight et al., "A Meta-Analytic Review of Interventions for Caregiver Distress: Recommendations for Future Research," Geronrologist 33, no. 2 (1993): 240-248; E. Lipkin, "New Strategies for the Treatment of Type Two Diabetes," Journal of the American Dietetic Association (March 1999): 329-334; D. McCarron et al., "Comprehensive Nutrition Plan Improves Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Essential Hypertension," American Journal of Hypertension (January 1998): 31-40; and L.S. Sommers et al., "Physician, Nurse, and Social Worker Collaboration in Primary Care for Seniors," Archives of Internal Medicine 160, no. 12 (2000): 1825-1833. 20. For instance, high out-of-pocket costs may induce patients to "extend" their medications, as suggested in a study on drug coverage and hypertension. J. Blustein, "Drug Coverage and Drug Purchases by Medicare Beneficiaries with Hypertension," Health Affairs (Mar/Apr 2000): 219-230. Also see Steinberg et al., "Beyond Survey Data"; and G. Simon, M. Vonkorff, and M. Durham, "Predictors of Outpatient Mental Health Utilization by Primary Care Patients in a Health Maintenance Organization," American Journal of Psychiatry 151, no. 6 (1994): 908-913.
43. S. Kirk, "Families' Experiences of Caring at Home for a Technology-Dependent Child: A Review of the Literature," Child Care, Health, and Development 24, no. 2 (1998): 101-114; M. Jellinek et al., "The Need for Multidisciplinary Training in Counseling the Medically Ill: Report of the Training Committee of the Linda Pollin Foundation," General Hospital Psychiatry 14, no. 6 (Supplement 1992): 3-10; R.G. Knight et al., "A Meta-Analytic Review of Interventions for Caregiver Distress: Recommendations for Future Research," Geronrologist 33, no. 2 (1993): 240-248; E. Lipkin, "New Strategies for the Treatment of Type Two Diabetes," Journal of the American Dietetic Association (March 1999): 329-334; D. McCarron et al., "Comprehensive Nutrition Plan Improves Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Essential Hypertension," American Journal of Hypertension (January 1998): 31-40; and L.S. Sommers et al., "Physician, Nurse, and Social Worker Collaboration in Primary Care for Seniors," Archives of Internal Medicine 160, no. 12 (2000): 1825-1833. 20. For instance, high out-of-pocket costs may induce patients to "extend" their medications, as suggested in a study on drug coverage and hypertension. J. Blustein, "Drug Coverage and Drug Purchases by Medicare Beneficiaries with Hypertension," Health Affairs (Mar/Apr 2000): 219-230. Also see Steinberg et al., "Beyond Survey Data"; and G. Simon, M. Vonkorff, and M. Durham, "Predictors of Outpatient Mental Health Utilization by Primary Care Patients in a Health Maintenance Organization," American Journal of Psychiatry 151, no. 6 (1994): 908-913.
44. S. Kirk, "Families' Experiences of Caring at Home for a Technology-Dependent Child: A Review of the Literature," Child Care, Health, and Development 24, no. 2 (1998): 101-114; M. Jellinek et al., "The Need for Multidisciplinary Training in Counseling the Medically Ill: Report of the Training Committee of the Linda Pollin Foundation," General Hospital Psychiatry 14, no. 6 (Supplement 1992): 3-10; R.G. Knight et al., "A Meta-Analytic Review of Interventions for Caregiver Distress: Recommendations for Future Research," Geronrologist 33, no. 2 (1993): 240-248; E. Lipkin, "New Strategies for the Treatment of Type Two Diabetes," Journal of the American Dietetic Association (March 1999): 329-334; D. McCarron et al., "Comprehensive Nutrition Plan Improves Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Essential Hypertension," American Journal of Hypertension (January 1998): 31-40; and L.S. Sommers et al., "Physician, Nurse, and Social Worker Collaboration in Primary Care for Seniors," Archives of Internal Medicine 160, no. 12 (2000): 1825-1833. 20. For instance, high out-of-pocket costs may induce patients to "extend" their medications, as suggested in a study on drug coverage and hypertension. J. Blustein, "Drug Coverage and Drug Purchases by Medicare Beneficiaries with Hypertension," Health Affairs (Mar/Apr 2000): 219-230. Also see Steinberg et al., "Beyond Survey Data"; and G. Simon, M. Vonkorff, and M. Durham, "Predictors of Outpatient Mental Health Utilization by Primary Care Patients in a Health Maintenance Organization," American Journal of Psychiatry 151, no. 6 (1994): 908-913.
45. S. Kirk, "Families' Experiences of Caring at Home for a Technology-Dependent Child: A Review of the Literature," Child Care, Health, and Development 24, no. 2 (1998): 101-114; M. Jellinek et al., "The Need for Multidisciplinary Training in Counseling the Medically Ill: Report of the Training Committee of the Linda Pollin Foundation," General Hospital Psychiatry 14, no. 6 (Supplement 1992): 3-10; R.G. Knight et al., "A Meta-Analytic Review of Interventions for Caregiver Distress: Recommendations for Future Research," Geronrologist 33, no. 2 (1993): 240-248; E. Lipkin, "New Strategies for the Treatment of Type Two Diabetes," Journal of the American Dietetic Association (March 1999): 329-334; D. McCarron et al., "Comprehensive Nutrition Plan Improves Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Essential Hypertension," American Journal of Hypertension (January 1998): 31-40; and L.S. Sommers et al., "Physician, Nurse, and Social Worker Collaboration in Primary Care for Seniors," Archives of Internal Medicine 160, no. 12 (2000): 1825-1833. 20. For instance, high out-of-pocket costs may induce patients to "extend" their medications, as suggested in a study on drug coverage and hypertension. J. Blustein, "Drug Coverage and Drug Purchases by Medicare Beneficiaries with Hypertension," Health Affairs (Mar/Apr 2000): 219-230. Also see Steinberg et al., "Beyond Survey Data"; and G. Simon, M. Vonkorff, and M. Durham, "Predictors of Outpatient Mental Health Utilization by Primary Care Patients in a Health Maintenance Organization," American Journal of Psychiatry 151, no. 6 (1994): 908-913.
46. S. Kirk, "Families' Experiences of Caring at Home for a Technology-Dependent Child: A Review of the Literature," Child Care, Health, and Development 24, no. 2 (1998): 101-114; M. Jellinek et al., "The Need for Multidisciplinary Training in Counseling the Medically Ill: Report of the Training Committee of the Linda Pollin Foundation," General Hospital Psychiatry 14, no. 6 (Supplement 1992): 3-10; R.G. Knight et al., "A Meta-Analytic Review of Interventions for Caregiver Distress: Recommendations for Future Research," Geronrologist 33, no. 2 (1993): 240-248; E. Lipkin, "New Strategies for the Treatment of Type Two Diabetes," Journal of the American Dietetic Association (March 1999): 329-334; D. McCarron et al., "Comprehensive Nutrition Plan Improves Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Essential Hypertension," American Journal of Hypertension (January 1998): 31-40; and L.S. Sommers et al., "Physician, Nurse, and Social Worker Collaboration in Primary Care for Seniors," Archives of Internal Medicine 160, no. 12 (2000): 1825-1833. 20. For instance, high out-of-pocket costs may induce patients to "extend" their medications, as suggested in a study on drug coverage and hypertension. J. Blustein, "Drug Coverage and Drug Purchases by Medicare Beneficiaries with Hypertension," Health Affairs (Mar/Apr 2000): 219-230. Also see Steinberg et al., "Beyond Survey Data"; and G. Simon, M. Vonkorff, and M. Durham, "Predictors of Outpatient Mental Health Utilization by Primary Care Patients in a Health Maintenance Organization," American Journal of Psychiatry 151, no. 6 (1994): 908-913.
47. S. Kirk, "Families' Experiences of Caring at Home for a Technology-Dependent Child: A Review of the Literature," Child Care, Health, and Development 24, no. 2 (1998): 101-114; M. Jellinek et al., "The Need for Multidisciplinary Training in Counseling the Medically Ill: Report of the Training Committee of the Linda Pollin Foundation," General Hospital Psychiatry 14, no. 6 (Supplement 1992): 3-10; R.G. Knight et al., "A Meta-Analytic Review of Interventions for Caregiver Distress: Recommendations for Future Research," Geronrologist 33, no. 2 (1993): 240-248; E. Lipkin, "New Strategies for the Treatment of Type Two Diabetes," Journal of the American Dietetic Association (March 1999): 329-334; D. McCarron et al., "Comprehensive Nutrition Plan Improves Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Essential Hypertension," American Journal of Hypertension (January 1998): 31-40; and L.S. Sommers et al., "Physician, Nurse, and Social Worker Collaboration in Primary Care for Seniors," Archives of Internal Medicine 160, no. 12 (2000): 1825-1833. 20. For instance, high out-of-pocket costs may induce patients to "extend" their medications, as suggested in a study on drug coverage and hypertension. J. Blustein, "Drug Coverage and Drug Purchases by Medicare Beneficiaries with Hypertension," Health Affairs (Mar/Apr 2000): 219-230. Also see Steinberg et al., "Beyond Survey Data"; and G. Simon, M. Vonkorff, and M. Durham, "Predictors of Outpatient Mental Health Utilization by Primary Care Patients in a Health Maintenance Organization," American Journal of Psychiatry 151, no. 6 (1994): 908-913.
48. S. Kirk, "Families' Experiences of Caring at Home for a Technology-Dependent Child: A Review of the Literature," Child Care, Health, and Development 24, no. 2 (1998): 101-114; M. Jellinek et al., "The Need for Multidisciplinary Training in Counseling the Medically Ill: Report of the Training Committee of the Linda Pollin Foundation," General Hospital Psychiatry 14, no. 6 (Supplement 1992): 3-10; R.G. Knight et al., "A Meta-Analytic Review of Interventions for Caregiver Distress: Recommendations for Future Research," Geronrologist 33, no. 2 (1993): 240-248; E. Lipkin, "New Strategies for the Treatment of Type Two Diabetes," Journal of the American Dietetic Association (March 1999): 329-334; D. McCarron et al., "Comprehensive Nutrition Plan Improves Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Essential Hypertension," American Journal of Hypertension (January 1998): 31-40; and L.S. Sommers et al., "Physician, Nurse, and Social Worker Collaboration in Primary Care for Seniors," Archives of Internal Medicine 160, no. 12 (2000): 1825-1833. 20. For instance, high out-of-pocket costs may induce patients to "extend" their medications, as suggested in a study on drug coverage and hypertension. J. Blustein, "Drug Coverage and Drug Purchases by Medicare Beneficiaries with Hypertension," Health Affairs (Mar/Apr 2000): 219-230. Also see Steinberg et al., "Beyond Survey Data"; and G. Simon, M. Vonkorff, and M. Durham, "Predictors of Outpatient Mental Health Utilization by Primary Care Patients in a Health Maintenance Organization," American Journal of Psychiatry 151, no. 6 (1994): 908-913.
49. The figure for individual deductibles for POS plans was reported only with data from small firms in this survey. Gabel et al., Employer Health Benefits.
50. P. Fronstin, Features of Employment-Based Health Plans, EBRI Issue Brief no. 201 (Washington: EBRI, 1998).
51. T.R. Marmor, The Politics of Medicare (Chicago: Aldine Publications, 1973).