Counterfactuals and motivation: Mood as input to affective enjoyment and preparation

British Journal of Social Psychology

Volumn 40, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 235-256

  Sanna, Lawrence J ^a,b   Meier, Susanne ^a   Wegner, Eric A ^a  

^a WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AFFECT; APTITUDE TEST; ARTICLE; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MOTIVATION; PERCEPTION; THINKING;

ADULT; AFFECT; APTITUDE TESTS; FEMALE; GOALS; HUMANS; MALE; MOTIVATION; PERCEPTION; THINKING;

EID: 0035376023     PISSN: 01446665     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1348/014466601164830     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Boninger, D. S., Gleicher, F., & Strathman, A. (1994). Counterfactual thinking: From what might have been to what may be. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 297-307.
2. Brown, J. D., & Mankowski, T. A. (1993). Self-esteem, mood, and self-evaluation: Changes in mood and the way you see you. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 421-430.
3. Davis, C. G., & Lehman, D. R. (1995). Counterfactual thinking and coping with traumatic life events. In N.J. Roese & J. M. Olson (Eds.), What might have been: The social psychology of counterfactual thinking (pp. 353-374). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
4. Frederickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 2, 300-319.
5. Gleicher, F., Kost, K. A., Baker, S. M., Strathman, A. J., Richman, S. A., & Sherman, S. J. (1990). The role of counterfactual thinking in judgments of affect. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16, 284-295.
6. Hirt, E. R., Levine, G. M., McDonald, H. E., Melton, R. J., & Martin, L. L. (1997). The role of mood in quantitative and qualitative aspects of performance: Single or multiple mechanisms? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 602-629.
7. Isen, A. M. (1987). Affect, cognition, and social behavior. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 20, pp. 203-253). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
8. Johnson, M. K., & Sherman, S. J. (1990). Constructing and reconstructing the past and the future in the present. In E. T. Higgins & R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior (Vol. 2, pp. 482-526). New York: Guilford.
9. Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.
10. Lipe, M. G. (1991). Counterfactual reasoning as a framework for attribution theories. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 456-471.
11. Macrae, C. N., & Milne, A. B. (1992). A curry for your thoughts: Empathic effects on counterfactual thinking. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 625-630.
12. Markman, K. D., Gavanski, I., Sherman, S. J., & McMullen, M. N. (1993). The mental simulation of better and worse possible worlds. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 29, 87-109.
13. Markman, K. D., & Weary, G. (1997). The influence of chronic control concerns on counterfactual thought. Social Cognition, 14, 292-316.
14. Martin, L. L., Abend, T., Sedikides, C., & Green, J. D. (1997). How would I feel if ...? Mood as input to a role fulfillment evaluation process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 242-253.
15. Martin, L. L., Ward, W., Achee, J. W., & Wyer, R. S. (1993). Mood as input: People have to interpret the motivational implications of their moods. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 317-326.
16. McFarlin, D. B., & Blascovich, J. (1984). On the Remote Associates Test (RAT) as an alternative to illusory feedback: A methodological note. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 6, 223-229.
17. McGill, A. L., & Klein, J. G. (1993). Contrastive and counterfactual reasoning in causal judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 897-905.
18. Medvec, V. H., Madey, S. F., & Gilovich, T. (1995). When less is more: Counterfactual thinking and satisfaction among Olympic medalists. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 603-610.
19. Miller, D. T., & Gunasegaram, S. (1990). Temporal order and perceived mutability of events: Implications for blame assignment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1111-1118.
20. Parkinson, B., Totterdell, P., Briner, R. B., & Reynolds, S. (1996). Changing moods: The psychology of mood and mood regulation. New York: Longman.
21. Roese, N. J. (1994). The functional basis of counterfactual thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psycholog, 66, 805-818.
22. Roese, N.J., & Hur, T. (1997). Affective determinants of counterfactual thinking. Social Cognition, 15, 274-290.
23. Roese, N.J., & Olson, J. M. (1997). Counterfactual thinking: The intersection of affect and function. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 29, pp. 1-59). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
24. Rosenthal, R., & Rosnow, R. L. (1985). Contrast analysis: Focused comparisons in the analysis of variance. New York: Cambridge University Press.
25. Sanna, L. J. (1992). Self-efficacy theory: Implications for social facilitation and social loafing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 774-786.
26. Sanna, L. J. (1996). Defensive pessimism, optimism, and simulating alternatives: Some ups and downs of prefactual and counterfactual thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 1020-1036.
27. Sanna, L. J. (1997). Self-efficacy and counterfactual thinking: Up a creek with and without paddle. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 654-666.
28. Sanna, L. J. (1998). Defensive pessimism and optimism: The bitter-sweet influence of mood on performance and prefactual and counterfactual thinking. Cognition and Emotion, 12, 635-665.
29. Sanna, L. J. (1999). Mental simulations, affect, and subjective confidence: Timing is everything. Psychological Science, 10, 339-345.
30. Sanna, L. J. (2000). Mental simulation, affect, and personality: A conceptual framework. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 168-173.
31. Sanna, L. J., & Mark, M. M. (1995). Self-handicapping, expected evaluation, and performance: Accentuating the positive and attenuating the negative. Organisational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 64, 84-102.
32. Sanna, L. J., & Meier, S. (2000). Looking for clouds in a silver lining: Self-esteem, mental simulations, and temporal confidence changes. Journal of Research in Personality, 34, 236-251.
33. Sanna, L. J., Meier, S., & Turley-Ames, K. J. (1998). Mood, self-esteem, and counterfactuals: Externally attributed moods limit self-enhancement strategies. Social Cognition, 16, 267-286.
34. Sanna, L. J., & Pusecker, P. A. (1994). Self-efficacy, valence of evaluation, and performance. Personality and Psychology Bulletin, 20, 82-92.
35. Sanna, L. J., & Turley, K. J. (1996). Antecedents to spontaneous counterfactual thinking: Effects of expectancy violation and outcome valence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 906-919.
36. Sanna, L. J., Turley, K. J., & Mark, M. M. (1996). Expected evaluation, goals, and performance: Mood as input. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 323-335.
37. Sanna, L. J., & Turley-Ames, K. J. (2000). Counterfactual intensity. European Journal of Social Psjchology, 30, 273-296.
38. Sanna, L. J., Turley-Ames, K. J., & Meier, S. (1999). Mood, self-esteem, and simulated alternatives: Thought-provoking affective influences on counterfactual direction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 543-558.
39. Schwarz, N. (1990). Feelings as information: Informational and motivational functions of affective states. In E. T. Higgins & R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior (Vol. 2, pp. 527-561). New York: Guilford.
40. Schwarz, N., & Bless, H. (1992). Constructing reality and its alternatives: An inclusion/exclusion model of assimilation and contrast in social judgment. In L. L. Martin & A. Tesser (Eds.), The construction of social judgments (pp. 217-245). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
41. Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (1996). Feelings as phenomenal experiences. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 433-465). New York: Guilford.
42. Sedikides, C., & Strube, M. J. (1997). Self-evaluation: To thine own self be good, to thine own self be sure, to thine own self be true, and to thine own self be better. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 29, pp. 209-269). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
43. Sinclair, R. C., & Mark, M. M. (1992). The influence of mood state on judgment and action: Effects on persuasion, categorization, social justice, person perception, and judgmental accuracy. In L. L. Martin & A. Tesser (Eds.), The construction of social judgments (pp. 165-193). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
44. Sinclair, R. C., Mark, M. M., & Clore, G. L. (1994). Mood-related persuasion depends on (mis)attributions. Social Cognition, 12, 309-326.
45. Taylor, S. E., & Schneider, S. K. (1989). Coping and the simulation of events. Social Cognition, 7, 174-194.
46. Turley, K. J., Sanna, L. J., & Reiter, R. L. (1995). Counterfactual thinking and perceptions of rape. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 17, 285-303.