Breast cancer and obesity

Panminerva Medica

Volumn 43, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 123-133

  La Guardia, M ^a   Giammanco, M ^b,c  

^a Division of Human Physiology   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PALERMO   (Italy)

^c Ist di Fisiol e Nutrizione Umana   (Italy)

Author keywords

Breast neoplasms, prevention and control; Estrogens; Nutrition; Obesity

Indexed keywords

HORMONE;

BREAST TUMOR; ENDOCRINE GLAND; FEMALE; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENETICS; HEALTH; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; NUTRITION; OBESITY; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR;

BREAST NEOPLASMS; ENDOCRINE GLANDS; FEMALE; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HORMONES; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; NUTRITION PHYSIOLOGY; OBESITY; RISK FACTORS; WORLD HEALTH;

EID: 0035380224     PISSN: 00310808     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (139)

1. Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche Basi scientifiche per la definizione di linee guida in ambito clinico per i tumori della mammella. Milano: Editech Pharma, giugno 1996.
2. Kelsey JL, Bernstein L. Epidemiology and prevention of breast cancer. Annu Rev Public Health 1996;17:47-67.
3. Hankin JH. Role of nutrition in women's health: diet and breast cancer. J Am Diet Assoc 1993;93:994-9.
4. Ziegler RG, Hoover RN, Nomura AM, West DW, Wu AH, Pike MC et al. Relative weight, weight change, height, and breast cancer risk in Asian-American women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996;88:650-60.
5. Kuller LH. The etiology of breast cancer - from epidemiology to prevention. Public Health Rev 1995;23:157-213.
6. Colditz GA. Epidemiology of breast cancer. Findings from the nurses'health study. Cancer 1993;71(4 Suppl):1480-9.
7. Kato I, Miura S, Kasumi F, Iwase T, Tashiro H, Fujita Y et al. Case-control study of breast cancer among Japanese women: with special reference to family history and reproductive and dietary factors. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1992;24:51-9.
8. Casey G. The BRCA1 and BRCA2 breast cancer genes. Curr Opin Oncol 1997;9:88.
9. Greene MH. Genetics of breast cancer. Mayo Clin Proc 1997; 72:54.
10. Willett WC, Browne ML, Bain C, Lipnick RJ, Stampfer MJ, Rosner B et al. Relative weight and risk of breast cancer among premenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 1985;122:731-40.
11. London SJ, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Rosner B, Speizer FE. Prospective study of relative weight, height, and risk of breast cancer. JAMA 1989;262:2853-8.
12. Vatten LJ, Kvinnsland S. Body mass index and risk of breast cancer. A prospective study of 23,826 Norwegian women. Int J Cancer 1990;45:440-4.
13. Vatten LJ, Kvinnsland S. Prospective study of height, body mass index and risk of breast cancer. Acta Oncol 1992;31:195-200.
14. Wynder EL, MacCormack FA, Stellman SD. The epidemiology of breast cancer in 785 United States Caucasian women. Cancer 1978; 41:2341-54.
15. Tornberg S, Carstensen J. Serum beta-lipoprotein, serum cholesterol and Quetelet's index as predictors for survival of breast cancer patients. Eur J Cancer 1993;29A:2025-30.
16. Paffenbarger RS Jr, Kampert JB, Chang HG. Characteristics that predict risk of breast cancer before and after the menopause. Am J Epidemiol 1980;112:258-68.
17. Helmrich SP, Shapiro S, Rosenberg L, Kaufman DW, Slone D, Bain C et al. Risk factors for breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1983;117: 35-45.
18. Kampert JB, Whittemore AS, Paffenbarger RS Jr. Combined effect of childbearing, menstrual events, and body size on age-specific breast cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol 1988;128:962-79.
19. Pryor M, Slattery ML, Robison LM, Egger M. Adolescent diet and breast cancer in Utah. Cancer Res 1989;49:2161-7.
20. Bouchardy C, Le MG, Hill C. Risk factors for breast cancer according to age at diagnosis in a French case-control study. J Clin Epidemiol 1990;43:267-75.
21. Harris RE, Namboodiri KK, Wynder EL. Breast cancer risk: effects of estrogen replacement therapy and body mass. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992;84:1575-82.
22. Taioli E, Barone J, Wynder EL. A case-control study on breast cancer and body mass. Eur J Cancer 1995;31A:723-8.
23. Franceschi S, Favero A, La Vecchia C, Baron AE, Negri E, Dal Maso L et al. Body size indices and breast cancer risk before and after menopause. Int J Cancer 1996;67:181-7.
24. Swanson CA, Coates RJ, Schoenberg JB, Malone KE, Gammon MD, Stanford JL et al. Body size and breast cancer risk among women under age 45 years. Am J Epidemiol 1996;143:698-706.
25. Hu YH, Nagata C, Shimizu H, Kaneda N, Kashih Y. Association of body mass index, physical activity, and reproductive histories with breast cancer: a case-control study in Gifu, Japan. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1997;43:65-72.
26. Mirra AP, Cole P, MacMahon B. Breast cancer in an area of high parity: Sao Paulo, Brazil. Cancer Res 1971;31:77-83.
27. Staszewski J. Breast cancer and body build. Prev Med 1977;6: 410-5.
28. Talamini R, La Vecchia C, Decarli A, Francesci S, Grattoni E, Grigoletto E et al. Social factors, diet and breast cancer in a northem Italian population. Br J Cancer 1984;49:723-9.
29. Toti A, Agugiaro S, Amadori D, Buzzi G, Bruzzi P, Buiani E et al. Breast cancer risk factors in Italian women: a multicentric case-control study. Tumori 1986;72:241-9.
30. Hislop TG, Coldman AJ, Elwood JM, Brauer G, Kan L. Childhood and recent eating patterns and risk of breast cancer. Cancer Detect Prev 1986;9:47-58.
31. Schatzkin A, Palmer JR, Rosenberg L, Helmrich SP, Miller DR, Kaufman DW et al. Risk factors for breast cancer in Black women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1987;78:213-7.
32. Ewertz M. Influence of non-contraceptive exogenous and endogenous sex hormones on breast cancer risk in Denmark. Int J Cancer 1988;42:832-8.
33. Tretli S. Height and weight in relation to breast cancer morbidity and mortality. A prospective study of 570,000 women in Norway. Int J Cancer 1989;44:23-30.
34. Swanson CA, Brinton LA, Taylor PR, Licitra LM, Ziegler RG, Schairer C. Body size and breast cancer risk assessed in women participating in the breast cancer detection demonstration project. Am J Epidemiol 1989;130:1133-41.
35. Rosenberg L, Palmer JR, Miller DR, Clarke EA, Shapiro S. A case-control study of alcoholic beverage consumption and breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1990;131:6-14.
36. Hsieh CC, Trichopoulos D, Katsouyanni K, Yuasa S. Age at menarche, age at menopause, height and obesity as risk factors for breast cancer: associations and interactions as an international case-control study. Int J Cancer 1990;46:796-800.
37. Lund E, Adami HO, Bergstrom R, Meirik O. Anthropometric measures of breast cancer in young women. Cancer Causes Control 1990;1:832-8.
38. Lee HP, Gourley L, Duffy SW, Esteve J, Lee J, Day NE. Risk factors for breast cancer by age and menopausal status: a case-control study in Singapore. Cancer Causes Control 1992;3:313-22.
39. De Stavola BL, Wang DY, Allen DS, Giaconi J, Fetiman IS, Reed MJ et al. The association of height, weight, menstrual and reproductive events with breast cancer: results from two prospective studies on the island of Guemsey (United Kingdom). Cancer Causes Control 1993; 4:331-40.
40. Radimer K, Siskind V, Bain C, Schofield F. Relation between anthropometric indicators and risk of breast cancer among Australian women. Am J Epidemiol 1993;138:77-89.
41. Yong LC, Brown CC, Schatzkin A, Schairer C, Prospective study of relative weight and risk of breast cancer: The Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project Follow-up Study, 1979 to 1987-1989. Am J Epidemiol 1996;143:985-95.
42. Mannisto S, Pietinen P, Pyy P, Palmgren J, Eskelinem M, Uusitupa M. Body-size indicators and risk of breast cancer according to menopause and estrogen receptor status. Int J Cancer 1996;68:8-13.
43. Chie WC, Chen CF, Lee WC, Chen CJ. Body size and risk of pre/and post-menopausal breast cancer in Taiwan. Anticancer Res 1996; 16:3129-32.
44. La Vecchia C, Decarli A, Parazzini F, Gentile A, Negri E, Cecchetti G, Franceschi S. General epidemiology of breast cancer in Northern Italy. Int J Epidemiol 1987;16:347-55.
45. Chu SY, Lee NC, Wingo PA, Senie RT, Greenberg RS, Peterson HB. The relationship between body mass and breast cancer among women enrolled in the cancer and steroid hormone study. J Clin Epidemiol 1991;44:1197-206.
46. Lubin F, Ruder AM, Wax Y, Modan B. Overweight and changes in weight throughout adult life in breast cancer etiology. Am J Epidemiol 1985;122:579-88.
47. Graham S, Hellman R, Marshall J, Freudenheim J, Vena J, Swanson M et al. Nutritional epidemiology of postmenopausal breast cancer in western New York. Am J Epidemiol 1991;134:552-66.
48. Sellers TA, Kushi LH, Potter JD, Kaye SA, Nelson CL, McGovern PG et al. Effect of family history, body-fat distribution, and reproductive factors on the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1992;326:1323-9.
49. den Tonkelaar I, Seidell JC, Collette HJA, De Waard F. Obesity and subcutaneous fat patterning in relation to breast cancer in postmenopausal women participating in the diagnostic investigation of mammary cancer project. Cancer 1992;69:2663-7.
50. Tornberg SA, Carstensen JM. Relationship between Quetelet's index and cancer of breast and female genital tract in 47,000 women followed for 25 years. Br J Cancer 1994;69:358-61.
51. Zang EA, Wynder EL. The association between body mass index and the relative frequencies of diseases in a sample of hospitalized patients. Nutr Cancer 1994;21:247-61.
52. Kolonel LN, Nomura AMY, Lee J, Hirohata T. Anthropometric indicators of breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women in Hawaii. Nutr Cancer 1986;8:247-56.
53. Kyogoku S, Hirohata T, Takeshita S, Hirota Y, Shigematsu T. Anthropometric indicators of breast cancer risk in Japanese women in Fukuoka. Jpn J Cancer Res 1990;81:731-7.
54. Ballard-Barbash R, Schatzkin A, Carter CL, Kannel WB, Kreger BE, D'Agostino RB et al. Body fat distribution and breast cancer in the Framingham study. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990;82:286-90.
55. Schapira DV, Kumar NB, Lyman GH, Cox CE. Abdominal obesity and breast cancer risk. Ann Intern Med 1990;112:182-6.
56. Kodama M, Kodama T, Miura S, Yoshida M. Nutrition and breast cancer risk in Japan. Anticancer Res 1991;11:745-54.
57. Ballard-Barbash R. Anthropometry and breast cancer. Body size - a moving target. Cancer 1994;74(3 Suppl): 1090-100.
58. Schapira DV, Clark RA, Wolff PA, Jarrett AR, Kumar NB, Aziz NM. Visceral obesity and breast cancer risk. Cancer 1994;74:632-9.
59. Stoll BA. Nutrition and breast cancer risk: can an effect via insulin resistance be demonstrated? Breast Cancer Res Treat 1996;38: 239-46.
60. Stoll BA. Obesity and breast cancer. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1996;20:389-92.
61. Sellers TA, Gapstur SM, Potter JD, Kushi LH, Bostick RM, Folsom AR. Association of body fat distribution and family histories of breast and ovarian cancer with risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1993;138:799-803.
62. Ingram D, Nottage E, Ng S, Sparrow L, Robert A, Willcox D. Obesity and breast disease. The role of the female sex hormones. Cancer 1989;64:1049-53.
63. Brinton LA, Swanson CA. Height and weight at various ages and risk of breast cancer. Ann Epidemiol 1992;2:597-609.
64. Barnes-Josiah D, Potter JD, Sellers TA, Himes JH. Early body size and subsequent weight gain as predictors of breast cancer incidence (Iowa, United States). Cancer Causes Control 1995;6:112-8.
65. Kumar NB, Lyman GH, Allen K, Cox CE, Schapira DV. Timing of weight gain and breast cancer. Cancer 1995;76:243-9.
66. Kuller LH. Eating fat or being fat and risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer among women. Ann Epidemiol 1994;4:119-27.
67. Le Marchand L, Kolonel LN, Earle ME, Mi MP. Body size at different periods of life and breast cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol 1988;128:137-52.
68. Stoll BA, Vatten LJ, Kvinnsland S. Does early physical maturity influence breast cancer risk? Acta Oncol 1994;33:171-6.
69. Stoll BA. Timing of weight gain in relation to breast cancer risk. Ann Oncol 1995;6:245-8.
70. Ursin G, Paganini-Hill A, Siemiatycki J, Thompson WD, Haile RW. Early adult body weight, body mass index, and premenopausal bilateral breast cancer: data from a case-control study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1994;33:75-82.
71. Gapstur SM, Potter JD, Sellers TA, Folsom AR. Increased risk of breast cancer with alcohol consumption in postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 1992;136:1221-31.
72. Key TJ. Hormones and cancer in humans. Mut Res 1995;333:59-67.
73. Stoll BA, Secreto G. New hormone-related markers of high risk to breast cancer. Ann Oncol 1992;3:435-8.
74. Reuter KL, Baker SP, Krolikowski FJ. Risk factors for breast cancer in women undergoing mammography. Am J Roentgenol 1992;158: 273-8.
75. Rao GN. Influence of diet on tumors of hormonal tissues. Prog Clin Biol Res 1996;394:41-56.
76. De Pergola G, Giorgino F, Garruti G, Cignarelli M, Giorgino R. Rapporto tra variabili antropometriche, ormoni sessuali e complicanze dell'obesità. Metabolisme Oggi 1996;13:138-45.
77. Deslypere JP. Obesity and cancer. Metabolism 1995:44(9 Suppl 3):24-7.
78. Stoll BA. Can supplementary dietary fibre suppress breast cancer growth? Br J Cancer 1996;73:557-9.
79. Schapira DV, Kumar NB, Lyman GH, Cox CE. Obesity and body fat distribution and breast cancer prognosis. Cancer 1991;67:523-8.
80. Kissebah AH, Krakower GR. Regional adiposity and morbidity. Physiol Rev 1994;74:761-811.
81. Secreto G, Zumoff B. Abnormal production of androgens in women with breast cancer. Anticancer Res 1994;14(5B):2113-7.
82. Nestler JE, Kahwash Z. Sex-specific action of insulin acutely increases the metabolic clearance rate of dehydroepiandrosterone in humans. J Clin Invest 1994;94:1484-9.
83. De Pergola G, Giagulli VA, Garruti G, Cospite MR, Giorgino F, Cignarelli M et al. Low dehydroepiandrosterone circulating levels in premenopausal obese women with very high body mass index. Metabolism 1991;40:187-90.
84. De Pergola G, Triggiani V, Giorgino F, Cospite MR, Garruti G, Cignarelli M et al. The free testosterone to dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate molar ratio as a marker of visceral fat accumulation in premenopausal obese women. Int J Obesity 1994;18:659-64.
85. Ebeling P, Koivisto VA. Physiological importance of dehydroepiandrosterone. Lancet 1994;343(8911):1479-81.
86. Anderson KE, Sellers TA, Chen PL, Rich SS, Hong CP, Folsom AR. Association of Stein-Leventhal syndrome with the incidence of postmenopausal breast carcinoma in a large prospective study of women in Iowa. Cancer 1997;79:494-9.
87. Maggino T, Pirrone F, Velluti F, Bucciante G. The role of the endocrine factors and obesity in hormone-dependent gynecological neoplasias. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 1993;14:119-26.
88. Hankinson SE, Willett WC, Manson JE, Hunter DJ, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ et al. Alcohol, height, and adiposity in relation to estrogen and prolactin levels in postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995;87:1297-302.
89. Kazer RR. Insulin resistance, insulin-like growth factor I and breast cancer: a hypothesis. Int J Cancer 1995;62:403-6.
90. Boyd NF, Connelly P, Byng J, Yaffe M, Draper H, Little L et al. Plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and mammographic densities. Prev. 4 Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Pre 1995;727:33.
91. Hoyer AP, Engholm G. Serum lipids and breast cancer risk: a cohort study of 5,207 Danish women. Cancer Causes Control 1992;3:403-8.
92. Donegan WL, Hartz AJ, Rimm AA. The association of body weight with recurrent cancer of the breast. Cancer 1978;41:1590-4.
93. Boyd NF, Campbell JE, Germanson T, Thomson DB, Sutherland DJ, Meakin JW. Body weight and prognosis in breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1981;67:785-9.
94. Tartter PI, Papatestas AE, Ioannovich J, Mulvihill MN, Lesnick G, Aufses AH. Cholesterol and obesity as prognostic factors in breast cancer. Cancer 1981;47:2222-7.
95. Zumoff B, Gorzynski JG, Katz JL, Weiner H, Levin J, Holland J et al. Nonobesity at the time of mastectomy is highly predictive of 10-year disease-free survival in women with breast cancer. Anticancer Res 1982;2:59-62.
96. Eberlein T, Simon R, Fisher S, Lippman ME. Height, weight, and risk of breast cancer relapse. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1985;5:81-6.
97. Taylor SG, Kalish LA, Olson JE, Cummings F, Bennett JM, Falkson G et al. Adjuvant CMFP versus CMFP plus tamoxifen versus observation alone in postmenopausal, node-positive breast cancer patients: three-year results of an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol 1985;3:144-54.
98. Newman SC, Miller AB, Howe GR. A study of the effect of weight and dietary fat on breast cancer survival time. Am J Epidemiol 1986;123:767-74.
99. Hebert JR, Augustine A, Barone J, Kabat GC, Kinne DW, Wyder EL. Weight, height and body mass index in the prognosis of breast cancer: early results of a prospective study. Int J Cancer 1988;42:315-8.
100. Mohle-Boetani JC, Grosser S, Whittemore AS, Malec M, Kampert JB, Paffenbarger RS. Body size, reproductive factors, and breast cancer survival. Prev Med 1988;17:634-42.
101. Ingle JN, Everson LK, Wieand HS, Cullinan SA, Wold LE, Hagen JB, et al. Randomized trial to evaluate the addition of tamoxifen to cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, prednisone adjuvant therapy in premenopausal women with node-positive breast cancer. Cancer 1989; 63:1257-64.
102. Verreault R, Brisson J, Deschenes L, Naud F. Body weight and prognostic indicators in breast cancer. Modifying effect of estrogen receptors. Am J Epidemiol 1989;129:260-8.
103. Goodwin PJ, Boyd NF. Body size and breast cancer prognosis: a critical review of the evidence. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1990; 16: 205-14.
104. Kyogoku S, Hirohata T, Takeshita S, Nomura Y, Shigematsu T, Horie A. Survival of breast-cancer patients and body size indicators. Int J Cancer 1990;46:824-31.
105. Tretli S, Haldorsen T, Ottestad L. The effect of pre-morbid height and weight on the survival of breast cancer patients. Br J Cancer 1990;62:299-303.
106. Senie RT, Rosen PP, Rhodes P, Lesser ML, Kinne DW. Obesity at diagnosis of breast carcinoma influences duration of disease-free survival. Ann Intern Med 1992;116:26-32.
107. Bastarrachea J, Hortobagyi GN, Smith TL, Kau SWC, Buzdar AU. Obesity as an adverse prognostic factor for patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Ann Int Med 1993;119:18-25.
108. Ewertz M. Breast cancer in Denmark. Incidence risk factors, and characteristics of survival. Acta Oncol 1993;32:595-615.
109. Holmberg L, Lund E, Bergstrom R, Adami HO, Meirik O. Oral contraceptives and prognosis in breast cancer: effects of duration, latency, recency, age at first use and relation to parity and body mass index in young women with breast cancer. Bur J Cancer 1994;30A:351-4.
110. Zhang S, Folsom AR, Sellers TA, Kushi LH, Potter JD. Better breast cancer survival for postmenopausal women who are less overweight and eat less fat. The Iowa Women's Health Study. Cancer 1995; 76:275-83.
111. Maehle BO, Tretli S. Pre-morbid body-mass-index in breast cancer: reversed effect on survival in hormone receptor negative patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1996;41:123-30.
112. Sohrabi A, Sandoz J, Spratt JS, Polk HC Jr. Recurrence of breast cancer. Obesity, tumor size, and axillary lymph node metastases. JAMA 1980;244:264-5.
113. Ganz PA, Schag AC. Nutrition and breast cancer. Oncol Hunt 1993;7:71-5.
114. Kato A, Watzlaf VJM, D'Amico F. An examination of obesity and breast cancer survival in post-menopausal women. Br J Cancer 1994; 70:928-33.
115. den Tonkelaar I, de Waard F, Seidell JC, Fracheboud J. Obesity and subcutaneous fat patterning in relation to survival of postmenopausal breast cancer patients participating in the DOM-project. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1995;34:129-37.
116. Obermair A, Kurz C, Hanzal E, Bancher Todesca D, Thoma M, Bodisch A et al. The influence of obesity on the disease-free survival in primary breast cancer. Anticancer Res 1995;15:2265-9.
117. Jain M, Miller AB. Pre-morbid body size and the prognosis of women with breast cancer. Int J Cancer 1994;59:363-8.
118. Rosner GL, Hargis JB, Hollis Dr, Budman DR, Weiss RB, Henderson IC et al. Relationship between toxicity and obesity in women receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: results from cancer and leukemia group B study 8541. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:3000-8.
119. Kuno K, Fukami A, Hori M, Kasumi F. Hormone receptors and obesity in Japanese women with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1981;1:135-9.
120. Giuffrida D, Lupo L, La Porta GA, La Rosa GL, Padova G, Foti E et al. Relation between steroid receptor status and body weight in breast cancer patients. Eur J Cancer 1992;28:112-5.
121. Stanford JL, Szklo M, Boring CC, Brinton LA, Diamond EA, Greenberg RS et al. A case-control study of breast cancer stratified by estrogen receptor status. Am J Epidemiol 1987;125:184-94.
122. Donegan WL, Johnstone MF, Biedrzych L. Obesity, estrogen production, and tumor estrogen receptors in women with carcinoma of the breast. Am J Clin Oncol 1983;6:19-24.
123. Schapira DV, Kumar NB, Lyman GH. Obesity, body fat distribution, and sex hormones in breast cancer patients. Cancer 1991;67:2215-8.
124. Goodman MT, Nomura AM, Wilkens LR, Hankin J. The association of diet, obesity, and breast cancer in Hawaii. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 1992; 1:269-75.
125. Ashwell M. Obesity in men and women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1994;18(Suppl 1):S1-7.
126. Byers T. Nutritional risk factors for breast cancer. Cancer 1994;74(1 Suppl):288-95.
127. Shephard RJ. Exercise and cancer: linkages with obesity? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1996;36:321-39.
128. Katsouyanni K, Trichopoulou A, Stuver S, Vassilaros S, Papadiamantis Y, Bournas N et al. Ethanol and breast cancer: an association that may be both confounded and causal. Int J Cancer 1994;58:356-61.
129. Campbell CS, Schwartz NB. The impact of constant light on the estrous cycle of the rat. Endocrinology 1980;106:1230-8.
130. Watts AG, Fink G. Effects of short-term constant light on the proestrous luteinizing hormone surge and pituitary responsiveness in the female rat. Neuroendocrinology 1981;33:176-80.
131. Daane TA, Parlow AF. Serum FSH and LH in constant light-induced persistent estrus: short-term and long-term studies. Endocrinology 1971;88:964-8.
132. Sawada T, Kosaka T, Ichikawa S. Effects of multiple injections of luteinizing hormone on secretion of pregnane compounds from polycystic ovaries of rats exposed to constant light. Acta Endocrinol Copenh 1987;116:390-4.
133. Takeo Y. Influence of continuous illumination on estrous cycle of rats: time course of changes in levels of gonadotropins and ovarian steroids until occurrence of persistent estrus. Neuroendocrinology 1984,39:97-104.
134. Mahajan DK. Polycystic ovarian disease: animal models. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1988;17:705-32.
135. Mahesh VB, Mills TM, Bagnell CA. Conway BA. Animal models for study of polycystic ovaries and ovarian atresia. Adv Exp Med Biol 1987;219:237-57.
136. Nakamura S, Demura R, Komatsu H, Suzuki T, Jibiki K. Odagiri E et al. Ovarian inhibin activity in rats with persistent estrus. Nippon Naibunpi Gakkai Zasshi 1988;64:1102-14.
137. Sawada T, Kosaka T. Morphological recovery in the polycystic ovaries of persistent-estrus rats induced by continuous illumination (author's transl). Jikken Dobutsu 1981;30:487-90.
138. Singh KB. Induction of polycystic ovarian disease in rats by continuous light. IV. Effect of a bovine pineal gland extract. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1969;105:274-5.
139. Takeo Y, Kohno J, Hokano M. Ultrastructural evidence for estradiol synthesis in the ovary of persistent-estrous rats exposed to continuous illumination. Acta Anat Basel 1986;127:161-70.